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Topic: Theropod

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	Theropoda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Theropods ("beast foot") are a group of bipedal saurischian dinosaurs.
		Theropods flourished from the Late Triassic (about 220 million years ago) until the close of the Cretaceous (65 million years ago), and are today represented by the 8600 living species of birds.
		Some theropod species are: tyrannosaurs, including the famous Tyrannosaurus rex, the dromaeosaurs, including Velociraptor and Deinonychus, the herbivorous ornithomimids and omnivorous oviraptorosaurs, and the birds.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Theropoda (211 words)

	ARGENTINEAN THEROPODS: FIRST MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ON ISOLATED TEETH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The general framework in which might be regarded this particular study on gondwanic theropod dinosaurs is to dilucidate what is the spectrum of diversity in crocodile and theropod serrated teeth.
		Theropod teeth have some degree of taxonomic utility, but their intraspecific variation (mainly based on the position of the crown along the dental series) have dealt with the proliferation of new specific and generic taxa.
		These large theropods incorporate laterally compressed (the labiolingual diameter is about 1/3 the mesiodistal one) crowns, ranging their height from 20 to 180 mm.
	www.2dgf.dk /online/thefin.htm (2275 words)

	Theropod Dinosaurs
		The theropod (meaning "beast-footed") dinosaurs are a diverse group of bipedal saurischian dinosaurs.
		Other theropod characters include modifications of the hands and feet: three main fingers on the manus (hand); the fourth and fifth digits are reduced; and three main (weight-bearing) toes on the pes (foot); the first and fifth digits are reduced.
		Most theropods had sharp, recurved teeth useful for eating flesh, and claws were present on the ends of all of the fingers and toes.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /diapsids/saurischia/theropoda.html (910 words)

	Corey Josselyn: The Origin of Birds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Most theropods had sharp, recurved teeth useful for tearing flesh, and claws were present on the ends of all of the fingers and toes (Hutchinson 2000).
		The theropod hypothesis puts the entry of birds into the evolutionary arena after the line of descent had continued from thecodonts to the saurischian dinosaurs and their subsequent split into distinctive lineages (Feduccia 1996).
		The theropod hypothesis ultimately either rests on the homology of the supposed shared, derived character similarities between birds and dinosaurs or falls on the proposition that the characters in birds and dinosaurs acquired a similar appearance through convergence (Feduccia 1996).
	www2.coloradocollege.edu /FYE/Josselyn.htm (4118 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 340.100 Theropoda: Basal Theropods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		That is, although the remains are of a large primitive theropod dinosaur of "megalosaur" (or torvosaur) relationships, it is not possible to identify them more closely.
		Among the more unusual of the theropod dinosaurs, spinosaurids were lightly built predators with elongated vertebral spines and crocodile-like jaws with specialized teeth.
		If herrerasaurs are theropods, that indicates that the three main dinosaurian groups diverged very early on, and that all three lineages independently eveolved several dinosaurian features, such as a more advanced ankle joint or, say, an open acetabulum (where the hind limb attaches to the pelvis).
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/340Theropoda/340.100.html (1847 words)

	Dinosaur Stuff
		In addition, other nonavian theropods from the same deposits, for instance the therizinosaur Beipiaosarus inexpectus, have the same type of simple filamentous structures as Sinosauroptryx prima present on both fore- and hindlimbs, a distribution which again is clearly inconsistent with their having been part of a sagitally-placed dermal frill.
		In theropods and early birds, by contrast, the pubis is never mobile, the pubis is elongate and transversely narrow, the pubis is oriented vertically or is retroverted as in birds, there is no distal transverse broadening of the pubis, and the pubis is not mobile.
		In fact, the slenderness of many theropod pubes, and the highly variable orientation of the pubis even in closely related theropod taxa, is not consistent with thier having anchored such a pump.
	www.geocities.com /earthhistory/lungs.html (4334 words)

	theropod -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Theropods were the most diverse group of saurischian (“lizard-hipped”) dinosaurs, ranging from the crow-sized Microraptor to the huge Tyrannosaurus rex, which weighed six tons or more.
		All theropods were bipedal, meaning that they stood upright and ran or walked on their two hind limbs.
		Theropods had fairly short arms that ended in grasping hands armed with two or three clawed fingers, depending upon the species.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9072095?tocId=9072095 (628 words)

