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Topic: Thin film memory

	Thin film - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thin films are material layers of about 1 µm thickness.
		Some work is being done with ferromagnetic thin films as well for use as computer memory.
		However, thin films have had to be developed using new semiconductor materials, including amorphous silicon, copper indium diselenide, cadmium telluride and film crystalline silicon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thin_film (205 words)

	Encyclopedia: Thin film memory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Thin film memory is a high-speed variation of core memory developed by Sperry Rand in a government-funded research project.
		Instead of threading individual ferrite cores on wires, a thin film (4 millionths of an inch thick) of iron-nickel alloy (called permalloy) was deposited as small dots (using a mask) on small glass plates by vacuum evaporation techniques.
		The UNIVAC 1107, intended for the civilian marketplace, used thin film memory only for its 128-word general register stack.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Thin-film-memory (216 words)

	[No title]
		Thin film memory consists of a ferromagnetic material, permalloy, deposited (under controlled conditions in a vacuum chamber) on a substrate of thin glass.
		The film spots thus become easier to magnetize in a direction parallel to that in which the magnetic field was applied during the deposition process.
		Thin film materials are well suited for storing binary data since they have a stable state of magnetization in each direction parallel to the preferred axis.
	ed-thelen.org /comp-hist/navy-thin-film-memory-desc.html (932 words)

	Bubble memory -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Twistor memory was based on (Click link for more info and facts about magnetostriction) magnetostriction, an effect which can be used to move (The lines of force surrounding a permanent magnet or a moving charged particle) magnetic fields.
		A memory is formed by lining up tiny (A temporary magnet made by coiling wire around an iron core; when current flows in the coil the iron becomes a magnet) electromagnets at one end with detectors at the other end.
		Soon, however, bubble memory was a dead end and almost all work on it stopped, as the introduction of higher-density and faster (A rigid magnetic disk mounted permanently in a drive unit) hard disk systems in the early 1980s pretty much killed bubble memory entirely.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/bu/bubble_memory.htm (963 words)

	Thin-film inductive heads
		Film heads were seen to offer a number of characteristics different from those of existing ferrite heads, but there was uncertainty about which of these were solving critical problems, and which type offered performance improvements that were highly desirable but unobtainable with existing heads.
		Adequate control of film composition was achieved by plating at currents near the maximum in iron-to-nickel ratio, where the composition is least sensitive to current variation, adjusting the plating bath parameters so that this maximum occurs at a low current density, and by effective agitation of the plating bath.
		When the film head program was started in the late 1960s, the preferred air bearing for disk file heads was the cylindrical air-bearing design used by the IBM 3330 "Merlin" file, which was first shipped in 1971¹ [20].
	www.research.ibm.com /journal/rd/403/chiu.html (7735 words)

	Thin Film Coating (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A thin film transistor (TFT) is special kind of field effect transistor made by depositing thin films for the metallic contacts, semiconductor active layer, and dielectric layer.
		In manufacturing, thin film layers can be achieved through the deposition of one or more thin layers of material onto a substrate (usually glass), most often by a physical vapor deposition process such as evaporative or sputtering, or a chemical process such as chemical vapor deposition.
		"Thin" is a relative term, but most deposition techniques allow layer thickness to be controlled within a few hundred nanometers, and some allow one layer of atoms to be deposited at a time.
	www.blownspeakers.com /pages3/88/thin-film-coating.html (1100 words)

	Serriform strip crosstie memory - Patent 4231107
		A magnetic crosstie memory using a plurality of Permalloy thin-film strips of uniform thicknesses having parallel denticulated margins etched to align with the oblong axis of the strip.
		Exchange coupling between crystallites of the film causes the orientation of the magnetization of neighboring crystallites to be nearly parallel, thereby extending the alignment of the magnetization in the predominant oblong axis direction across the bases 80-82, 81-83 of denticles 70, 71 and throughout the adjoining areas of margins 100, 101.
		In thin-film memory strips fabricated according to the teachings of the present invention there is no necessity of an alignment of the oblong axis or centerline of the strip with the easy axis of the film from which the strip is etched.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4231107.html (11665 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Thin shell drums are designed to withstand the severest of environmental conditions inherent in today's airborne vehicles.
		Magnetic memory cores are made from powdered iron compounds and are threaded on wires to form core planes for computer storage devices.
		To complete the thin film memory unit, windings have to be applied to the device.
	www.computinghistorymuseum.org /museum/old/first/redbook.html (1135 words)

	MTC Microfabrication Technology Page
		While in the low temperature martensitic phase, shape memory alloys (SMAs) are easily deformed, and when heated, they transform to the austenitic phase (also known as the parent phase) and recover their initial shape.
		Thin film shape memory alloys (SMAs) have the potential to become a primary actuating mechanism for mechanical devices with dimensions in the micron to millimeter range requiring large forces over long displacements.
		The work output per volume of thin film SMA microactuators exceeds that of other microactuation mechanisms such as electrostatic, magnetic, thermal bimorph, piezoelectric, and thermopneumatic, and it is possible to achieve cycling frequencies on the order of 100 Hz due to the rapid heat transfer rates associated with thin film devices.
	eetd.llnl.gov /mtc/Technology.html (1293 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The object was to make the memory nondestructive, which was done by laying over the array a thin sheet of magnetic material on a phenolic board, with all the magnetic material etched away except at every intersection of a copper-wire horizontal and a mag-tape vertical.
		Thin-film memory was used in the Sperry Rand 1107 in 1962.
		During the investigation of storage-cell interactions, mechanisms for shifting data within the plane of the film evolved and a two-dimensional shift register was born.
	starfish.osfn.org /rcs/bubble/bobeck.txt (1494 words)

