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	Nuclear fusion
		In physics, nuclear fusion (a thermonuclear reaction) is a process in which two nuclei join to form a larger nucleus, thereby giving off energy.
		Fusion powers the Sun and other stars, where the fuel is contained by the gravity of the fuel itself.
		In a thermonuclear weapon the x-rays generated by a fission device "boils" a plastic foam, creating a shock wave that is focused onto a "trigger" cylinder containing a liquid D-T mix.
	www.teachersparadise.com /ency/en/wikipedia/n/nu/nuclear_fusion.html (1839 words)

	Fusion: Introduction and Beyond
		Fusion is the Sun's energy source, joining light atomic nuclei to form heavier atoms like helium.
		The fuel for this fusion is found in water, and can therefore provide energy for the world for billions of years.
		Progress in fusion research indicates fusion to be a pratical energy source some time in the 21st century.
	library.thinkquest.org /17940/texts/fusion_controlled/fusion_controlled.html (771 words)

	Plasma Fusion in Real Life
		The two fusion reactions that are by far the most promising both involve the heavier isotopes of hydrogen: deuterium (composed of one proton and one neutron), and tritium (composed of one proton and two neutrons).
		Fusion reactions that occur within a plasma serve to heat it further, because the portion of the reaction energy that remains with the electrically charged reaction products is transferred to the bulk of the plasma through collisions.
		Although the temperature of a thermonuclear plasma is very high and the power flowing through it may be large, the stored energy is relatively small and would quickly be radiated away by impurities if the plasma touched a wall and began to vaporize it.
	www.geocities.com /TimesSquare/8976/fusion.htm (1909 words)

	Nuclear Fusion
		During the early 1950s American researchers produced the hydrogen bomb by inducing fusion reactions in a mixture of the heavy hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium, the reactions being ignited by the extremely high temperatures created in the fission reaction of an atomic bomb.
		Fusion also would be more advantageous than nuclear fission (q.v.), another kind of energy-producing nuclear reaction that occurs when a heavy nucleus such as the isotope uranium-235 absorbs a neutron, becomes unstable, and splits into two lighter nuclei.
		Large-scale fusion reactor experiments have been conducted in various countries, including the United States and Russia, in an effort to develop a means of overcoming this problem.
	abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/glossary/nuclear_fusion.html (494 words)

	Thermonuclear fusion
		In the almost 50-year history of fusion research, the difficulties in developing a fusion power plant were repearedly underestimated, with the result that the horizon for implementation had to be pushed further and further into the future, becoming in effect a "moving target".
		Thermonuclear fusion is one of many options for future energy supply whose use promises an additional possibility of generating base load electricity, and which is accordingly more suitable for supplying densely populated urban regions.
		Thermonuclear fusion is primarily a providential option for a more distant future in which fossil fuel reserves and resources are largely exhausted.
	www.tab.fzk.de /en/projekt/zusammenfassung/ab75.htm (2513 words)

	Nuclear Fusion
		Fusion could provide mankind with endless amounts of energy and it was better for the environment because there was no danger of a melt-down.
		The condition for a constant fusion reaction is that during the time that the plasma is in the volume, it produces enough energy by means of fusion to heat up the new plasma, and to make up for the loss of energy by the radiation of electrons.
		In 1956, Luis Alvarez from the university of California observed tepid fusion in a mixture of deuterium and hydrogen.
	members.fortunecity.com /marko_van_dooren/nuclear/nuclear_fusion.html (9637 words)

	Father Sun’s Fusion Factory
		Therefore thermonuclear fusion occurs in gases that are “hot and heavy”.
		Since thermonuclear fusion in the core of the Sun generates deadly gamma rays, sunlight is the by-product of stellar opacity, the scattering and absorption of photons by electrons.
		Photons generated in thermonuclear fusion prevent the Sun from collapsing by heating and pressurizing the gaseous interior of the Sun.
	www.calpoly.edu /~rfield/FatherSun.htm (3412 words)

	Nuclear Fusion
		For a fusion reaction to take place, the nuclei, which are positively charged, must have enough kinetic energy to overcome their electrostatic force of repulsion.
		Fusion reactions that occur within a plasma serve to heat it further, because the portion of the reaction product is transferred to the bulk of the plasma through collisions.
		Although the temperature of a thermonuclear plasma is very high and the power flowing through it may be quite large the stored energy is relatively small and would quickly be radiated away by impurities if the plasma touched a wall and began to vaporize it.
	www.studyworld.com /basementpapers/papers/stack14_10.html (1159 words)

