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Topic: Thickening

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	Diffuse Pleural Thickening
		Width: For pleural thickening seen along the lateral chest wall the measurement of the maximum width of the shadow is made from the inner line of the chest wall to the inner margin of the shadow seen most sharply at the parenchymal-pleural boundary.
		Shadows are produced by thickening of the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura.
		Pleural thickening occurs in two principal forms, the different appearances of which are illustrated in the standard radiographs.
	www.chestx-ray.com /BReader/Diffuse.html (550 words)

	Thickening agents - Patent 4971722
		The thickening agent according to claim 1, wherein n=40 to 80, R.sub.1 is a hydrocarbon residue with 10 to 22 carbon atoms, R.sub.2 is an alkyl residue with 8 to 30 carbon atoms, p=1 to 3, and m=0.
		The thickening agent according to claim 5, wherein said molar ratio of ethylene oxide to propylene oxide is approximately 50:50 to 90:10, 60 to 120 moles of alkylene oxide are used per mole of alcohol, and the resulting polyether is reacted with said diisocyanate in a molar ratio of 1:0.5 to 1:0.25.
		Although numerous thickening agents based on polyethers are already known, a need still exists for improved thickening agents, especially for such which exhibit the said disadvantages not at all or only to a reduced extent.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4971722.html (2647 words)

	The sludge thickening and dewatering technology advantage
		While thickening sludge, the sudge feed pump is the device that provides the motive force for moving the thickened sludge through the press.
		Consequently, the setup of a Thickening system is to find a balance between the flow of sludge through the press, and the speed of the auger, to allow the desired consistency of thickened sludge.
		As in a dewatering system, the throughput of the thickening press is solids limited, not hydraulically limited, but at a higher value than a dewatering press.
	www.somatcorp.com /thickening.htm (653 words)

	Fact Sheet on the Continued Thickening of Government (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The impact of the thickening is in the headlines regularly.
		Part of the growth is due to creation of the new Department of Homeland Security, which grew from just 3 layers and 3 occupants in the winter of 2003 (secretary, deputy secretary, and under secretary) to 21 layers and 146 occupants in the spring of 2004.
		But the thickening has occurred in almost every department, including many that are not involved in homeland security or the war on terrorism.
	www.brookings.edu /views/papers/light/20040723.htm (2082 words)

	Techniques - Thickening Agents
		It is frequently used in Asian cooking and a clear sheen is typical of sauces thickened with cornstarch.
		Used as a thickening agent for sauces, the traditional roux is equal amounts of flour and a fat (usually butter) cooked together.
		The ratio for a thin sauce is one tablespoon of flour per cup of liquid and two to three tablespoons per cup for a thicker sauce.
	www.drgourmet.com /techniques/thickeningagents.shtml (589 words)

	Air Flotation Thickening (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Flotation thickeners constructed of steel or concrete are either rectangular or circular tanks.
		Floor rakes are essential for removing the nonfloatable heavier solids that settle to the bottom of the flotation thickener.
		Flotation thickening concentrates sludges through the attachment of microscopic bubbles, thereby reducing their specific gravity to less than that of water.
	www.ci.hopewell.va.us /hrwtf/operations/air_flotation_thickening.htm (155 words)

	Thickening - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cooking, thickening is the process of increasing the viscosity of a liquid either by reduction, or by the addition of a thickening agent, typically containing starch.
		Desserts are often thickened with sago, tapioca, gelatin or a gelatine substitute such as agar.
		Soups, sauces and stews are more often thickened with a starchy product like cornstarch, arrowroot or wheat flour, or a fat and flour mixture such as roux or beurre manié.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thickening (113 words)

	Morphology - Thickening
		Thickening is a morphological operation that is used to grow selected regions of foreground pixels in binary images, somewhat like dilation or closing.
		The thickening operation is related to the hit-and-miss transform, and so it is helpful to have an understanding of that operator before reading on.
		In everyday terms, the thickening operation is calculated by translating the origin of the structuring element to each possible pixel position in the image, and at each such position comparing it with the underlying image pixels.
	homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk /rbf/HIPR2/thick.htm (1173 words)

	Thickening, Sludge, Environmental Separation - Westfalia Separator, Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Thickening of waste activated sludge in decanters is normally carried out without the addition of flocculent.
		In the case of a high sludge volume index or if extreme thickening efficiency is required, flocculent must be used.
		Increased thickening of the primary sludge and reduction of the load on the preclarification stage
	www.wsus.com /en/products/environment_thickening.htm (263 words)

	Thickening (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The settled sludge is thickened and then pumped to underground digesters.
		The water content of the slurry is also reduced during this stage, thereby, further thickening the sludge.
		The thickened sludge is then sent to the solids processing building.
	www.cee.umd.edu /exhib/ence315/team3/thickening.htm (197 words)