	AVS Thin Film Division
		The Thin Film Division is historically the second, and now the largest, Division of the American Vacuum Society, with 850 members.
		Thin Film Chapters are located in Los Angeles, New York, Boston, and the Twin Cities area.
		Members of the Division launched the present International Committee on Thin Films whose purpose it is to correlate and dispense information of international interest, and to promote periodic international thin film conferences.
	www2.avs.org /historybook/links/tfd.htm (1358 words)

	Computer storage
		The terms "storage" (U.K) or "memory" (U.S) refer to the parts of a digital computer that retain physical state (data) for some interval of time, possibly even after electrical power to the computer is turned off.
		Historically, "memory" referred to "magnetic core memory" in the 1950s, and then to semiconductor-based storage in the 1970s, at a time when the fastest response times were for magnetic core, and then for semiconductor memory, respectively.
		Semiconductor memory (RAM) and magnetic disk are examples of this type of storage.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/c/co/computer_storage_1.html (525 words)

	Thin film memory with magnetoresistive read-out (US4455626)
		A radiation-hard, non-volatile, thin film planar RAM structure fabricated by silicon integrated circuit processing.
		A magnetoresistive film sensor is positioned in the gap of a thicker flux concentrator film.
		A memory film and the flux concentrator film comprise a magnetic path to the MR film.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=US04455626__ (208 words)

	ORGANIC THIN FILM MEMORY DEVICE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The novel device consists of an organic thin film matrix sandwiched between two metal electrodes.
		The thin film consists of polystyrene as the matrix, PCBM as the electron acceptor and TTF as the electronic donor.
		The switching mechanism is due to electric-field charge transfer between the acceptor and donor in the thin film.
	www.research.ucla.edu /tech/ucla05-179.htm (360 words)

	News Release 040212
		Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT; Head Office: Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo; President: Norio Wada) is pleased to announce the results of its work on the research and development of a new high capacity memory storage device, designed with a multi-layered waveguide structure (1) and based on a thin* film holography (*2).
		Thus it is possible to increase memory capacity by simply using a multi-layered structure of ultra-thin waveguide layers.
		Thin film hologram is a hologram having a thickness equal to or less than the light wavelength.
	www.ntt.co.jp /news/news04e/0402/040212.html (2104 words)

	Functionally aded Thin Film Shape Memory Alloy Micro-Actuators
		Shape memory behavior represents a material's ability to recover from large deformations (of approximately 10%) with a thermally induced phase transformation.
		However, researchers found that producing the thin films necessary for such a large improvement was problematic due to the loss of Ti during the sputtering deposition process where the particles are transferred to a substrate.
		By varying the target temperature during sputtering, AML researchers produced thin film with a gradation in Ti content through the thickness, resulting in functionally graded thin film.
	www.afrlhorizons.com /Briefs/Sept02/OSR0203.html (825 words)

	Wired News: PCs to Kick Rebooting Habit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He said that when it is produced in volume, thin film memory would be cost-competitive with RAM, and the chip size would be comparable to today's semiconductors.
		Ignatiev said the thin film technology would likely first be employed to replace the flash memory used in digital cameras and PDAs.
		Moodera believes that thin film memory will eventually replace RAM as the standard memory component and that bootless PCs will be common within three to five years.
	www.wired.com /news/print/0,1294,51936,00.html (918 words)

	FDA itg Page 1
		Programmers often refer to the computer memory as "...the core..." The computer memory operates in a binary mode, i.e., a light bulb is ON or OFF, voltage potentials are PRESENT or ABSENT, or the core is magnetized in one direction or in an opposite direction.
		The latest advances in memory deal with magnetic "bubbles" which are tiny magnetized areas in a thin film of material such as garnet crystal.
		The computer "control" section interprets or decodes instructions from memory and signals or initiates action in, or operation of, other system components, such as the readers, printers, or the arithmetic and logic.
	www.fda.gov /ora/inspect_ref/itg/itg29.html (1343 words)

	STMicroelectronics and Ovonyx Sign Licensing and Joint Development Agreement
		Ovonyx memory technology uses the Ovonic reversible phase-change memory process that has been previously commercialized worldwide in rewritable CD and DVD optical memory disks.
		The Ovonyx thin-film semiconductor memory technology can potentially be used in stand-alone applications, such as Flash and DRAM replacements, as well as in embedded applications in many areas such as microcontrollers and reconfigurable MOS logic.
		ST is one of the world's leading suppliers of nonvolatile memories with a portfolio that includes EPROM, EEPROM and both general purpose and application specific Flash memories, and it is a world leader in embedding Flash and EEPROM memory into complex chips for use in smartcards, disk drives, automotive engine management units and other applications.
	www.prnewswire.com /cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/12-21-2000/0001391784&EDATE= (619 words)

