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Topic: Thinking Machines

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Connection Machine

Kendall Square Research

Carl Feynman

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Richard Feynman

Cambridge, Massachusetts

Gibbs phenomenon

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Marvin Minsky

MIT people

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	Thinking Machines - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thinking Machines Corporation was a supercomputer manufacturer founded in Waltham, Massachusetts in 1982 by W.
		The Connection Machine was programmed in a variety of specialized languages, including Lisp and CM Lisp (derived from Common Lisp), C (derived from C), and FORTRAN (using a special compiler to translate standard Fortran code to the parallel instruction set of the machine).
		Thinking Machines became profitable in 1989 thanks to its DARPA contracts, and in 1990 the company had $65 million (USD) in revenue, making it the market leader in parallel supercomputers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thinking_Machines (514 words)

	W. Daniel Hillis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hillis' biggest stab at fame and fortune was Thinking Machines Inc., a firm that lasted 11 years, created the world’s fastest parallel computing hardware at the time, yet failed to either create a thinking computer program or make Hillis fabulously wealthy.
		Thinking Machines Inc., founded in 1983 while Hillis was in the middle of his PhD work, was a remarkable organization.
		I think it is time for us to start a long-term project that gets people thinking past the mental barrier of the Millennium.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Danny_Hillis (3321 words)

	Encyclopedia: Thinking Machines
		The Connection Machine was a series of supercomputers that grew out of Danny Hilliss research in the early 1980s at MIT on alternatives to the traditional von Neumann architecture of computation.
		Thinking Machines Corporation was a (A mainframe computer that is one of the most powerful available at a given time) supercomputer manufacturer founded in (Click link for more info and facts about Waltham, Massachusetts) Waltham, Massachusetts in 1982 by (Click link for more info and facts about W.
		Besides Kendall Square Research, Thinking Machines' competitors included MasPar, which made a computer similar to the (Click link for more info and facts about CM-2) CM-2, and (Click link for more info and facts about Meiko) Meiko, whose later offerings were similar to the (Click link for more info and facts about CM-5) CM-5.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Thinking-Machines (662 words)

	Chapter 5: Thinking Machines
		Calculation was once a mental skill beyond machines, the province of the intelligent and educated.
		Eventually, neurobiologists will use virus-sized molecular machines to study the structure and function of the brain, cell by cell and molecule by molecule where need be.
		As Marvin Minsky has said, "The modestly intelligent machines of the near future promise only to bring us the wealth and comfort of tireless, obedient, and inexpensive servants." Most systems now called "AI" do not think or learn; they are only a crude distillate of the skills of experts, preserved, packaged, and distributed for consultation.
	www.kurzweilai.net /articles/art0122.html (7141 words)

	The Rise and Fall of Thinking Machines
		Steven Spielberg was so taken with Thinking Machines and its technology that he would soon cast the company's gleaming fl Connection Machine in the role of the supercomputer in the film Jurassic Park, even though the Michael Crichton novel to which the movie was otherwise faithful specified a Cray.
		The standard explanation is that Thinking Machines was a great company victimized by the sudden cutbacks in science funding brought about by the end of the cold war.
		The thinking, says Lew Tucker, one of the company's research directors, was that "if they were fed, they'd practically live at Thinking Machines." If Hillis disapproved, he didn't make it known.
	www.inc.com /magazine/19950915/2622.html (3490 words)

	TMC Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Thinking Machines started out with a clear artificial intelligence paradigm, focusing, in the long term, on building a machine that can think, and in the short term, on applications that used symbolic processing techniques.
		Thinking Machines Corporation proposed a Physical Processor Unit that utilized off-the-shelf microprocessors in their original proposal to DARPA for the CM-2, written soon after the release of the CM-1.
		Thinking Machines started off by adopting a paradigm that was very radical compared to the global paradigm of supercomputer applications and to the global paradigm of artificial intelligence.
	theory.lcs.mit.edu /classes/6.972/TMC%20Corp.html (11308 words)

	The Little Thoughts of Thinking Machines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		If the machine may do something we don't know about but that can later be explained in relation to a goal, we have no choice but to use `is trying' or some synonym to explain the behavior.
		In this the way to think about the future of a human is to pay attention to the configuration of the stars when he was born.
		They should rather think of their program as a servant, whose master, the user, should be able to control it.
	www-formal.stanford.edu /jmc/little/little.html (3610 words)

	Chris Duncan talk page 1 (title) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The first version reflects on his move from the Thinking Machines to Sun Microsystems, where he is having a good time working.
		In the second "thinking machines" refers to the computers he was doing his doctoral research on, and spending all his time with, deep in the insides of Osmond lab; now, while working for a software firm, he has somewhat been freed from pure computer geekdom.
		Thinking Machines is a small (few hundred employees) firm that made supercomputers back in its heyday in the late 1980s; they are working their way out of Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
	www.phys.psu.edu /~endwar/jobs/cduncan1.html (150 words)