	Thickening agent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thickening agents, or thickeners, are substances which, when added to a mixture, increase its viscosity without substantially modifying its other properties, such as taste.
		Food thickeners are frequently based on polysaccharides (starches or vegetable gums) or proteins (egg yolks, demi-glaces, or collagen).
		Other thickeners used by cooks are nuts, or glaces made of meat or fish.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thickening_agent (272 words)

	Thickening Agent Glossary Term
		Some thickeners are used for medical purposes to enable the swallowing of food to occur more easily, without choking.
		Thickeners are also used to improve the texture or flavor of the food dish.
		A variety of common thickeners are available, such as agar, arrowroot, roux, browned flour, flour paste, cornstarch, potato starch, split peas, and egg yolks.
	www.recipetips.com /glossary-term/t--34788/thickening-agent.asp (83 words)

	Gravity Thickening Technologies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		IWS - Sludge Thickening System is designed to take low concentrated sludge (1-2% solids) and increase the sludge concentration to 4-5% solids by means of gravity settling.
		Envirex Gravity Thickeners - RexÂ® gravity thickeners are heavy duty circular collectors, custom designed for handling concentrated industrial and municipal sludges.
		Rotary Drum Thickener - The RDT is a mechanical rotating sludge thickener capable of thickening sludge up to a concentration of 10-12%.
	www.usfilter.com /en/Corporate/Technologies/gravity_thickening (221 words)

	Virtual Tour of Sewage Process - Thickening
		Primary and secondary sludge thickening is beneficial to the anaerobic digestion process because it reduces biomass volume tank size and heating requirements.
		The gravity thickening process consists of pumping both primary and secondary sludge into a gravity thickening tank where the sludge is mixed and agitated gently by a rotating mechanism.
		The thickening tank supernatant is pumped to the headworks or primary effluent channel for treatment.
	www.bcua.org /WPC_VT_Sewage_Thickening.htm (258 words)

	Medcyclopaedia - Pleural thickening (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Thickening of as little as 1 - 2 mm can be detected with HRCT.
		The most useful signs in predicting the presence of malignancy are circumferential thickening, nodularity, thickening of greater than 1 cm and involvement of the Mediastinal
		This may be uni- or bilateral and is usually of homogeneous, soft tissue density, usually less than 5 mm thick, with a well-defined inferior margin.
	medcyclopaedia.com /library/topics/volume_v_1/p/PLEURAL_THICKENING.aspx (1060 words)

	Gravity Thickening (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Settling and thickening will occur in different modes depending on the concentration and flocculent nature of the solids being handled.
		Gravity thickeners are commonly circular tanks with side water depth of 10 to 13 ft. and diameters up to 82 ft. Thickener bottoms are designed with a floor slope between 1:6 and 1:3.
		Gravity thickener mechanisms tend to be of stronger construction than clarifier mechanisms because of the higher torque imposed on the former.
	www.ci.hopewell.va.us /hrwtf/operations/gravity_thickening.htm (143 words)

	Laramide crustal thickening event (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Rocky Mountain foreland and Great Plains of the western United States were formerly part of a continental platform, adjusted by erosion and deposition in Cambrian through Jurassic time to near mean sea level, and therefore to a near-uniform crustal thickness of approximately 33 km.
		B.P., this region was underlain by a horizontally-subducting slab of Farallon plate lithosphere moving northeast; this slab could have been the cause of the thickening.
		Since depression by this slab lasted until the Eocene at least, the latest-Cretaceous regression was probably caused by a Laramide crustal thickening event.
	element.ess.ucla.edu /publications/1984_Laramide/1984_Laramide.htm (297 words)

	Pleural Thickening
		This thickening leads to constriction of the lung with consequent loss of lung volume and increasing breathlessness.
		There may be an associated pleural effusion (a collection of fluid in the pleural space between the lung and the chest wall).
		It is usually not possible to give a firm prognosis for diffuse pleural thickening as the natural history of the disease is variable.
	www.asbestosadvice.co.uk /pleural1.htm (353 words)

	Myocardial Thickening
		Background: Systolic myocardial contraction combining radial thickening and circumferential/longitudinal shortening is probably the most important function of the heart, but this holy grail is difficult to measure echocardiographically, except by subjective visual assessment.
		This technique measures myocardial radial thickening and circumferential shortening concomitantly with quantitative display of the results either as full vector information or in a simplified manner in color-coded fashion.
		Of particular interest for the study of ischemic heart disease is the ability to automatically separate translation of the heart from true thickening in the same myocardial segment.
	bigwww.epfl.ch /publications/suehling0302.html (500 words)

	Diffuse Pleural Thickening and Fibrosis - Diffuse Pleural Thickening, Pulmonary Fibrosis
		Pleural thickening is a type of non-malignant asbestos disease associated with the inflammation of the pleura.
		CT scans are more sensitive in detecting a thickening of the pleura because the disease is evident as a layer of soft tissue density forming between the lungs and the chest wall.
		Based on a CT scan, doctors are often able to determine whether a case of pleural thickening has resulted from primary causes (asbestos inhalation) or from secondary causes (mesothelioma or asbestos lung cancer).
	www.mesothelioma411.org /asbestos/dpt-fibrosis.php (521 words)