	Controlled ThermoNuclear Fusion Principles
		Fusion reactions were first discovered with a particle accelerator when scientists directed a beam of high speed neutrons into a target of frozen Deuterium.
		The basic requirements for achieving useful power from a fusion reactor are to heat the fuel to a high temperature, keep it free from impurities, squeeze it to an adequate density, and hold the plasma together long enough.
		Fusion reactors operating on the magnetic confinement principle will require a minimum temperature of 200 million degrees Kelvin with an ion density of 10x15 particles per cubic centimeter for at least.1 second in order to undergo a successful fusion reaction process for the production of useful energy.
	www.angelfire.com /mech/nuclear_fusion0 (2433 words)

	Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion
		Fusion energy is an important, albeit long-range element of the nation's energy strategy because of its many potential advantages as an energy resource.
		The successful commercialization of fusion energy (which could be realized by the middle of the next century) could ultimately change the overall pattern of electricity generation -- as fusion power plants replace those now fueled by nuclear fission and fossil fuels.
		Because fusion power plants would not produce air pollutants that contribute to acid rain and that may contribute to global climate change, they could minimize the environmental risks associated with the burning of fossil fuels and could substantially decrease demand for premium hydrocarbon fuels.
	www.ipp.mpg.de /BB/Kernfusion/Kernfusion.html (2898 words)

	Inertial confinement fusion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Inertial confinement fusion using lasers rapidly progressed in the late 1970s and early 1980s from being able to deliver only a few joules of laser energy (per pulse) to a fusion target to being able to deliver tens of kilojoules to a target.
		Also the smaller a thermonuclear bomb is, the "dirtier" it is, that is to say, the percentage of energy produced in the explosion by fusion is decreased while the percent produced by fission reactions tends toward unity (100%).
		Fusion plants built of conventional metals like steel would have a fairly short lifetime and the core containment vessels will have to be replaced frequently.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion (4522 words)

	Hydrogen Bomb / Fusion Weapons
		This powerful but complex weapon uses the fusion of heavy isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium to release large numbers of neutrons when the fusile (sometimes termed "fusionable") material is compressed by the energy released by a fission device called a primary.
		Fusion (or ‘‘thermonuclear’ weapons derive a significant amount of their total energy from fusion reactions.
		This two-stage thermonuclear weapon has explosive yields far greater than can be achieved with one point safe designs of pure fission weapons, and thermonuclear fusion stages can be ignited in sequence to deliver any desired yield.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/intro/h-bomb.htm (1403 words)

	confusion about Thermonuclear Fusion
		The steel supports of this hypothetical fusion reactor would periodically have to be replaced because the free neutrons would induce radioactivity in the metal.
		The claims for "cold fusion" may or may not have validity -- links to the more sober claims are at http://www.oilempire.us/free-energy.html (a permaculture view of claims for "free energy").
		He also claimed that the free neutrons emitted by a thermonuclear fusion reaction would quickly decay and would not induce radioactivity in nearby structures (given that he makes bets on theoretical physics with Steven Hawking, it's probable that he's right on this point).
	www.oilempire.us /fusion.html (824 words)

	ABC News: China tests thermonuclear fusion reactor: report (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Sep 28, 2006 — BEIJING (Reuters) - Chinese scientists made their first successful test of a thermonuclear fusion reactor on Thursday, raising the energy-hungry country's profile in the new but uncertain technology that promises clean power, state media reported.
		Thermonuclear fusion seeks to generate power by joining nuclei of atoms together, releasing energy that can be tapped without producing greenhouse gases but creating a small amount of nuclear waste.
		China is a partner in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project, a 500-megawatt experimental reactor to be built in southern France.
	abcnews.go.com /US/wireStory?id=2501983 (334 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| France gets nuclear fusion plant
		It would be the first fusion device to produce thermal energy at the level of conventional electricity-producing power stations, and would pave the way for the first prototype commercial power station.
		In a fusion reaction, energy is produced when light atoms - the hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium - are fused together to form heavier atoms.
		To use controlled fusion reactions on Earth as an energy source, it is necessary to heat a gas to temperatures exceeding 100 million Celsius - many times hotter than the centre of the Sun.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/4629239.stm (884 words)

	E = mc^2: Energy from Nuclear Fusion
		The energy released in the explosion is such that many different types of atoms in the expanding gas shell are fused together to form all the elements heavier than iron; such as copper, gold and uranium.
		The process of hydrogen fusion that is the source of energy for stars is the same as is used in H- (hydrogen) bombs.
		Using the fusion process there is enough energy in about a gallon (about 4 litres) of water to supply America's energy requirements for a whole day.
	www.btinternet.com /~j.doyle/SR/Emc2/Fusion.htm (3571 words)

	Population and Energy Resources
		Fusion is the process by which the nuclei of light atoms (such as hydrogen) combine, or fuse, to form heavier elements.
		The challenge facing fusion research is to reproduce, on Earth, the kinds of fusion reactions which occur within the sun, and to use them for the benefit humanity.
		Fusion is also possible at ambient temperature if the electrons in the deuterium and tritium molecules are replaced by much heavier negative particles.
	www.fusion-eur.org /fusion_cd/popu.htm (1296 words)

