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Topic: Thermodynamic efficiency

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Isothermal

Robert Stirling

	Robertson Technology - Pump Efficiency Experts
		In the thermodynamic method, pump or turbine efficiency is measured by means of temperature and pressure probes fitted to tapping points on the pump's inlet and outlet.
		H is the pump total head in metres of water, vH is the velocity head in metres of water, n is the pump efficiency (in %), On is the Overall Efficiency (in %), q is the volume flow rate in l/s, and pw is the electrical input power to the motor, in kilowatts.
		Thermodynamic flow meters have no moving parts, and their calibration can be checked on-site, over the operating range, by use of portable temperature, pressure, and power meter calibrators.
	www.pumpmonitor.com /P22-Pump-Efficiency-And-Flow-Meter.php (1498 words)

	Thermodynamics Glossary - Fuel Cell Efficiency (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The fuel cell thermodynamic efficiency is given by the ratio of the Gibbs function change to the Enthalpy change in the overall cell reaction.
		The efficiency of the Ideal Fuel Cell is therefore:
		Another measure of the fuel cell efficiency is known as the "Voltage Efficiency" and is the ratio of the actual voltage under operating conditions to the theoretical cell voltage.
	www.princeton.edu /~humcomp/sophlab/ther_58.htm (108 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Thus the thermodynamic efficiency of a heat engine is given by (Ti-To)/Ti where Ti and To are the input and output temperatures, measured on the absolute scale.
		Yes, an important fact which can be derived from the thermodynamic efficiency equation is that when the input and output temperatures are the same, the available heat energy is zero.
		The total efficiency of a heat engine is thus its mechanical efficiency multiplied by the thermodynamic efficiency calculated from its input and output temperatures.
	www.phact.org /e/z/carnot.txt (1637 words)

	Alexander Kalina Steam Cycle --- Part 2 --- 15 patents
		It is one feature of the present invention to provide a significant improvement in the efficiency of a thermodynamic cycle by permitting closer matching of the working fluid and the heat source enthalpy-temperature characteristics in the boiler.
		It is absolutely clear, from a thermodynamic point of view, that unless the temperature of the heat acquisition by the working fluid is increased drastically, the efficiency of the process of conversion of thermal energy into power, i.e., the efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle, cannot be increased.
		It is one feature of the present invention to provide a significant improvement in the efficiency of a thermodynamic cycle by permitting closer matching of the working fluid and heat source enthalpy-temperature characteristics during preheating.
	www.rexresearch.com /kalina/kalina2.htm (17094 words)

	Nutrition & Metabolism \| Full text \| Thermodynamics of weight loss diets
		Variable thermodynamic efficiency due to dietary manipulation is permitted by physical laws, is supported by much experimental data, and may be reasonably explained by plausible mechanisms.
		This value approximates the efficiency for oxidation of carbohydrate as well as lipid, whereas proteins are generally oxidized at a lower value of approximately 30–35% (Figure 1B).
		It should be apparent that variation in efficiency is not a thermodynamic issue but an empiric question to be determined by the requirements of metabolism.
	www.nutritionandmetabolism.com /content/1/1/15 (4442 words)

	Haim H. Bau THERMO with MAPLE April 16, 1996 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Since thermodynamics is a broad topic, it is not possible to capture its scope in a single example.
		Thermodynamics allows you to come up with a rough, "back of the envelope" estimate of the cost of such a plant.First, you need to have an estimate of the power plant's efficiency (h).
		Thermodynamics tells us (you will have to take me on faith here; but we shall prove the expression later in the course) that the highest possible efficiency (h) of the power plant is given by the formula:
	www.seas.upenn.edu /courses/meam203/class/intro.html (1308 words)

