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Topic: Thiaminase

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	Thiaminases
		Thiaminases are enzymes that cleave the thiamin molecule and render it biologically inactive.
		Thiaminases are denatured by heat, therefore subjecting any of the sources of thiaminases to cooking or other heat treatment will render the thiaminases inactive.
		Thiaminases are present in the viscera of certain raw fishes and shellfishes, especially carp.
	www.ansci.cornell.edu /plants/toxicagents/thiaminase/thiaminase.html (1694 words)

	23. BRACKENFERN, BRAKE FERN
		Horses: The toxin in brackenfern is thiaminase, an enzyme that destroys thiamine (vitamin B1).
		The horse then essentially suffers from a vitamin deficiency of thiamine, which causes myelin degeneration of peripheral nerves (a loss of the fatty insulation layer to nerves that primarily control muscles).
		Ruminants, especially cattle: Thiaminase does not adversely affect ruminants since the ruminal bacteria degrade the enzyme.
	vet.purdue.edu /depts/addl/toxic/plant23.htm (943 words)

	Thiamin E
		Uncooked fish from many species have high thiaminase activity as do tissues from clams, shrimp and mussels.
		Thiaminase activity is lower in most salt-water fish tissues compared to freshwater species (Halver, 1989).
		The thiaminase enzyme ruptures the thiazole ring at the sulfur bond making the thiamin molecule inactive.
	www.mazuri.com /thiamin-e.htm (349 words)

	Article: Thiaminase – What it is, why you care
		Regular intake of substantial amounts of food containing thiaminase could introduce enough thiaminase into the gut to break down the thiamine in food and render an animal thiamine-deficient.
		However, if thiaminase were contained in the fishes’ cells, when those cells ruptured this might release thiaminase, making it easier to measure.
		Thiaminase is of greatest concern to people feeding animals a fish-heavy diet, which while inappropriate for most species (i.e.: RES, stinkpots, etc…) may be needful in some (Chitra softshells and Mata Mata turtles).
	www.austinsturtlepage.com /Articles/Thiaminase.htm (1047 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Thiaminase
		Thiaminase is an enzyme that metabolizes or breaks down thiamine into two molecular parts.
		It was first described as the cause of highly mortal ataxic neuropathy in fur producing foxes eating raw entrails of river fish like carp in 1941.
		It is also known as the etiology of cerebrocortical necrosis of cattle and polioencephalomalasia of sheep eating thiaminase containing plants.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Thiaminase (200 words)

	Feeding Goldfish to Piranha? - Piranha-Fury Forums
		In addition to herring, thiaminase enzyme is found in capelin, suckers, smelts and various carp species, a total of some 50 species, most of which live in fresh water.
		Thiaminase activity is high in the viscera of the fish, but is rarely found in the muscle.
		Thiaminase enzyme is inactivated by heating at 900C for 10 minutes.
	www.piranha-fury.com /pfury/index.php?showtopic=370 (1028 words)

	Thiaminase at AllExperts
		Thiaminase is an enzyme () that metabolizes or breaks down thiamine into two molecular parts.
		It is found in bracken (brake) and other plants, as well as in raw fish, such as carp, goldfish, and also in a few strains of bacteria like Bacillus thiaminolyticus.
		Entomological thiaminase is found in an African silk worm in 2000.
	en.allexperts.com /e/t/th/thiaminase.htm (221 words)

	Reversible Inactivation of Thiaminase I of Bacillus thiaminolyticus by Its Primary Substrate, Thiamine -- Agee and ...
		Reversible Inactivation of Thiaminase I of Bacillus thiaminolyticus by Its Primary Substrate, Thiamine -- Agee and Airth 115 (3): 957 -- The Journal of Bacteriology
		Reversible Inactivation of Thiaminase I of Bacillus thiaminolyticus by Its Primary Substrate, Thiamine
		Thiaminase I of Bacillus thiaminolyticus is reversibly inactivated
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/115/3/957 (158 words)

	Breeders' World Forums - sheep - Lengthy but informative
		The association of the disease with thiamine inadequacy was proposed to be attributable to a dietary change that triggered a change in the composition and ecology of the rumen microbiota.
		Depending on the mix and concentration of chemicals, including some anthelmintics in the rumen liquor that thiaminase could use to exchange with part of the structure of the thiamine molecule, a range of new compounds could be formed, several of which had antithiamine properties.
		Some molds have also been shown to produce thiaminase I. Enzymatic destruction or modification of the thiamine molecule is still believed to be the etiology of thiamine-responsive forms of PEM as seen in ruminants fed high-concentrate diets with low proportions of roughage.
	www.breedersworld.com /phorum/read.php?f=1&i=107867&t=107862 (1654 words)

	Mechanistic Studies on Thiaminase I. 3. Stereochemistry of the Thiaminase I and the Bisulfite-Catalyzed Degradation of ...
		Thiaminase I catalyzes the displacement of the thiazole moiety of thiamin by a wide variety of nucleophiles (eq 1).
		We recently demonstrated that the thiaminase I-catalyzed substitution of the p-nitrobenzoate moiety of 9 by p-methoxybenzyl amine proceeds with retention of configuration.
		Thiaminase I was isolated from an Escherichia coli overexpression strain.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/joceah/1996/61/i12/abs/jo960234u.html (1432 words)