	Feathered dinosaurs
		Non-avian theropod dinosaurs with preserved integumentary coverings are becoming more common; but apart from the multiple specimens of Caudipteryx, which have true feathers, animals that are reasonably complete and entirely articulated that show these structures in relation to the body have not been reported.
		Sinosauropteryx has the longest tail of any known theropod, and a three-fingered hand dominated by the first finger, which is longer and thicker than either of the bones of the forearm.
		The theropod ancestry of birds: New evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar.
	www.geocities.com /earthhistory/fd.htm (2321 words)

	- On the Alleged Dinosaurian Ancestry of Birds - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Theropod advocates suggest that these filaments represent an early stage in the development of feathers and thus link theropods to avian ancestry, but this is pure speculation.
		Coelurosaurs are distinguished from other theropods by their expanded circular orbit, semilunate carpal in the wrist, short ischium, heightened ascending process of the astragalus, and reduction of the transverse processes of the tail vertebrae.
		Opponents of theropod origins argue on the basis of embryological developmental patterns that the three digits of the avian hand are II-III-IV, whereas it is agreed that the digits of the theropod hand are I-II-III.
	www.trueorigin.org /birdevo.asp (11091 words)

	Responses to dinosaur-lung claims
		In theropods the pubes are very long (about a third trunk length), transversely narrow (ratio ~0.25), cojoined along most of their length, and immobile as in birds and everything else.
		Theropods not only lack a lumbar region, the posterior ribs are elongated as in birds, and the belly was narrow and deep.
		The earliest evidence for pneumaticity in basal theropods is in the anterior dorsals and posterior cervicals - that is it indicates thoracic air-sacs.
	www.dinosauria.com /jdp/misc/lungs.html (4645 words)

	Demise of the 'Birds are Dinosaurs' Theory
		Evidence 1: The structure of the pelvis and ribs of the theropod dinosaurs is incompatible with the breathing apparatus of Archaeopteryx or modern birds
		In addition, the fossil evidence clearly demonstrates that the theropod dinosaurs lack the avian jointed or hinged ribs and expansive sternum - all of which are necessary to maintain air flow in the avian lung.
		Evidence 2: The structure of the lungs of the theropod dinosaurs is indistinguishable from that of modern reptiles
	www.godandscience.org /evolution/dinobird.html (2582 words)

	Dinosaurs Among Us?
		However, the theropod dinosaur origin of birds was largely discarded with the publication of the influential The Origin of Birds by Gerhard Heilmann in 1916, and its English translation in 1926.
		The small theropod fossils known at that time (e.g., the coelurosaurs) lacked clavicles, which are thought to have become fused to form the wishbone in birds.
		First, scientists disputing the theropod dinosaur origin of birds note that the appearance of "bird-like" theropods in the fossil record (at least those found to this point) occurs about 75 million years after the origin of birds as indicated by Archaeopteryx specimens (Feduccia, 1996).
	www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu /avc/husband/avc3dino.htm (2738 words)

	Digimorph - Syntarsus kayentakatae (theropod dinosaur)
		It was a relatively small theropod, around two and a half to three meters long.
		Raath, M. The anatomy of the Triassic theropod Syntarsus rhodesiensis (Saurischia: Podokesauridae) and a consideration of its biology.
		The skull and neck of the basal theropod Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis.
	digimorph.org /specimens/Syntarsus_kayentakatae (1410 words)

	tetanurae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Theropod teeth being what they are, Szechuanosaurus proper is not all that useful, but this skeleton and assorted referred postcranial material are.
		Part of this stemmed from historical precedent (Megalosaurus was the first named classic theropod), part of this stemmed from the fact Megalosaurus is not based on the clearest of remains, and part of this stemmed from the fact that what is known of Megalosaurus suggests it was a fairly average big theropod.
		For a long time, large theropods were automatically carnosaurs and small theropods coelurosaurs, but it is interesting to note that the earliest version of this division foreshadowed the current thinking that the tyrannosaurs belong in Coelurosauria.
	personal2.stthomas.edu /jstweet/tetanurae.htm (1958 words)