	Means and method for the recovery of expansion work in a vapor compression cycle device - Patent 4304099
		Certain refrigeration cycle designs currently improve their thermodynamic efficiency by recovering a portion of the available expansion work through a transfer of heat from expanding working fluid flowing in a capillary tube to vapor flowing in a compressor suction line resulting in a superheating of the vapor.
		To optimize the recovery of expansion work as characterized herein by increased thermodynamic efficiency, it is necessary to completely eliminate the formation of vapor during the expansion of the condensed fluid prior to its evaporation.
		Additional thermodynamic efficiency is obtained in the present invention by minimizing the temperature mismatch between the two fluid flows during the transfer of heat.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4304099.html (3320 words)

	Planetary Environment Research Laboratory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In his classical work on the general circulation of the Earth’s atmosphere, Lorenz (1967) stated that the determination and explanation of the thermodynamic efficiency constitute one of the most fundamental observational and theoretical problems of atmospheric energetics.
		The comparison of nature’s thermodynamic efficiency with that of climate models, allow us to use a single fundamental number to test and improve numerical models, key tools for studies of global climate change.
		During one cycle of a convective heat engine, heat is taken from the boundary layer, a portion of it is rejected to the troposphere from where it is radiated to space, and the balance is transformed into mechanical work.
	aoss.engin.umich.edu /faculty/nrenno/research.html (2639 words)

	EVOLUTION, ENTROPY AND WORK
		However, if the system is as efficient as possible (in the thermodynamic sense of the word), and therefore does as much work as possible, then the increase in entropy is minimized.
		Much of the recent theorizing about the thermodynamics of evolution attempts to build a model up from non-living systems.(Goerner, 1994) In the end this may prove to be fruitful, but it may be easier to first start from the other direction.
		From a thermodynamic standpoint it is impossible to say where in this sequence life actually begins, even though from a biochemical, or at least from a biological standpoint it might be clear that such a system could not yet be said to contain life.
	www.metanature.org /entropy.html (4334 words)

	Thermal efficiency - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When transforming thermal energy into mechanical energy, the thermal efficiency of a heat engine is the percentage of energy that is transformed into work.
		An electric resistance heater has a thermal efficiency of at or very near 100%, so, for example, 1500W of heat are produced for 1500W of electrical input.
		When comparing heating units, such as a 100% efficient electric resistance heater to an 80% efficient natural gas-fueled furnace, an economic analysis is needed to determine the most cost-effective choice.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thermodynamic_efficiency (492 words)

	Chemical engineering software - many excellent software titles at reasonable cost
		Chempak is a powerful physical properties software package giving details of thermodynamic and transport properties of over 600 common organic and inorganic compounds as functions of temperature and pressure.
		Chempak II enables the user to define the thermodynamic and transport properties of new compounds not already in the Chempak database.
		Quickly, easily and reliably calculates thermodynamic and transport properties of gaseous, liquid and solid species and steam approximations for both saturated and superheated areas.
	www.engineering-software.com /che (2195 words)

	Accurate on-site measurement of pump efficiency and flow
		The thermodynamic technique is well established with ISO standards and a code of practice.
		In a conventional pump test, efficiency is calculated from an equation requiring measurement of flow, head, the electrical input power to the pump and the motor efficiency.
		The thermodynamic pump efficiency technique can be applied to: mine de-watering pumps, water and wastewater pumps, cooling pumps, boiler feed pumps, water turbines and irrigation pumps.
	www.ferret.com.au /articles/67/0c015167.asp (323 words)

	Power From the Sun - Chapter 12
		The ultimate limitation placed on this process by the second law of thermodynamics is that no power cycle can convert more heat into work than the Carnot cycle. A Carnot cycle is a hypothetical engine involving four processes: an adiabatic reversible compression and expansion and a constant temperature heat addition and rejection.
		As an example, Figure 12.1 shows the combined engine-collector efficiency for a concentrator having a geometric concentration ratio of 1000 with the loss parameters specified in the figure. The optimum operating temperature for this concentrator when combined with an engine is 780ºC (1436ºF).
		A closed feedwater heater is a tube-in-shell heat exchanger in which vapor extracted from the turbine passes on the shell side and condenses, releasing its heat of vaporization to the compressed liquid stream. The condensate is then returned to the compressed liquid stream at a point in the cycle where the pressure is lower.
	www.powerfromthesun.net /chapter12/Chapter12new.htm (3693 words)

