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Topic: Thermoelectric effect

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	History
		Thermoelectric generators are solid-state power sources that utilize the Seebeck effect, while thermoelectric coolers are solid-state heat pumps utilizing the Peltier effect.
		A thermoelectric converter consists of a number of alternate n- and p- type semiconductor thermoelements, which are connected electrically in series by metal interconnects, sandwiched between two electrically insulating but thermally conducting ceramic plates to form a module.
		Thermoelectric generators could eventually be used to waste heat, such as that produced by combustion in an automobile, to electricity.
	www.its.caltech.edu /~jsnyder/thermoelectrics/history_page.htm (809 words)

	Thermoelectrics Basics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Thermoelectric phenomenon was discovered more than 180 years ago.
		The Peltier effect occurs whenever current passes through the circuit of two dissimilar conductors; depending on the current direction, the junction of the two conductors either absorbs or releases heat.
		We are sure that environmentally friendly cooling devices and power generating systems based on thermoelectric effect would be the core of the most prospective technologies of the future.
	www.kryotherm.ru /history_spr.html (800 words)

	THERMOELECTRIC REFRIGERATION
		Thermoelectric modules are constructed from a series of tiny metal cubes of dissimilar exotic metals which are physically bonded together and connected electrically.
		Solid-state thermoelectric modules are capable of transferring large quantities of heat when connected to a heat absorbing device on one side and a heat dissipating device on the other.
		Thermoelectric modules are too expensive for normal domestic and commercial applications which run only on regular household current.
	www.koolatron.com /test/images/thermoelectric.html (1095 words)

	Peltier effect device - PatentStorm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Thermoelectric material is produced through a process sequence including a liquid quenching, a primary solidification such as a hot pressing or extrusion and an upset forging; although the C-planes of the crystal grains are directed in parallel to the direction in which the force is exerted on...
		Thermoelectric material of (Bi, Sb)(Te, Se) system is produced through a liquid quenching method and an extrusion from a die unit having an inlet portion and an outlet portion crossing each other at 30-150 degrees so that the crystal grains have an average grain size equal to or less than 30...
		A high-strength, single-staged, composite thermoelectric cooler (18) for stabilizing the temperature of an uncooled, infrared detector (16) comprising a pair of ceramic plates (20, 22), a plurality of thermoelectric elements (24) sandwiched between the plates (20, 22) such that the thermoelectric...
	www.patentstorm.us /class/136/203-Peltier_effect_device.html (3169 words)

	Electronic Products
		Thermoelectric air conditioning is used mostly in enclosure cooling applications, especially the cooling of electronic enclosures.
		When comparing thermoelectric devices, it is important to be particularly aware of the desired temperature differential between the enclosure and the ambient temperature.
		By convention, thermoelectric devices are usually rated at 0° deltaT, where the enclosure temperature is at equilibrium with the ambient temperature.
	www.electronicproducts.com /print.asp?ArticleURL=TECA.may2004.HTML (1224 words)

	Thermoelectric effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Peltier–Seebeck effect, or thermoelectric effect, is the direct conversion of heat differentials to electric voltage and vice versa.
		The Peltier–Seebeck and Thomson effects are reversible (in fact, the Peltier and Seebeck effects are reversals of one another); Joule heating cannot be reversible under the laws of thermodynamics.
		The effect is that a voltage, the thermoelectric EMF, is created in the presence of a temperature difference between two different metals or semiconductors.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Peltier-Seebeck_effect (1699 words)

	THERMOELECTRIC EFFECT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		driving this current is called a 'thermoelectric e.m.f.', and the phenomenon is known as the thermoelectric effect or Seebeck effect after the German physicist who discovered it in 1821.
		The reverse of the Seebeck effect, called the Peltier effect, occurs when a current is passed through a circuit of two dissimilar metals: heat is produced at one of the junctions and absorbed at the other.
		The latter junction is therefore cooled, and this cooling effect has been used as the basis of a novel type of refrigerator.
	book.boot.users.btopenworld.com /thermo2.htm (375 words)

	Green Car Congress: Thermoelectric Systems for Greener Vehicles
		Thermoelectric materials—materials that exploit a phenomenon in which the application of heat to combinations of certain metals induces an electric current—are emerging as potentially important systems for increasing fuel efficiency and decreasing emissions...and maybe even as a wildcard solution for propulsion in the future.
		There are two ways to increase the efficiency of a thermoelectric generator: one is to increase the difference in temperature (delta T or ΔT); the other is to increase the figure-of merit, Z. To put it another way: for a given ΔT, the higher the Z, the more electrical output you achieve.
		Research by Caterpillar presented at a DOE Thermoelectrics workshop early this year projected that a thermoelectric waste heat generator used in place of the standard alternator could reduce fuel consumption by 13% while the powertrain delivered the same propulsion.
	www.greencarcongress.com /2004/11/thermoelectric_.html (953 words)