	All About Archaeopteryx
		Thus the distribution of characters within birds supports their derivation from theropod dinosaur ancesters and does not support the claim that variation is simply 'within kind'.
		If this were extended to the theropods, the action of pulling the prey into the body would tend to strengthen the grip of the theropod by bringing into play the largest muscle on the arm - the biceps, rather than just the wrist muscles.
		Thus it appears that the flexible wrist joint may have first appeared in theropod dinosaurs as an aid in grasping and retaining prey and was secondarily co-opted by the birds as a mechanism which allowed flight.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/archaeopteryx/info.html (9633 words)

	A reply to Ashby Camp and TrueOrigins on Avian Phylogeny - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Indeed, those theropods which occupy the closest phylogenetic position to the ancestry of Aves, are by and by so astonishingly avian in their osteology that they are scarcely differentiated from the urvogel itself (e.g., Sinornithosaurus).
		In his attack on the theropod ancestry of birds, Camp parrots the arguments of John Ruben and his colleagues in asserting that Theropoda possessed a pelvovisceral piston in which diaphragmatic musculature anchored to the procumbent pubes operates upon the hepatic capsule, ventilating the lungs (Ruben et al, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999).
		This does not, however, bar theropods from avian ancestry nor does it equate to a disproof of that fact that birds are derived from somewhere within Archosauria.
	wiki.cotch.net /wiki.phtml?title=A_reply_to_Ashby_Camp_and_TrueOrigins_on_Avian_Phylogney (9476 words)

	The Theropod Ancestry of Birds
		Metatarsal IV The main axis of the glenoid fossa is centered on the ventral edge of the scapular blade, as in Archaeopteryx and theropods,
		as its theropod ancestry, and thus the dinosaurian origin of birds.
		theropods by neural canals at least 40% of the height of the dorsal
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/images/theropod_ancestry_of_birds.htm (2830 words)

	Gmane -- Mail To News And Back Again
		Thought I would pass on the latest on the theropod volume ("Carnivorous Dinosaurs") for Indiana University Press (this volume is a companion to "The Armored Dinosaurs").
		THEROPODS OLD AND NEW 1.Tibiae of Small Theropod Dinosaurs from Southern England: from the Middle Jurassic of Stonesfield near Oxford and the Lower Cretaceous of the Isle of Wight.
		The enigmatic theropod dinosaur Erectopus superbus (Sauvage 1882) from the Lower Albian of Louppy-le-Château (Meuse, France).
	article.gmane.org /gmane.science.dinosaurs.general/12834 (502 words)

	Lung Structure and Ventilation in Theropod Dinosaurs and Early Birds
		Rather than representing primitive archosaurian structures, it is probable that the hepatic-piston diaphragm systems in crocodilians and theropods are convergently derived.
		Pelvic anatomy in early "protodinosaurs" such as Lagosuchus, as well as in all ornithischian dinosaurs, shows no evidence of the pubis having served as a site of origin for similar diaphragmatic musculature (pubic bones are comparatively less well developed, and in ornithischian dinosaurs a pubic symphysis is absent).
		A few theropod dinosaurs [for example, Segnosaurus and Adasaurus (9)] possess a moderately opisthopubic pelvis, but the distal pubis remains ventrally situated and the degree of dorsal rotation of the pubis does not approximate that in Archaeopteryx and the enantiornithine birds.
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/images/lung_structure_and_ventilation_i.htm (2354 words)