	Ovonyx Technology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Optical memory disks use laser light to write small spots by converting the thin film back and forth from amorphous (disordered atomic structure) to crystalline (regular, highly repetitive, and ordered atomic structure).
		Using an OUM memory with no power required to maintain memory while operating or in standby provides substantial competitive advantages for portable applications where battery size and operating time between charging are key competitive metrics.
		Further, Flash memory "wears out" (fails) after 100,000 write cycles, while the OUM memory state can be written more than 10 trillion times, making this memory useful for program storage (Flash) as well as general purpose interactive (DRAM) data storage memory.
	www.ovonyx.com /tech_html.html (724 words)

	Bye-bye rebooting? Researchers work to upgrade computer memory
		Ignatiev says a commercial memory product using this material would incorporate many thousands or millions of such elements arranged in an array resulting in a resistive memory chip, which would be made to be compatible with current PCs.
		This new resistive memory technology may be the next generation of mainstream computer memory, says Victor Hsu, director of the integrated circuits process technology laboratory at Sharp Laboratories of America.
		When these thin films are exposed to electrical pulses their resistive properties can be rapidly changed, becoming more or less resistive to the passage of electricity.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-04/uoh-brr041102.php (796 words)

	Memory technology is hard to resist - vnunet.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Hard disks and Ram memory sticks could be replaced by a single unit of nonvolatile memory.
		PCs currently rely on Ram, which is fast access memory used to process immediate data that is lost when the power is off, and magnetic mass memory used in hard disks, which is slow to access.
		This next generation memory could also be up to 1,000 times faster than flash memory, the speediest current offering, which itself is nonmechanical.
	www.vnunet.com /vnunet/news/2118374/memory-technology-hard-resist (446 words)

	SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY (SMA) MICROMEMBRANE ACTUATOR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		UCLA researchers in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering have developed and reduced to practice a pump-based compact actuator based on a thin film shape memory alloy (SMA).
		Thin films exhibit a high frequency response due to increased heat dissipation from large surface-to-volume ratio.
		Shape Memory Alloy research is a part of the UCLA Active Materials Laboratory.
	www.research.ucla.edu /tech/ucla03-352.htm (291 words)

	EETimes.com
		Andrew Bobeck was out to challenge the entrenched memories of the late 1960s, ferrite cores and drums.
		Along the way, Bobeck invented the Twistor memory, in which a magnetic wire was twisted to produce a helical magnetic path due to the magnetostriction effect.
		Bubble memories were obviously the memory of the future.
	www.eetimes.com /special/special_issues/millennium/milestones/bobeck.html (1666 words)

	Current and Past Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Simultaneous optimization of the conductivity and transparency of these ITO thin films is the primary goal of this investigation.
		Electrical and Structural Characteristics of Chromium Thin Films Deposited on Glass and Alumina Substrates: The electrical resistivities od electron beam deposited and sputter deposited chromium thin films on glass and alumina substrates were correlated with the structural composition and properties of the films obtained by Auger electron spectrometer, x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope.
		A detailed investigation on the electrical, structural and fatigue characteristics of thin film ferroelectric memory devices fabricated from potassium nitrate-phase III was conducted, From the hysteresis, C-V and I-V measurements, it was concluded that fatigue was caused by the trapping of mobile ions at the metal/ferroelectric interface.
	www.ece.mtu.edu /ee/faculty/akkulkar/research.html (446 words)

	ABOUT TiNi ALLOY COMPANY
		The founder, A. David Johnson, a Ph.D. physicist, is a pioneer and leader in the technology and use of thin film shape memory alloys, with fundamental publications and patents.
		Microminiature actuators based on thin film shape memory alloy are an enabling technology for micro-electro- mechanical systems (MEMS), and a unique area of expertise.
		Superelastic TiNi thin film will be useful as a compliant element for electrical connections in MEMS devices, especially as connectors in multichip modules.
	www.tinialloy.com /about.htm (388 words)

	ICASE Colloquium: Greg P. Carman on September 15, 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, and shape memory alloys are now a focal point for a variety of research and development activities due to the exceptional promise these materials offer when compared to passive material systems.
		There exists a number of studies indicating the potential advantage of using these materials in adaptive structures, however, fundamental issues such as inadequate force, displacement and bandwidths continue to prohibit their use.
		The thin film shape memory alloy work focuses on overcoming the frequency limitation of "bulk" SMA materials.
	www.icase.edu /colloq-v3/data/colloq.Carman.Greg.1999.9.15.html (203 words)

	Thin Film Memory Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Looking For thin film memory - Find thin film memory and more at Lycos Search.
		Find thin film memory - Your relevant result is a click away!
		In 1962, the UNIVAC 1107, intended for the civilian marketplace, used thin film memory only for its 128-word general register stack.
	www.stardustmemories.com /encyclopedia/Thin_film_memory (398 words)

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