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	Nuclear weapon design - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Weapons which have a fusion stage are also referred to as hydrogen bombs or H-bombs because of their primary fuel, or thermonuclear weapons because fusion reactions require extremely high temperatures for a chain reaction to occur.
		The isotopes desirable for a nuclear weapon are those which have a high probability of fission reaction, yield a high number of excess neutrons, have a low probability of absorbing neutrons without a fission reaction, and do not release a large number of spontaneous neutrons.
		A final variant of the thermonuclear weapons is the enhanced radiation weapon, or neutron bomb which are small thermonuclear weapons in which the burst of neutrons generated by the fusion reaction is intentionally not absorbed inside the weapon, but allowed to escape.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design (6197 words)

	Facts about Nuclear Weapons
		The yield of nuclear weapons is usually expressed in terms of the equivalent amount of TNT which would release the same amount of energy.
		However, unlike the boosted weapons, thermonuclear weapons contain a substantial amount of fusion fuel and most of their yield comes from fusion.
		The B61 (Mk-61) class of tactical thermonuclear weapons deployed by the USA have yields which can be adjusted to be as small as 0.3 kilotons (300 tons).
	www.isanw.org /facts/weapons.html (1526 words)

	The shots heard 'round the world \| thebulletin.org
		India said that the 43-kiloton explosion was a thermonuclear device that used a fission explosion to trigger a fusion explosion.
		Or they may have aimed to expand India's knowledge of nuclear weapons by testing a design with less plutonium, or by exploring the location in the yield curve (the "cliff") at which a fission design, intended to be part of a boosted fission weapon, would no longer work.
		Chidambaram said that the computer programming for the thermonuclear device was "particularly complex." A former head of the AEC said in a recent interview that if the test had occurred in the 1980s or early 1990s, it would probably have involved a large-yield boosted fission weapon, not an H-bomb.
	www.thebulletin.org /issues/1998/ja98/ja98albright.html (4164 words)

	IEER: Energy & Security No. 6 / Science for Democratic Action V6N4 and V7N1: Pure Fusion Weapons?
		For this reason, all current generation thermonuclear weapons have a fission "primary" that sets off a fusion explosion in the "secondary." However, pure fusion weapons, that is, weapons that would not need a fission trigger, have long been thought of as "desirable" by nuclear weapons designers, in part because they would not produce fission-product fallout.
		Pure fusion weapons (as well as fusion energy) have been unattainable so far because it is very difficult to create the conditions that enable a large enough number of nuclear fusion reactions to occur and generate a net output of energy without using a fission trigger.
		If ignition is demonstrated in the laboratory, the weapons labs and the DOE (or their equivalents in other countries) would likely exert considerable pressure to continue investigations and to engage in preliminary design activities for new generation weapons (even if the goal is simply to keep the designers interested and occupied).
	www.ieer.org /ensec/no-6/fusion.html (3686 words)

	Fourth Generation Nuclear Weapons
		This report is an assessment of the prospect of developing new (i.e., fourth generation) nuclear weapons in the context of the recently agreed Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) and of the current moratorium on nuclear testing in effect in all nuclear-weapon States.
		The first chapter is a primer on thermonuclear weapons based on a scientific understanding of the physical principles of existing nuclear weapons and on the results of ISRINEX, a simple thermonuclear explosion simulation program specially developed for independent disarmament experts.
		A major arms control problem of fourth generation nuclear weapons is that their development is very closely related to pure scientific research.
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /News/INESAPTR1.html (958 words)

	Cox Report - Overview -- 05/25/1999
		The PRC acquired this and other classified U.S. nuclear weapons information as the result of a 20-year intelligence collection program to develop modern thermonuclear weapons, continuing to this very day, that includes espionage, review of unclassified publications, and extensive interactions with scientists from the Department of Energy's national weapons laboratories.
		A series of PRC nuclear weapons test explosions from 1992 to 1996 began a debate in the U.S. Government about whether the PRC's designs for its new generation of nuclear warheads were in fact based on stolen U.S. classified information.
		In the near term, a PRC deployment of mobile thermonuclear weapons, or neutron bombs, based on stolen U.S. design information, could have a significant effect on the regional balance of power, particularly with respect to Taiwan.
	www.cnsnews.com /InDepth/archive/199905/IND19990525e.html (2378 words)