	[No title]
		This machine would amplify human intelligence the way human physical power is amplified by the steam engine, and unlike the way it was earlier amplified by the lever or cog and pulley.
		Thinking is an activity in which the brain participates along with the eyes and the hands and a multitude of external devices, ranging in complexity from the pencil or the straight edge and compass to today's interactive computer systems.
		People are like machines, in that the unaided individual is as limited by his/her design as is the machine.
	www.hf.ntnu.no /anv/Finnbo/Skagestad.html (7043 words)

	When will computer hardware match the human brain? by Hans Moravec
		Big computers at the factory--maybe supercomputers with 1,000 times the power of machines that can reasonably be placed in a robot--will process large training sets under careful human supervision, and distill the results into efficient programs and arrays of settings that are then copied into myriads of individual robots with more modest processors.
		Machines with less memory for their speed, typically new models, seem fast, but unnecessarily limited to small programs.
		Machines with human-like performance will make economic sense only when they cost less than humans, say when their "brains" cost about $1,000.
	www.transhumanist.com /volume1/moravec.htm (6114 words)

	[No title]
		Thinking Machines Corp. has developed a Macintosh client program called WAISstation for WAIS in cooperation with Apple Computer Corp. Users may point-and-click to access both text and graphical information stored at a local or remote WAIS site.
		Some care must be exercised by the user not to flood their own mailbox or the connecting networks with huge amounts of documentation, as this author discovered during the process of examining the WAIS server at Thinking Machines.
		It is unlikely to provide Thinking Machines Corporation with the vehicle to drive the sales of their Connection Machine to commercial database providers as was apparently hoped at the start of the project.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/academic/communications/papers/history/waiscas3.txt (2149 words)

	Tamiko Thiel: The Connection Machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Connection Machine was the first commercial computer designed expressly to work on simulating intelligence and life.
		Departing from conventional computer architecture of the time, it was modeled on the structure of a human brain: Rather than relying on a single powerful processor to perform calculations one after another, the data was distributed over the tens of thousands of processors, all of which could perform calculations simultaneously.
		The form of the machine was to express both its function and the passions of its creators: the dream of producing a "Machina Sapiens," a new genus of living, thinking machines.
	mission.base.com /tamiko/cm/cm-text.htm (262 words)

	snarkout: thinking machines
		Turing's proof led him to develop the concept of the Turing machine, a sort of idealized computer (back when the term was used to describe people with adding machines), the building block of theoretical computer scientist.
		He was forty-one, and he apparently chose that method of suicide in an effort to allow his mother to think his death was an accident.
		He was an intellectual omnivore who was friends with Wittgenstein, a man who danced from mathematics to philosophy to computer science before there was such a field, a scientist who in the prime of his life was studying quantum physics and the relationship of mathematics to biology.
	www.snarkout.org /archives/2004/06/23 (1066 words)

	News 12-17-1997
		Darwin, Thinking Machines' data mining software, enables businesses to analyze huge databases and, in turn, discover new patterns, extract hidden information, and understand and predict future trends.
		Founded in 1983, Thinking Machines Corporation provides complete prediction-based management solutions for organizations with large databases in the financial services, telecommunications and database marketing industries.
		Thinking Machines' solutions help companies increase profitability through highly accurate understanding and prediction of customer behavior.
	www.insight.nau.edu /PR_BusinessWire-12-17-1997.asp (372 words)

	Thinking Machines - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Thinking Machines Corporation was a supercomputer manufacturer founded in Waltham, Massachusetts in the late 1980s by W.
		The company moved in the early 1990s from Waltham to Kendall Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts, not far from the MIT AI Lab and competitor Kendall Square Research.
		Thinking Machines went through Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1995, following the collapse of the US supercomputer market.
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Thinking_Machines (240 words)

	The First Truly Thinking Machines?
		Machines trained to detect dangerous objects could replace humans at baggage screening stations or watch for suspicious behavior.
		The machines could easily supplant people for many mundane jobs, and Thaler predicts that some traditionally human-only jobs, including laboratory scientist, could be up for grabs.
		Rusty Miller thinks that machines are not the real threat.
	radio.weblogs.com /0105910/2004/02/01.html (636 words)

	Thinking Machines introduces database tools - Computerworld (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Thinking Machines Corp. is depending on Darwin to evolve its massively parallel processors (MPP) into large-scale commercial database servers.
		Thinking Machines said it also is working with Dharma Systems, Inc. to develop a SQL-compliant relational database, called Decision/SQL, that will be targeted at running complex queries across data sets of 50G bytes or more.
		Thinking Machines also faces a challenge to convince corporate users that it is ``not a scientific vendor that's dabbling in the commercial marketplace,'' he said.
	www.computerworld.com /news/1994/story/0,11280,3414,00.html (1034 words)