	About CRPP
		Contrary to nuclear fission, where heavy atoms such as uranium are split, nuclear fusion is a process in which light nuclei fuse together to form heavier ones: during this process a very large amount of energy is released.
		The main components of a fusion reactor are the core (reaction chamber) in which the fuel reacts, the first wall which isolates the fuel from the environment and which receives the heat radiated or transported from the core and the D-T breeding blanket.
		ITER, The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor project based on the tokamak (highest performance magnetic confinement device) concept should demonstrate breakeven (Q = 1) and reach Q > 10, where Q is the ratio of output to input powers, in a large plasma volume and maintain fusion reactions for quasi-steady conditions.
	crppwww.epfl.ch /crppfusion (2262 words)

	Research - Energy - - Fusion Energy
		The goal of European fusion research is to demonstrate the viability of fusion as a future energy option to meet the needs of a growing world population.
		Fusion Energy Research in Europe: Because of the scale of fusion research, and the need for expertise in a wide range of disciplines, the EU Member States are collaborating with international partners in a joint research effort.
		Fusion Energy - research topics: The principal focus of fusion research is on confining and heating fusion plasmas, using strong magnetic fields.
	ec.europa.eu /research/energy/fu/article_1122_en.htm (372 words)

	Thermonuclear Reactions \| World of Physics Summary
		Thermonuclear chain reactions in turn release massive amounts of energy once started, and are utilized by thermonuclear bombs (also known as hydrogen bombs).
		In the 1930s, it was discovered that the Sun derives its energy from the fusion of hydrogen atoms, in a process called the proton-proton reaction.
		Nuclear fusion is the process by which two light atomic nuclei combine to form one heavier atomic n...
	www.bookrags.com /research/thermonuclear-reactions-wop (542 words)

	Project-Calvi:Thermonuclear fusion
		Two main research directions are studied: magnetic fusion where the plasma is confined in tokamaks using a large external magnetic field and inertial fusion where the plasma is confined thanks to intense laser or particle beams.
		Controlled fusion is one of the major challenges of the 21st century that can answer the need for a long term source of energy that does not accumulate wastes and is safe.
		Another application is devoted to the development of Vlasov gyrokinetic codes in the framework of the magnetic fusion programme in collaboration with the Department of Research on Controlled Fusion at CEA Cadarache.
	ralyx.inria.fr /2007/Raweb/calvi/uid24.html (749 words)

	Fusor.net Newbie Center
		Particularly when compared to fission, a fusion reactor would be "clean" - there are no radioactive by products that will take hundreds of thousands of years to decay, as there is with the nuclear waste from a fission plant.
		But the most compelling promise of fusion is in the fuel itself: fusion is produced from an isotope of hydrogen called deuterium, which exists in the Earth's oceans in sufficient abundance to supply the planet's energy needs for hundreds of millions of years - until long after the Sun itself has flamed out.
		This is your "primer" on fusion, on electrostatic confinement, and on how to build and operate a fusion device in your basement or garage.
	www.fusor.net /newbie/index.html (1147 words)

	CORDIS FP6: What is FP6: Activity Areas: Controlled thermonuclear fusion
		Current research is focussed on demonstrating the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion energy and assessing its sustainable qualities.
		The objective of this proposed international project of fusion experiment is to demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion energy production, bearing in mind the socio-ecomic aspects.
		The indicative budget allocated to Fusion Energy Research for the duration of FP6 is EUR 750 million.
	cordis.europa.eu /fp6/fusion.htm (235 words)

	All Headline News - China Successfully Tests Thermonuclear Fusion Rector - December 23, 2006
		The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) fusion reactor uses thermonuclear fusion process - joining nuclei of atoms together - to generate energy that can be tapped without producing greenhouse gases.
		Scientists theorize that a fully functional fusion reactor would provide cheaper, cleaner and endless energy and reduce the world's dependence on fossil fuels.
		China, alongside the European Union, Japan, South Korea, Russia, The United States and India, is a partner in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project, a 500-megawatt experimental reactor to be built in southern France.
	www.allheadlinenews.com /articles/7005009884 (361 words)

	Unofficial ITER fan club - China tests thermonuclear fusion reactor: report
		BEIJING (Reuters) - Chinese scientists made their first successful test of a thermonuclear fusion reactor on Thursday, raising the energy-hungry country's profile in the new but uncertain technology that promises clean power, state media reported.
		Thermonuclear fusion seeks to generate power by joining nuclei of atoms together, releasing energy that can be tapped without producing greenhouse gases but creating a small amount of nuclear waste.
		China is a partner in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project, a 500-megawatt experimental reactor to be built in southern France.
	www.iterfan.org /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=221&Itemid=2 (415 words)

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