	Carl Sagan / The Nuclear Winter
		In the Bravo test of March 1, 1954, a 15-megaton thermonuclear bomb was exploded on Bikini Atoll.
		The amount of dust and soot generated depends on the conduct of the war, the yields of the weapons employed and the ratio of groundbursts to airbursts.
		Scientists initially underestimated the effects of fallout, were amazed that nuclear explosions in space disabled distant satellites, had no idea that the fireballs from high-yield thermonuclear explosions could deplete the ozone layer and missed altogether the possible climatic effects of nuclear dust and smoke.
	www.cooperativeindividualism.org /sagan_nuclear_winter.html (2748 words)

	IEER Releases Report on Fusion Weapons, July 15, 1998
		However, pure fusion weapons would present far greater nuclear proliferation dangers since the acquisition of highly enriched uranium or plutonium is currently the main obstacle to proliferation.
		Most importantly, fusion weapons would likely lower the threshold for nuclear weapons use, because of their smaller size and lack of fall-out, the report said.
		Fusion weapon proliferation controls will be far more difficult than with fission weapons because the materials are not currently under the same level of international control and because more of the relevant literature is non-classified.
	www.ieer.org /latest/fusn-pr.html (1180 words)

	Termonuclear Weapons and Conventional Bombs
		If a thermonuclear weapon were to find its way to the fl market, however, the asking price would at the minimum be in the millions, quite possibly much more.
		All thermonuclear missiles are treated as Cruise Missiles in terms of carrying capacity; thermonuclear bombs use the same payload table as conventional bombs.
		All thermonuclear weapons are considered to be either smart bombs or smart missiles.
	www.geocities.com /TimesSquare/8976/thermnuc.htm (687 words)

	C-SPAN: Report on Chinese Espionage
		Nuclear weapons codes are important for understanding the workings of nuclear weapons and can assist in weapon design, maintenance, and adaptation.
		During the l990s, the PRC was working to complete testing of its modern thermonuclear weapons before it signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty in 1996.1 The PRC conducted a series of nuclear tests from 1992 to 1996.
		Deploying new thermonuclear weapons provides the PRC with additional doctrinal and operational options for its strategic forces that, if exercised, would be troublesome for the United States.
	www.christusrex.org /www2/china/theft/pg2.html (1795 words)

	overbod.html
		The PRC stole design information on the United States' most advanced thermonuclear weapons as a result of a sustained espionage effort targeted at the United States' nuclear weapons facilities, including our national weapons laboratories.
		Security at the national weapons laboratories will not be satisfactory until at least sometime in the year 2000.
		The utility of nuclear weapons computer modeling depends on the amount of data available from actual nuclear weapons tests, the computing capacity that is available, and programmer expertise.
	www.house.gov /coxreport/body/overbod.html (8880 words)

	C-SPAN: Report on Chinese Espionage
		The Select Committee is concerned that the growing cooperation between Russia and the PRC is an indication of current or future nuclear weapons cooperation.
		Scientific exchanges continue in many areas including high-energy physics.6 Discussions at the U.S. national weapons laboratories in connection with the foreign visitors program are supposed to be strictly limited to technical arms control and material accounting issues.
		The PRC would, therefore, be especially interested in acquiring U.S. thermonuclear weapons codes for any new weapons based on elements of stolen U.S. design information.
	www.christusrex.org /www2/china/theft/pg3.html (1842 words)

	ch2bod.html
		The PRC could begin serial production of advanced thermonuclear weapons based on stolen U.S. design information during the next decade in connection with the development of its new generation of intercontinental ballistic missiles.
		The PRC's nuclear weapons intelligence collection efforts began after the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976, when the PRC assessed its weaknesses in physics and the deteriorating status of its nuclear weapons programs.
		The PRC thefts from our national weapons laboratories began at least as early as the late 1970s, and significant secrets are known to have been stolen as recently as the mid-1990s.
	www.house.gov /coxreport/body/ch2bod.html (8106 words)