	DinoData News 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		In birds and mammals, the brain surface is closelyappressed to bones of cranial roof, and it leaves distinct impressions of the intracranial vascular channels on the undersurface of the bones in this region.
		Phylogenetic analysis of coelurosaurian theropods incorporating this taxon places it at the base of the clade Therizinosauroidea, indicating that this species documents the earliest known stage in the poorly understood transition from carnivory to herbivory within Therizinosauroidea.
		A new taxon of theropod dinosaur is described by Olivier W.M. Rauhut as Condorraptor currumili gen. et sp.
	www.dinodata.net /Newdesuk.htm (8179 words)

	PrehistoricPlanet.com
		A large theropod known from North America and Canada.
		A large-clawed theropod from England thought to be a fish eater.
		The quick moving, smart, theropod that were in all three Jurassic Park movies.
	www.prehistoricplanet.com /features/fieldguide (562 words)

	American Museum of Natural History \| Press Release
		The researchers have identified the fossil animal as a dromaeosaur, a small, fast-running dinosaur closely related to Velociraptor with a sickle claw on its middle toe and stiffening rods in its tail.
		Entombed in two slabs of fine-grained rock, the dinosaur's skeleton resembles that of a large duck with a long tail and an oversized head (indicating that the animal was a juvenile).
		Among all advanced theropods, the swift-running dromaeosaurs are thought to be the most closely related to birds.
	www.amnh.org /science/specials/dinobird.html (1306 words)

	THEROPODS AS LIVING ANIMALS
		Theropods included the "brainiest" dinosaurs, based on their encephalization quotient (EQ).
		EQ is calculated as the [mass of the cerebral cortex] / [mass of the total brain].
		Theropods EQ’s are more than 1 relative to the reptile line but are less than 1 relative to the mammal line
	users.tamuk.edu /kfjab02/dinos/VPtheropodspaleobiology.htm (479 words)

	CNN.com - Fossilized footprints show running dinosaur - January 31, 2002
		And a dinosaur that broke into a run 163 million years ago unwittingly left behind a set of footprints that scientists say will help them better understand how dinosaurs known as theropods moved around on their hind legs.
		The footprints are in a limestone quarry in Oxfordshire, England, that's home to some of the best-preserved dinosaur "trackways" in the world.
		Both were theropods -- carnivorous dinosaurs that walked mainly on two legs instead of four.
	www.cnn.com /2002/TECH/science/01/31/running.dinosaur/index.html (376 words)

	Dinobuzz: Dinosaur-Bird Relationships
		His work provided strong, compelling support for the theory that birds are theropod dinosaurs.
		Other arguments, such as the putative differences between theropod and bird finger development, or lung morphology, or ankle bone morphology, all stumble on the lack of relevant data on extinct theropods, misinterpretations of anatomy, simplifying assumptions about developmental flexibility, and/or speculations about convergence, biomechanics, or selective pressures.
		The opponents of the theropod hypothesis refuse to propose an alternative hypothesis that is falsifiable.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /diapsids/avians.html (1524 words)

	Counting the Fingers of Birds and Dinosaurs -- Chatterjee; et al. 280 (5362): 355 -- Science
		conclusion is incompatible with theropod (dinosaur) ancestry of
		Burke and Feduccia conclude (1) that the development of the avian hand is incompatible with a dinosaurian ancestry of birds.
		In later theropods, digit IV is completely reduced, and carpal IV is lost.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/280/5362/355a (2297 words)

	Influence of rotational inertia on turning performance of theropod dinosaurs: clues from humans with increased ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Influence of rotational inertia on turning performance of theropod dinosaurs: clues from humans with increased rotational inertia -- Carrier et al.
		(B) To increase turning performance, theropod dinosaurs may have run with their trunk and tail arched in a jack-knife posture, their neck may have been sharply arched backwards to hold the head closer to the hindlimbs and they may have held their arms backwards along the sides of the body.
		Ostrom, J. Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/204/22/3917 (5971 words)

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