	Thinking machines
		It is easy, however, to think that if a machine is able to do one thing just like a person, it can do anything we can do.
		We are seeing machines which emulate facial expressions to communicate their "feelings".
		So, the future of thinking machines may not be a man-like object walking around blurting intelligent anecdotes.
	www.hypography.com /topics/thinkingmachines.cfm (680 words)

	Thinking Machine/Connection Machines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The CM-5 is a MIMD machine although it has many features found only on SIMD machines.
		Connection Machines have been mainly used in research fields for the government and in international business as well as in universities for educational purposes.
		Thinking Machines Corporation is the producer of the Connection Machines.
	home.wlu.edu /~whaleyt/classes/parallel/topics/cm.html (539 words)

	11/19/96 - SUN MICROSYSTEMS ANNOUNCES AGREEMENT TO PURCHASE THINKING MACHINES' GLOBALWORKS ASSETS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The purchase of Thinking Machines' GlobalWorks software will strengthen Sun's technology platform to meet the demanding requirements of high-performance computing (HPC) in markets including financial analysis, research and development, mechanical engineering analysis, electronic design and geoscience.
		The agreement is subject to approval by the controlling management at Sun and Thinking Machines and the transaction is expected to close within 30 days.
		With offices worldwide, Thinking Machines is headquartered in Bedford, Massachusetts.
	www.sun.com /smi/Press/sunflash/1996-11/sunflash.961119.4688.html (615 words)

	Connection Machine and DataVault from Thinking Machines Corporation
		Connection machine systems were used in a range of research and "big science" applications including data base retrieval, image processing, computer-aided design and floating-point intensive scientific calculations.
		[At the height of their popularity, there were over 30 Connection Machines installed, including sites such as Los Alamos National Labs, the National Center for Atmospheric Research, and dozens of universities.
		Thinking Machines Corp. underwent Chapter 11 reorganization in the 1993's, reorganized into a Data-Mining software corporation, which was later purchased by Oracle in 1999.]
	www.svisions.com /sv/cm-dv.html (292 words)

	IMM Reports No. 39
		One of the first polls taken on the Nanodot site (http://nanodot.org/) was about whether I should expand the essay into a book.
		(I think the result was in the affirmative.) I've been working on this between other projects since then and enough has happened, both on my part and in the field as a whole, to be worth a progress report.
		First of all in the field of evolutionary ethics: when I wrote the essay, it seemed a somewhat novel idea, partly because I hadn't done the research into it that I have since.
	www.imm.org /Reports/Rep039.html (926 words)

	Citations: Thinking Machines Corporation - Manual (ResearchIndex)
		a data parallel language developed by Thinking Machines Corporation (TMC) for the Connection Machine family of parallel processors on a cluster of Hewlett Packard 720 workstations connected by an FDDI network.
		We had planned to also implement this method in a message passing language using a MIMD programming model, which can better handle this type of irregular problem and is known to provide much better performance than SIMD algorithms [17, 21] However we....
		The purpose of this section is to compare the parallel efficiency of the solution strategy and also to compare the relative performance between the HP cluster and the CM 5.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/4374/0 (2423 words)

	Thinking Machine 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Thinking Machine 4 explores the invisible, elusive nature of thought.
		A map is created from the traces of literally thousands of possible futures as the program tries to decide its best move.
		Those traces become a key to the invisible lines of force in the game as well as a window into the spirit of a thinking machine.
	turbulence.org /spotlight/thinking (330 words)

	Robot Soul: Thinking machines go pop (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		I take the view that computer languages, robot ethics, method acting, and biomechanics are the main ingredients that fused, in the 1950s, to become the cultural meme we call Artificial Intelligence, or AI for short.
		But in the 1950s, thinking machines went pop.
		So now you know how to interpret the "culture" in my "cultural meme": my professional background is in what people call pop culture.
	twomorrow.twoday.net /stories/677207 (208 words)

	Winograd - Thinking machines
		equal fervor that _thinking machine_ is a contradiction in terms.
		means of which thinking could be replaced by calculation.
		machines that apply intelligence to serve some purpose, regardless of how closely they mimic the details of human
	hci.stanford.edu /winograd/papers/thinking-machines.html (8339 words)

	thinking machines - OneLook Dictionary Search (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		We found one dictionary with English definitions that includes the word thinking machines:
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "thinking machines" is defined.
		Phrases that include thinking machines: thinking machines corporation
	www.onelook.com /?w=thinking+machines (79 words)

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