	Arab Newspaper Says Al Qaeda Has Ukrainian Nukes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Al Qaeda would use the weapons only inside the United States or if the group faced a "crushing blow" which threatened its existence, such as the use of nuclear or chemical weapons against its fighters, the paper quoted its sources as saying.
		If the weapon is boosted (as are most tactical nukes, to allow for compact "fractional-crit" weapons), helium contamination would probably stop enough neutrons to prevent a detonation.
		And if the weapon IS boosted (as most tactical nukes are), you will have helium in the pit--and a bunch of neutrons going bye-bye and not creating more fissions.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1074023/posts (3896 words)

	Nuclear Weapons - India Nuclear Forces
		There was little evidence in the 1950s that India had any interest in a nuclear weapons program, according to Joseph Cirincione of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (1).
		According to the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, India began work on a thermonuclear weapon in the 1980s.
		Though India has not made any official statements about the size of it nuclear arsenal, the NRDC estimates that India has a stockpile of approximately 30-35 nuclear warheads and claims that India is producing additional nuclear materials.
	fas.org /nuke/guide/india/nuke (1536 words)

	C-SPAN: Report on Chinese Espionage
		PRC penetration of our national weapons laboratories spans at least the past several decades and almost certainly continues today.
		The PRC has obtained classified information on the following U.S. thermonuclear warheads, as well as a number of associated reentry vehicles (the hardened shell that protects the thermonuclear warhead during reentry).
		B. The Select Committee judges that elements of the stolen information on U.S. thermonuclear warhead designs will assist the PRC in building its next generation of mobile ICBMs, which may be tested this year.
	www.christusrex.org /www2/china/overview/pg1.html (2343 words)

	Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today: Cox Report Overview
		In addition, in the mid-1990s the PRC stole, possibly from a U.S. national weapons laboratory, classified thermonuclear weapons information that cannot be identified in this unclassified Report.
		The W-70 warhead contains elements that may be used either as a strategic thermonuclear weapon, or as an enhanced weapon ("neutron bomb").
		In addition, the PRC could choose to use elements of the stolen nuclear weapons design information—including the neutron bomb—on intermediate- and short-range ballistic missiles, such as its CSS-6 missiles.
	www.armscontrol.org /act/1999_04-05/coxover.asp (3717 words)

	U.S. Senate Republican Policy Committee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		On May 25, 1999, a bipartisan Select Committee chaired by Rep. Chris Cox (R-CA) was able to release a long-awaited declassified version of its report documenting the failure of U.S. counterintelligence to stop the People's Republic of China (PRC) from acquiring sophisticated nuclear technology.
		These modern thermonuclear weapons took the United States decades of effort, hundreds of millions of dollars, and numerous nuclear tests to achieve." [Overview, p.
		• In the near term, a PRC deployment of mobile thermonuclear weapons, or neutron bombs, based on stolen U.S. design information, could have a significant effect on the regional balance of power, particularly with respect to Taiwan.
	www.senate.gov /~rpc/releases/1999/fr052799.htm (1274 words)

	CNS - Israel - Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East
		Sophisticated nuclear weapons program with an estimated 100-200 weapons, which can be delivered by ballistic missiles or aircraft.
		Active weapons program, but not believed to have deployed chemical warheads on ballistic missiles.
		Precise assessment of a state's capabilities is difficult because most weapons of mass destruction (WMD) programs remain secret and cannot be verified independently.
	cns.miis.edu /research/wmdme/israel.htm (821 words)

	Nuclear And Thermonuclear Weapons
		The most destructive weapon ever created by mankind, and on the other hand, they kept peace during last 50 years.
		And of course such a weapon couldn't be created without the most brilliant scientists involved.
		So whenever you look at those pictures, remember what nuclear and thermonuclear weapons are and what they can do.
	www.zvis.com /nuclear/gatornuk.shtml (465 words)

	The Nuclear Weapon Archive - A Guide to Nuclear Weapons
		Greg and I are actively collaborating to provide the broadest variety of nuclear weapon information, in the most convenient form that we can.
		Section 7 of the Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions extensively revised.
		Regrettably a vast amount of reference material once available on-line has been removed in the wake of 9-11, and large amounts of material continue to disappear.
	nuclearweaponarchive.org (1119 words)

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