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Topic: Thiopental

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	Thiopental injection , SPC from the eMC
		Thiopental is used for the induction of general anaesthesia and is also used as an adjunct to provide hypnosis during balanced anaesthesia with other anaesthetic agents, including analgesics and muscle relaxants.
		Thiopental sodium reaches effective concentrations in the brain within 30 seconds and anaesthesia is normally produced within one minute of an intravenous dose.
		Thiopental injection should be used with caution in patients with adrenocortical insufficiency or with raised intracranial pressure.
	emc.medicines.org.uk /emc/assets/c/html/displaydoc.asp?DocumentID=14338 (1374 words)

	Thiopental (Pentothal®) - PetPlace.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Thiopental should not be used in animals with severe cardiovascular compromise, such as shock, head trauma, intracranial space-occupying lesions, or liver disease.
		Thiopental should not be used to induce or maintain anesthesia in sight hounds because of their reduced ability to metabolize the drug (prolonged recovery and associated complications).
		The amount of thiopental required depends on the precise use to which it is being put, the clinical response of the patient to the medication, and the development of any adverse effects.
	www.petplace.com /drug-library/thiopental-pentothal/page1.aspx (752 words)

	Thiopental Sodium
		Chemistry - A thiobarbiturate, thiopental occurs as a bitter-tasting, white to off-white, crystalline powder or a yellow-white hygroscopic powder.
		Thiopental readily crosses the placental barrier and should be used with caution during pregnancy.
		Some clinicians feel that thiopental should not be used alone in the horse as it may cause excessive ataxia and excitement.
	www.elephantcare.org /Drugs/thiopent.htm (1449 words)

	Sodium thiopental Summary
		Thiopental is an ultra-short acting barbiturate and is most commonly used in the induction phase of general anaesthesia.
		Thiopental is not used for the maintenance of anesthesia in surgical procedures because it has a long context-sensitive half-time, leading to a prolonged period before consciousness is regained.
		Thiopental would have to be given in large amounts to maintain an anesthetic plane, and because of its 11.5-26 hour half-life, consciousness would take a long time to return.
	www.bookrags.com /Sodium_thiopental (2337 words)

	Anesthetics, General (Systemic) - MayoClinic.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Thiopental also is sometimes used to control convulsions (seizures) caused by certain medicines or seizure disorders.
		Thiopental may be used to reduce pressure on the brain in certain conditions.
		Although there is no specific information comparing use of thiopental administered intravenously in children with use in other age groups, using thiopental intravenously in children is not expected to cause different side effects or problems in children than it does in adults.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/drug-information/DR203043 (1773 words)

	Sodium thiopental - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thiopental, and the barbiturate class of drugs, decrease neuronal activity and therefore decrease the production of osmotically active metabolites which in turn decrease swelling.
		The use of thiopental alone is hypothesized to cause death in approximately 45 minutes.
		Psychiatrists have used thiopental to desensitize patient with phobias,[4] and to "facilitate the recall of painful, repressed memories."[5]
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sodium_thiopental (1287 words)

	MedicineHouse.com
		Thiopental -propofol mixture is stable for up to six hours at room temperature.
		High doses of thiopental that induce burst suppression to the isoelectric point may provide protection during profound controlled hypotension and reduce infarct size in patients with cerebral emboli and temporary focal ischemia.
		Thiopental narcosis does not affect outcome in patients with severe head injuries or after cardiac arrest.
	www.medicinehouse.com /cgi-bin/drug1.php?drug=thiopental_sodium (892 words)

	Ruthless Treatment For a Humane
		The use of sodium thiopental is crucial in lethal injection, just as it is in major surgeries, in that it induces an insensibility to pain.
		Sodium thiopental has been used for decades in anesthesia and since it used at a much higher dosage than clinically recommended in lethal injection, the inmate should not awaken.
		One major drawback of the blend of sodium thiopental with pancuronium bromide is that sodium thiopental is not recommended to be used with muscle relaxants.
	www.svsu.edu /~aascheel/ArgumentPaper.htm (1767 words)

	Intravenous Anesthesia - Barbiturates
		Thiopental, the flagship of the barbiturate anesthetic group, has been for more than 60 years a standard anesthetic induction agent to which all others are compared.
		Thiopental proved to be fast and brief acting and devoid of excitatory side effects.
		Thiopental 4 mg/kg/hr maintains flat EEG (as may pentobarbital infusion that maintains a plasma concentration of 3-6 mg%).
	www.metrohealthanesthesia.com /edu/ivanes/barbiturates1.htm (1481 words)