	Thermoelectrics By Tellurex Corporation
		Explaining the Peltier effect and its operation in thermoelectric devices, is a very challenging proposition because it ultimately keys on some very complex physics at the sub-atomic level.
		In the world of thermoelectric technology, semiconductors (usually Bismuth Telluride) are the material of choice for producing the Peltier effect—in part because they can be more easily optimized for pumping heat, but also because designers can control the type of charge carrier employed within the conductor (the importance of this will be explained later).
		In the copper tabs and wiring, electrons are the charge carriers; when these electrons reach the P material, they simply flow through the 'holes' within the crystalline structure of the P-type pellet (remember, it is the charge carriers inherent in the material structure which dictate the direction of heat flow).
	www.tellurex.com /12most.html (2434 words)

	Micropelt advantages of thermoelectric thin film devices (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Thermoelectric effects are known for almost two centuries.
		In 1821 the Seebeck effect was discovered by Thomas Johann Seebeck (1770–1831) and in 1834 the Peltier effect by Jean Charles Athanase Peltier (1785–1845).
		The third thermoelectric effect is the Thomson effect found by Sir William Thomson (1824–1907), better known as Lord Kelvin.
	www.micropelt.com.cob-web.org:8888 /tech/advantages.php (277 words)

	NASA - Glenn Research Center - Physical Sensors Instrumentation Energy Harvesting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Thermoelectrics are the basis for power generation by the Seebeck effect and solid state cooling by the Peltier effect.
		The strength of the thermoelectric effect is measured by the Seebeck coefficient which relates the voltage generated to the temperature difference.
		The "Figure of Merit" (Z) for thermoelectric elements is related to the electrical conductance, the Seebeck coefficient and the thermal conductance.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/sensors/PhySen/Energy_a.htm (386 words)

	Patent-Invent: Thermoelectricity (Peltier-Seebeck Effect)
		The Peltier, Seebeck, and Thomson effects are reversible; Joule heating is not, and cannot be, under the laws of thermodynamics.
		Such effects can be observed in conductors where the carriers are ions, or in semiconductors where the carriers are holes or electrons.
		This is also the principle at work behind thermal diodes, thermoelectric generators (such as a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG)) which are used for creating power from heat differentials.
	www.patent-invent.com /electricity/inventions/thermoelectricity.html (1149 words)

	TECA: peltier, peltier effect, peltier modules, peltier coolers, peltier, thermoelectric effect, thermoelectric modules ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Thermoelectric cooling, is a solid-state method of heat transfer through dissimilar semiconductor materials.
		The three main working parts in a thermoelectric refrigeration system are a cold junction, a heat sink, and a DC power source.
		The semiconductor materials used in thermoelectric cooling are N and P type, named because they either have more electrons than necessary to complete a perfect molecular lattice structure (N-type) or not enough electrons (P-type).
	www.thermoelectric.com.cob-web.org:8888 /2005/pr/tem/pe.htm (339 words)

	Cornell Gets It Wrong On Thermoelectrics \| International Thermoelectric Society
		The effect whereby an electrical potential is produced by a variation in temperature in a single electrical conductor is correctly termed the "Thomson effect".
		Since this effect may be considered a basic property of all materials, it might be appropriate to regarded it as THE fundamental thermoelectric effect.
		And the actual Seebeck effect, which requires two dissimilar conductors in contact with each other to produce, might then be logically termed the "differential thermoelectric effect".
	www.its.org /node/3890 (343 words)

	Thermoelectric Cooler, Thermoelectric Coolers - CustomChill, Inc.
		Thermoelectric coolers (TEC) are solid state heat pumps that operate utilizing the Peltier effect.
		A typical thermoelectric cooler is a semiconductor–based component, soldered between two ceramic plates, creating a sandwich type structure filled with bismuth telluride particles and doped to obtain N-P junctions.
		Thermoelectric coolers offer low noise performance and are ideal for use in medical offices, laboratories and all other places where noise reduction is a factor.
	www.customchill.com /pages/techcoolers.php (370 words)

	Thermopower in a spin (May 2003) - News - PhysicsWeb
		Thermoelectric refrigerators rely on compounds that are able to convert electricity into heat, and vice versa.
		The thermoelectric effect relies on the fact that the flow of electrons in a solid produces an entropy current as well as a charge current.
		To prove that spin entropy effects are responsible for the enhanced thermopower of this cobalt oxide, the Princeton team applied a magnetic field in the plane of the material.
	physicsweb.org /article/news/7/5/12 (334 words)