	Lab. of Aquatic Pathobiology, Projects
		It is suggested that the thiamine deficiencies are caused by the presence in the diet of some factor(s) such as thiaminase, reducing the bio availability of thiamine, either by destroying it or by converting it to an inactive analogue or thiamine antagonist.
		The aim of this project is to clarify the role of thiamine degrading substances such as thiaminase in the aetiology of the M74-syndrome.
		The main objectives are to study thiamine content and thiaminase activity in the prey species of salmon, i.e.
	www.abo.fi /instut/fisk/labeng/research/projects/m74.htm (245 words)

	Western Brackenfern, PNW 443
		Thiaminase is present in either fresh or dried plants and in the rhizomes.
		Thiaminase (an enzyme that breaks down thiamine, a B complex vitamin) is toxic to horses and pigs.
		Cattle and sheep are resistant to thiaminase toxicity because bacteria in the rumen usually produce sufficient amounts of thiamine.
	extension.oregonstate.edu /catalog/html/pnw/pnw443 (652 words)

	tuna & salmon - Cat People - tribe.net
		And artificial coloring is actually added to farmed salmon to give them that orangey-pink color we're used to, because the deficient diet fed to farmed salmon leaves their flesh grey (the pink hue in wild salmon comes from eating a diet rich in little shrimpies).
		Thiaminase is deactivated by heat (but so's thiamin, hahaha), so with cooked fish it isn't an issue.
		A little bit more info found here: www.gov.ns.ca/nsaf/elibra...feedherr.htm : "In addition to herring, thiaminase enzyme is found in capelin, suckers, smelts and various carp species, a total of some 50 species, most of which live in fresh water.
	catpeople.tribe.net /thread/d4f83a6b-4ecf-4a96-93a1-333fa86bd964 (1000 words)

	Re: "horsetail"
		Germans authorities advise taking plenty of liquids with horsetail and say it should be avoided in cases of swelling from impaired heart or kidney function.
		One over-the-counter fingernail preparation including horsetail says to discontinue use after three months, but I haven't found out why they said that, although it may have been the thiaminase activity.
		Three months is the right amount of time to grow a full sized fingernail though.
	www.dadamo.com /forum/archive4/config.pl?read=3009 (176 words)

	Amazon.com: thiaminase (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Thiaminase activity in alewives and smelt in lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior by Ying Q Ji (Unknown Binding - 1998)
		This enzyme, thiaminase, is destroyed by the cooking...
		An enzyme in the fern, thiaminase, disturbs thiamin metabolism.
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=thiaminase&index=blended&page=1 (1091 words)

	VEIN : Sheep Health & Production : Chapter 15. Diseases of the central nervous system
		Thiaminase I appears to be the relevant enzyme, not thiaminase II.
		In addition to destroying thiamin, there is evidence that thiaminase I causes thiamin analogues to be formed which act as thiamin antimetabolites and accentuate the deficiency syndrome[1].
		Thiaminase activity can also occur through natural means in the alimentary tract of sheep, probably associated with the establishment of Bacillus thiaminolytica or other bacteria, but their role in the pathogenesis of field cases of PEM is unclear[2].
	vein.library.usyd.edu.au /sheephealth/Chapter15.html (6417 words)

	Polioencephalomalacia: Introduction - The Merck Veterinary Manual
		A potential mechanism of thiamine inadequacy is the action of thiaminases on thiamine in the GI tract.
		Thiaminase I, produced by Bacillus thiaminolyticus and Clostridium sporogenes, and thiaminase II, produced by B aneurinolyticus, catalyze the cleavage of thiamine.
		Overall, there is not a linear relationship among the presence of ruminal and fecal thiaminase, decreased concentrations of tissue and blood thiamine, and development of disease.
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/102000.htm (1577 words)

	Polioencephalomalacia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It was first described as thiaminedeficiency, however, more recent evidence indicates that the disease actually results from a disturbance in thiamine metabolism. Proposed mechanisms include increased numbers of thiaminase producing bacteria in the rumen, production or ingestion of thiamine analogs, ingestion of thiaminases (as in bracken fem), impaired thiamine absorption, and increased excretion of thiamine.
		Animals on high-concentrate diets are at greater risk of developing the disease, presumably because the low rumen pH decreases the numbers of thiamine-producing bacteria and increases the numbers of thiaminase producing bacteria. High sulfur diets, amprolium, thiobendazole and levamisolehydrochloride use have also been associated with this disorder.
		Thiaminase may be measured in the rumen and feces of affected animals,
	www.addl.purdue.edu /newsletters/1997/fall/polio.shtml (546 words)