	Surgical Care at the District Hospital
		Thiopental is presented as ampoules of yellow powder that must be dissolved before use in sterile distilled water or saline to make a solution of 2.5% (25 mg/ml).
		Thiopental is cumulative in the body and slowly metabolized.
		Its depressant effects on respiration and blood pressure are greater than those of thiopental, especially if it is injected quickly and, after injection, there is often a respiratory arrest requiring manual inflation of the patient’s lungs.
	www.steinergraphics.com /surgical/005_14.1B.html (799 words)

	Injectable Induction Agents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Thiopental is a good drug to use for induction of anesthesia when the patient has a cranial disease or injury.
		The moderately long acting pentobarbital (this is not thiopental) is containdicated as it crosses the placental barrier and depresses the fetus.
		It is an alternative to thiopental especially in patients with an unstable cardiovascular system and/or hepatic disease.
	cvm.msu.edu /courses/VM303/Injectable_agents2004.htm (1023 words)

	No effect of age on the dose requirement of thiopental in the rat. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		No difference in thiopental dose requirement was detected in the young vs. elderly rats.
		In a separate group of five young and five old rats, thiopental plasma, brain, heart, and CSF concentrations were measured when five seconds of EEG isoelectricity was achieved: no consistent differences were noted.
		The rat may not be an appropriate model to investigate acute age-related anesthetic effects in humans, because cardiovascular changes with age are dissimilar between species.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_9193899.html (215 words)

	Lethal Injection Drugs
		The first drug that is given to the soon to be executed is Thiopental Sodium.
		“Thiopental sodium (US trade name: Pentothal) is an ultra-short acting barbiturate, often used for anesthesia induction and for medical induced comas.”(Lethal) It is giving to the prisoner to cause them to become unconscious while they are being injected with the other drugs.
		The inmates are usually injected with 4mg of Thiopental Sodium.
	mysite.verizon.net /vzeq4ql8/lethalinjectiondrugs.html (454 words)

	Pentothal Online, Description, Chemistry, Ingredients, Blackbox - Thiopental Sodium - RxList Monographs
		Pentothal (Thiopental Sodium for Injection, USP) is a thiobarbiturate, the sulfur analogue of sodium pentobarbital.
		The drug is prepared as a sterile powder and after reconstitution with an appropriate diluent is administered by the intravenous route.
		The drug is a yellowish, hygroscopic powder, stabilized with anhydrous sodium carbonate as a buffer (60 mg/g of thiopental sodium).
	www.rxlist.com /cgi/generic/thiopental.htm (326 words)

	Thiopental Attenuates Hypoxic Changes of Electrophysiology, Biochemistry, and Morphology in Rat Hippocampal Slice CA1 ...
		Thiopental significantly reduced calcium concentrations after hypoxia compared with concentrations before hypoxia and compared with the untreated slices at the same time after hypoxia.
		Focal cerebral ischemia during anesthesia with etomidate, isoflurane, or thiopental: a comparison of the extent of cerebral injury.
		Zhu H, Cottrell JE, Kass IS. The effect of thiopental and propofol on NMDA- and AMPA-mediated glutamate excitotoxicity.
	stroke.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/30/11/2400 (4809 words)

	ACVA Symposium Proceedings Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The anesthetic effects of 1:1, volume to volume mixture of propofol (1%) and thiopental (2.5%) were evaluated in 10 hound dogs weighing between 15.2 and 33.3 kg.
		The dosage for propofol, thiopental, and propofol-thiopental were 5.4 ± 1.4, 14.6 ± 6.9, and 2.7 ± 1.1 (P) - 6.8 ± 2.8 (T) mg/kg, respectively.
		Duration of lateral recumbency was significantly longer with thiopental (21.7 ± 16.9 minutes) than with propofol (11.4 ± 2.5 minutes) or propofol-thiopental (11.1 ± 2.5 minutes) group.
	www.acva.org /professional/abstracts/98ab8.html (378 words)

	CiteULike: The comparative amnestic effects of midazolam, propofol, thiopental, and fentanyl at equisedative ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The comparative amnestic effects of midazolam, propofol, thiopental, and fentanyl at equisedative concentrations.
		The Cp50s for 50% loss of memory for words were midazolam, 56 +/- 4 ng/ml; propofol, 0.62 +/- 0.04 microg/ml; thiopental, 4.5 +/- 0.3 microg/ml; and fentanyl, 3.2 +/- 0.4 ng/ml.
		Compared with midazolam, relative potencies (with 95% confidence intervals) were propofol, 0.96 (0.44-1.78); thiopental, 0.76 (0.52-0.94); and fentanyl, 0.34 (0.05-0.76).
	www.citeulike.org /user/pervane/article/697004 (771 words)