	WorldChanging: Tools, Models and Ideas for Building a Bright Green Future: Reversible Thermoelectric Nanomaterials
		What's more, the nanomaterial's thermoelectric effect is completely reversible, meaning that the application of electricity to the material would allow it to function as a heat-pump, pulling heat out of one end and pushing it to the other.
		Thermoelectric generation is attractive for a number of reasons, including its utility at a variety of scales (from microscale on up) and its ability to take advantage of energy that would otherwise be wasted as lost heat.
		Current thermoelectric applications generally have a "ZT" rating (the measure of temperature-electricity conversion performance) of less than 2; a rating of around 5 is generally considered necessary for economical use.
	www.worldchanging.com /archives/002488.html (1625 words)

	Green Car Congress: Thermoelectrics Gaining More Attention and Development Focus
		Thermoelectrics made it into the headlines recently from an unlikely source: two Utah teenagers won the first Ricoh Sustainable Development Award in May for using Peltier chips in a prototype automotive air conditioning unit they built for the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair.
		Thermoelectric materials exploit a phenomenon in which the application of heat to combinations of certain metals induces an electric current.
		Thermoelectrics in the last half century were based on bulk semiconductors and essentially limited to a Figure of Merit (ZT) of 1.0.
	www.greencarcongress.com /2005/07/thermoelectrics.html (1391 words)

	How Thermoelectric Coolers Work - Fundamental Thermoelectrics, Part 2 by ADVANCED THERMOELECTRIC
		A typical thermoelectric module is composed of two ceramic substrates that serve as a foundation and electrical insulation for P-type and N-type Bismuth Telluride dice that are connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel between the ceramics.
		The ceramics also serve as insulation between the modules internal electrical elements and a heat sink that must be in contact with the hot side as well as an object against the cold side surface.
		Material researchers are investigating the use of other materials to improve the efficiency of thermoelectric modules but Bismuth Telluride remains the most economical material for cooling modules used in ambient temperature applications.
	www.electracool.com /moduleworking.htm (609 words)

	[No title]
		] Cooling of a chamber based on the Peltier effect; an electric current is sent through a thermocouple whose cold junction is thermally coupled to the cooled chamber, while the hot junction dissipates heat to the surroundings.
		] Heating based on the Peltier effect, involving a device which is in principle the same as that used in thermoelectric cooling except that the current is reversed.
		] Instrument for measuring small high-frequency currents by their heating effect, generally consisting of a direct-current galvanometer connected to a thermocouple that is heated by a filament carrying the current to be measured.
	www.accessscience.com /Dictionary/T/T12/DictT12.html (2229 words)

	Cool new film
		Most commercial thermoelectric appliances are for cooling - portable refrigeration units, for example, or tools to stop microchips overheating.
		The thermoelectric effect arises here because of the many heat-absorbing or heat-radiating interfaces - it is easier for a current to flow across an interface than for heat to pass across it.
		Their large thermoelectric effect means that a significant electrical current can be induced by very small temperature differences between one side of the sandwich and the other.
	www.mindswap.org /2002/nature/011011-12.xml (412 words)

	Peltier-Seebeck effect (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Peltier, Seebeck, and Thomson effects are reversible; Joule heating is not.
		This effect was first discovered, accidentally, by the Estonian physicist Thomas Seebeck in 1821.
		This is also the principle at work behind thermal diodes, thermoelectric generators (such as RTG) which are used for creating power from heat differentials.
	peltier-seebeck-effect.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (1549 words)

	EETimes.com - Thermo material may replace heat sinks, fans in electronic gear (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The thermoelectric effect occurs at a p-n junction, although for conventional semiconductor materials, it is too small to be useful.
		To significantly enhance the effect, it is necessary to find a material that is both a good conductor and thermally insulating.
		Thermoelectric materials are used for niche applications where highly accurate temperature control is required.
	www.eetimes.com /story/OEG20000224S0014 (938 words)

	eFunda: Theory of Thermocouples
		The Seebeck effect describes the voltage or electromotive force (EMF) induced by the temperature difference (gradient) along the wire.
		Peltier effect describes the temperature difference generated by EMF and is the reverse of Seebeck effect.
		Finally, the Thomson effect relates the reversible thermal gradient and EMF in a homogeneous conductor.
	www.efunda.com /designstandards/sensors/thermocouples/thmcple_theory.cfm (621 words)

	PIRA 5E50.00 THERMOELECTRICITY
		Show that a piece of soft iron wire connected to a galvanometer has little thermoelectric effect until the wire is kinked.
		Heat one side of a heavy copper loop closed by an unknown metal to generate thermoelectricity for an electromagnet.
		Demonstrate the temperature effect on the polarization of pyroelectric crystals.
	www.wesleyan.edu /physics/demos/pirabib/5eandm/5E50.html (393 words)

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