	Cerebrocortical necrosis in ruminants: effect of thiaminase type 1-producing Clostridium sporogenes in lambs -- Cushnie ...
		Large numbers of orally inoculated thiaminase type 1-producing Clostridium sporogenes failed to establish in the alimentary tract of two conventionally born lambs.
		Conversely, when similar inoculations were given to two gnotobiotic lambs, large populations of Cl sporogenes established in their rumens and correspondingly high levels of thiaminase were produced.
		No clinical symptoms of thiamine deficiency or cerebrocortical necrosis were seen despite the presence of high levels of thiaminase in the rumen of one of the gnotobiotic lambs for a period of 86 days.
	veterinaryrecord.bvapublications.com /cgi/content/abstract/105/21/480 (149 words)

	Thiaminase-I from Bacillus thiaminolyticus
		Thiaminase-I catalyzes a reaction in which thiazole is replaced by a variety of organic nucleophiles, while thiaminase-II uses water as the nucleophile.
		In this paper, we determined the structure of thiaminase-I in two crystal forms (I and II) as well as the structure of form II with an inhibitor.
		This image shows Form II of thiaminase-I with the inhibitor 4-amino-2,5-dimethylpyrimidine covalently bonded to C113.
	arginine.chem.cornell.edu /Structures/Thi-I.html (246 words)

	CSIRO PUBLISHING - Australian Journal of Agricultural Research
		In an attempt to clarify the reported relationship between cobalt deficiency and the incidence of cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN), sheep were fed on a diet deficient in cobalt.
		High levels of thiaminase activity were found regularly in rumen and faeces samples from cobalt-deficient animals, and also from controls supplemented with cobalt or vitamin B12.
		There was a poor correlation between thiaminase activity and viable counts of the thiaminase-producing organisms Clostvidium spovogenes and Bacillus spp.
	www.publish.csiro.au /nid/40/paper/AR9830211.htm (197 words)

	Bearded Dragon . org - Vitamins Article
		Thiamin (Vitamin B1) deficiency is caused by feeding items that contain the enzyme thiaminase rather than by feeding a thiamin deficient diet.
		Herbivorous reptiles may acquire this disease because thiaminase is found in ferns and ornamental house plants, and by feeding large amounts of frozen vegetables.
		Carnivorous reptiles may acquire a deficiency because thiaminase is found in fish.
	www.beardeddragon.org /articles/vitamins (1198 words)

	Preparing Your Own Fish Feeds
		Utilizing raw fish as a main ingredient in fish feeds has long been recognized to be harmful to the health and growth of fish due primarily to the presence of the anti-nutrient, thiaminase.
		Thiaminase, an enzyme that destroys thiamine (vitamin B-1), one of the essential water-soluble vitamins, is mostly found in freshwater fish and is destroyed by heat (i.e., cooking).
		In preparing diets, preferential use of marine fish is suggested to minimize thiaminase activity, and raw fish could be steamed or poached.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /FA097 (3028 words)

	thiaminase - Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		thiaminase An enzyme present in many species of micro-organisms, plants, and fish which splits thiamin (vitamin B
		Non-enzymic cleavage of thiamin, for example by polyphenols, is also sometimes called thiaminase action.
		Chastek paralysis in foxes and mink fed diets rich in raw fish, and blind staggers in horses and other animals eating bracken fern, are due to acute vitamin B
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1O39-thiaminase.html (348 words)

	Texas Toxic Plants
		The first is a thiaminase, which is responsible for central nervous system disease in horses.
		The thiaminase is detoxified by rumen microbes, so ruminants are not affected by the plant in this way.
		Bracken fern’s other toxin is a norsesquiterpene lactone called ptaquiloside, and it causes disease in ruminants after several weeks or months of intake at 20 to 25 percent of the diet.
	texnat.tamu.edu /cmplants/toxic/plants/brackenfern.html (307 words)

	Thiamine and goldfish - WaterWolves - Exotic, Rare and Predatory Fish Since 1998!
		There are studies done on the effects of thiaminase on fish in public aquariums, though.
		On the issue of the thiaminase eliminating the thiamine found in the gut, I would guess that the amount of B1 would have to greater than the amount of binding thiaminase so that the fish could absorb some of the vitamin.
		Thiaminase is an enzyme that prevents the body from utilizing thiamin (B1) by reacting with the vitamin and changing its make-up (splitting it) and thereby destroying it.
	forums.waterwolves.com /index.php?showtopic=10712&hl= (1878 words)

	Cropping Issues in Northwest Minnesota newsletter
		One concern with this plant is its toxicity (thiaminase) to grazing animals.
		Horses are the species most affected, however, cattle and sheep may be affected, but this occurs rarely as they tend to avoid the plant.
		Thiaminase causes deficiency of thiamine is animals and a veterinarian should be consulted to assist in the treatment of this deficiency.
	www.nwroc.umn.edu /Cropping_issues/2004/issue7/07_02_04_No_2.htm (385 words)

	Lake Griffin research slideshow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Gizzard shad in other parts of the country are known to have extremely high levels of thiaminase, an enzyme that destroys thiamine.
		Preliminary results from this study demonstrate that gizzard shad in Florida have high levels of thiaminase and that thiaminase levels can be high in most months of the year.
		With the recent increase in gizzard shad numbers and the reduced diversity of the fish population it is possible that Lake Griffin alligators are suffering from thiamine deficiency.
	myfwc.com /gators/research/griffin/slides3.htm (136 words)

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