	News in Science - Greenland icecap thickens despite warming - 21/10/2005
		Greenland's icecap has thickened slightly in recent years despite concerns that it is thawing out due to global warming, says an international team of scientists.
		But, they say, the thickening seems consistent with theories of global warming, blamed by most experts on a build-up of heat-trapping gases from burning fossil fuels in power plants, factories and cars.
		That extra moisture falls as snow below 0°C. And the scientists say that the thickening of the icecap might be offset by a melting of glaciers around the fringes of Greenland.
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/stories/s1485573.htm (513 words)

	Greenland icecap thickens despite warming. 21/10/2005. ABC News Online
		Greenland's icecap has thickened slightly in recent years despite wide predictions of a thaw triggered by global warming, a team of scientists says.
		However, they said that the thickening seemed consistent with theories of global warming, blamed by most experts on a build-up of heat-trapping gases from burning fossil fuels in power plants, factories and cars.
		The scientists said that the thickening of the icecap might be offset by a melting of glaciers around the fringes of Greenland.
	www.abc.net.au /news/newsitems/200510/s1487477.htm (422 words)

	Thickening Soups
		Here are some tips on the thickening techniques you may run across as you search for soup recipes.
		A roux (ROO) is a mixture of flour and fat -- such as cooking oil, butter, or chicken fat -- that is cooked, then used to thicken sauces, gravies, or soups.
		A common roux recipe calls for equal amounts of butter and flour, cooked in a saucepan over medium heat until the flour is absorbed by the melted butter.
	www.bhg.com /bhg/story.jhtml?storyid=/templatedata/bhg/story/data/simplesecrets_thickeningsoups_06272002.xml&catref=bcat276 (356 words)

	Palpable asymmetrical thickening of the breast: aclinical, radiological and pathological study -- Cheung et al. 74 ...
		Palpable asymmetrical thickening of the breast: aclinical, radiological and pathological study -- Cheung et al.
		Palpable asymmetrical thickening of the breast: aclinical, radiological and pathological study
		thickening was found in 23 women who underwent core biopsy.
	bjr.birjournals.org /cgi/content/full/74/881/402 (2118 words)

	Pocock Industrial - Thickening Tests (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Static and dynamic thickening test data can be collected to determine thickener sizing and operating parameters.
		The type of testing to be conducted will be determined by both the type of thickener desired (conventional, high-rate, high-density, etc.) and by the amount of sample available for testing.
		For deep-bed, and/or paste thickening test work, feed is pumped continuously into deep bed columns and underflow density measurements are taken over an extended period of time to determine the effect of bed depth on underflow compaction.
	www.pocockindustrial.com.cob-web.org:8888 /thickening.htm (269 words)

	CRC for Greenhouse Accounting - Impact: Woody thickening (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Increasing density and coverage of trees, or 'woody thickening', had long been observed worldwide, particularly in the grasslands and savannas of Australia, America and Africa.
		Another study conducted by the Centre used data from 57 monitoring sites to document woody thickening and to estimate the carbon sink in 27 million hectares of tropical Australian grazing lands, part of the 60 million hectares of grazed woodlands in the state of Queensland, in northern-eastern Australia.
		That study found that the carbon sink potential in biomass of the grazed woodlands in Queensland could be as high as 35 million tonnes of carbon per year, equivalent to about 25 per cent of the most recently published total estimated national net emissions for Australia.
	www.greenhouse.crc.org.au /impact/woodythickening.cfm (691 words)

	Thickening - In the Thick of It by Mark Vogel
		The most common thickening agents are starch-based thickeners, namely flour, cornstarch and arrowroot.
		To employ beurre manié as a thickener, bring the sauce to a simmer, and whisk it in one piece at a time, waiting for the previous one to melt before adding the next.
		Finally, sauces can be thickened by adding a liaison, (a mixture of cream and egg yolks), butter, gelatin, and pureed vegetables or fruits.
	www.foodreference.com /html/art-thickening.html (942 words)

	Pleural Disease in Silicosis: Pleural Thickening, Effusion, and Invagination -- Arakawa et al. 236 (2): 685 -- Radiology
		In 39 (30%) of 128 PMF lesions, fibrous thickening of the pleura
		Because the PMF is attached to the pleura, invagination was not identified as a thick band on the CT scans.
		Diffuse pleural thickening in an asbestos-exposed population: prevalence and causes.
	radiology.rsnajnls.org /cgi/content/full/236/2/685 (5850 words)

	Wall Thickening of the Gastric Antrum as a Normal Finding: Multidetector CT with Cadaveric Comparison -- Pickhardt and ...
		striation) of the thickened portion of the gastric antrum was
		thickening, and the estimated longitudinal extent of thickening.
		CT evaluation of wall thickening in the alimentary tract.
	www.ajronline.org /cgi/content/full/181/4/973 (3586 words)

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