	Andrija Puharich: Water Decomposition by AC Elecrolysis >
		This Thermodynamic Device is based on a new discovery --- the efficient electrolytic fission of water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas by the use of low frequency alternating currents as opposed to the conventual use of direct current, or ultra-high frequency current today.
		Efficiency is deduced on the grounds of scientific accounting principles which are based on accurate measurements of total energy input to a system (debit), and accurate measurements of total energy (or work) obtained out of the system (credit).
		Thermodynamic efficiency for the endergonic decomposition of liquid water (salinized) to gases under standard atmosphere (754 to 750 m.m.
	www.rexresearch.com /puharich/1puhar.htm (10945 words)

	SECOND LAW
		That is, energy conservation - the first law of thermodynamics - would allow for the possibility that a system in thermal equilibrium could separate into two systems - one at a higher temperature than the other - and that temperature difference could then be used to drive a heat engine to do work.
		In trying to understand the limits of efficiency, he stated that in any heat engine in principle there would always be rejected heat (even in an ideal engine) - and the net work done would be the difference between the heat absorbed and that rejected.
		So he could state that the principle that drives all natural thermodynamic processes is that the effect of any heat transfer is a net increase in the combined entropy of the two objects.
	www.calpoly.edu /~rbrown/entropy.html (1529 words)

	PowerPedia:Tesla turbine - PESWiki
		The efficiency of a conventional turbine is related to the difference in temperature between the intake and the exhaust.
		The turbine efficiency of the gas Tesla turbine is estimated to be above 60, reaching a maximum of 95 percent.
		The thermodynamic efficiency is a measure of how well it performs compared to an isentropic case.
	peswiki.com /index.php/PowerPedia:Tesla_turbine (2146 words)

	difazio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		An evident physical variable to measure efficiency in using fossil fuels is then the usable energy per unit of fossil fuels burnt.
		In 1995, the corresponding thermodynamic efficiency is approximately: =0.25 (or 25%).
		The efficiency gains - delayed by 25 years with respect to scenario A) - accomplish a negligible delay in the growth of the CO concentration (results in Figs 9a and 9b).
	astro.ph.unimelb.edu.au /~rwebster/difazio.html (2749 words)

	CMS—Carbon Conversion Fuel Cell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The thermodynamic efficiency of the direct carbon conversion cell exceeds the 70-percent requirement of the next-generation fuel cell envisioned by the Department of Energy.
		The thermodynamic efficiency of the direct carbon conversion cell already exceeds the 70-percent efficiency goal of the 21st century fuel cell envisioned by the Department of Energy.
		The total electrical efficiency of a fuel cell is the product of three factors: theoretical efficiency, the fraction of fuel used, and the voltage efficiency.
	www-cms.llnl.gov /s-t/carbon_con.html (4013 words)

	average thermodynamic efficiency
		The average efficiency is the arithmetic mean of the efficiencies of each cycle only if the same amount of heat is transferred in each cycle.
		The foundations of thermodynamics are very abstract, and -I believe- more difficult to learn than anything else in physics (without considering the mathematical aspect).
		Anyhow you will define the efficiency of a set of machines, the average will be somewhere in between the highest efficiency and the smallest efficiency.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?t=123455 (1687 words)

	P22 Pump Monitor
		In the thermodynamic method, pump or turbine efficiency is measured by means of temperature and pressure probes on the pump's inlet and outlet, and is intrinsically more accurate than conventional techniques.
		Flow rate is derived from the pump efficiency measurement and the electrical power supplied to the pump.
		Pump (or turbine) efficiency is accurately measured by innovative and stable temperature and pressure probes.
	www.ltc.com.au /pump.html (468 words)

	Environmental Math :: Embodied Energy, Efficiency and Emergy
		Calculate the efficiency for each of the six energy transformations and compare with the corresponding transformation ratio.
		These biochemical processes have evolved over many years, so their efficiencies are probably at, or near the maximum.
		efficiency of the coal-fired power plant will decrease the number of solar units required to generate a unit of electrical energy.
	www.math.fsu.edu /~fusaro/DL/chapter9.html (1953 words)

	Lab #3
		- thermodynamic efficiency, a useful concept, compares the actual performance with the maximum theoretical performance (usually under adiabatic and reversible conditions, where the entropy change is zero).
		Analyze the Hilsch tube data to determine the thermodynamic efficiency or some measure of the thermodynamic efficiency.
		The temperatures of the process streams for the 100.% and 50.% efficiency cases should be presented in a table.
	www.csupomona.edu /~tknguyen/che322/lab3.htm (653 words)

	Compression Ratio Explained (Static & Dynamic) - Team Integra
		Improving thermodynamic efficiency is one of the 3 major power-gaining methods available for engine builders.
		The relationship between thermodynamic efficiency and static CR is not a simple, direct, linear, straight-forward 1:1 relationship.
		Like anything exponential and inverse in math, there is an initial rapid increase in thermodynamic efficiency as static CR increases but at some point of CR, the efficiency levels off and plateaus.
	www.team-integra.net /sections/articles/showArticle.asp?ArticleID=233 (1854 words)

	The Efficiency of Industrial Processes: Exergy Analysis and Optimization - Elsevier
		Efficiency is one of the most important criteria used in evaluating the performance of all types of processing plants; in particular those of the energy and chemical industries.
		The beauty of the exergetic approach to thermodynamic analysis is that it permits a universally applicable definition of efficiency and is free of contradictions in its treatment of numerous and diverse systems.
		The book provides the reader with the quantitative methods and calculations of efficiency considered to be applicable to different systems and their components.
	www.elsevier.com /wps/product/librarians/524614 (524 words)

	Efficiency - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Efficiency as a technical term may refer to:
		Fuel efficiency, converting energy in fuel to kinetic energy or work
		Thermodynamic efficiency, useful work per change in heat
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Efficiency (292 words)

	Thermodynamics Steam Turbine
		This has now been almost totally replaced by the steam turbine because the steam turbine has a higher thermodynamic efficiency and a lower power-to-weight ratio and the steam turbine is ideal for the very large power configurations used in power stations.
		The steam turbine derives much of its better thermodynamic efficiency because of the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam.
		The overall thermal efficiency of a steam turbine plant can be represented by the ratio of the net mechanical energy available to the energy within the fuel supplied.
	www.roymech.co.uk /Related/Thermos/Thermos_Steam_Turbine.html (1329 words)

	Adams Engines Design Concepts
		Nitrogen is a gas with aerodynamic and thermodynamic properties that are very similar to those of air.
		Additionally, with nuclear systems, fuel costs are a small percentage of output costs and a small reduction in thermodynamic efficiency may be acceptable if it can reduce capital, operations, and maintenance costs.
		A stationary bed is simpler and represents a reduced capital investment at the possible cost of less efficient fuel use.
	www.atomicengines.com /engines.html (6348 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		] Any of the quantities defining the thermodynamic state of a substance in thermodynamic equilibrium; for a perfect gas, the pressure, temperature, and density are the fundamental thermodynamic variables, any two of which are, by the equation of state, sufficient to specify the state.
		Also known as state parameter; state variable; thermodynamic variable.
		] One of several extensive quantities which are determined by the instantaneous state of a thermodynamic system, independent of its previous history, and which are at a minimum when the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium under specified conditions.
	www.accessscience.com /Dictionary/T/T12/DictT12.html (1465 words)

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