	No Pain in Lethal Injection
		A "long after execution" post mortem measurement of sodium thiopental is very different from a moment of death measurement.
		The redistribution, the critics say, accounts for the lower levels of thiopental on which Dr. Koniaris based his Lancet article conclusions that the levels of anesthetic were inadequate.
		She cited one study in which a patient was administered 400 milligrams of thiopental intravenously.
	www.dakotavoice.com /200608/Opinion/Guest/20060824_DS.html (1018 words)

	Children With Continuous Seizures Benefit from Propofol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Propofol and thiopental are widely used intravenous anesthetics, which are also known to help control seizures.
		Researchers in the Netherlands examined the effects of propofol and thiopental in 33 children (34 episodes total) with refractory status epilepticus.
		Two deaths could be attributed to thiopental, but the others were related to the underlying diseases that had caused the refractory seizures.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/2523b2.htm (492 words)

	Mechanical and electrophysiological effects of thiopental on rat cardiac left ventricular papillary muscle -- ...
		M thiopental on the action potential (AP) of rat papillary muscle recorded in Krebs–Henseleit solution, at a frequency of 0.2 Hz, using intracellular microelectrodes.
		Propofol and thiopental depression of myocardial contractility a comparative study of mechanical and electrophysiologic effects in isolated guinea pig ventricular muscle.
		Ionic mechanisms mediating the differential effects of methobexital and thiopental on action potential duration in guinea pig and rabbit isolated ventricular myocytes.
	bja.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/86/1/103 (3279 words)

	Anesthetics, Barbiturate Drug Information, Professional
		However, it is related to thiopental's anesthetic action and results in increased cerebral vascular resistance with a decrease in cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume, and decreased cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen.
		Because of the acidity of 5% dextrose injection, thiopental sodium diluted with 5% dextrose injection is not as stable as when thiopental sodium is prepared with sterile water for injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection.
		Thiopental requirements may be increased in children reanesthetized at least one year after recovery from extensive thermal injury.
	www.drugs.com /MMX/Anesthetics__Barbiturate.html (7151 words)

	Sodium Thiopental - MOTM 2007
		Sodium thiopental is a barbiturate; these are drugs that act on the gamma-amino butyric acid (GABAa) receptor which decrease neuronal activity.
		However, sodium thiopental was used by the CIA for many years, and was recently used against Al-Qaeda members to find out secrets within the organization.
		In Holland they use sodium thiopental for their euthanasia program, because it induces the patient into a coma so he does not feel any pain.
	www.chm.bris.ac.uk /motm/sodium-pentothal/sodiumjm.htm (534 words)

	Medical Dictionary: Thiopental - WrongDiagnosis.com - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Thiopental: barbiturate that is a hygroscopic powder (trade name Pentothal) that is a strong barbiturate that acts rapidly; induces a relaxed state when injected as a general anesthetic
		Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.
		Thiopental : ultra-short acting barbiturate used as an anesthetic, anticonvulsant, and narcoanalysis.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /medical/thiopental_printer.htm (301 words)

	University of Iowa Anesthesia Publications
		Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to receive equipotent bolus doses of thiopental (23.8 mg/kg), propofol (14.9 mg/kg), or melatonin (312 mg/kg).
		Thiopental significantly increased rTP, whereas propofol and melatonin did not.
		Melatonin produced effects on processed EEG variables similar to those of thiopental and propofol, specifically a decrease in the rSE95 and a decrease in the rAE.
	www.uianesthesia.com /readabstract.asp?PMID=12818973 (228 words)

	Thiopental is a Competitive Inhibitor at the Human {{alpha}}7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor -- Coates et al. 92 (4): ...
		Thiopental is a Competitive Inhibitor at the Human {{alpha}}7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor -- Coates et al.
		The response to racemic thiopental is fit to a Hill equation with 95% confidence intervals.
		at the neuromuscular junction, thiopental inhibition of agonist
	www.anesthesia-analgesia.org /cgi/content/full/92/4/930 (2175 words)

	Thiopental Crisis in Japan
		Thiopental is now facing a decision to be withdrawn from the market in Japan.
		There has been a serious concern among Japanese anaesthetists that if Thiopental is going to be withdrawn in the near future, non-specialist anaesthetists inevitably start to use Propofol instead of Thiopental, without thorough understanding of pharmacological property of Propofol.
		Japan is one of the last countries in the world where introduction of Diprivan is suspended for such a long time since its first use in human patients in the UK in the 1980s.
	www.csen.com /anesthesia/thiopental.htm (680 words)

	Pharmacology - intravenous agents and dissociatives
		One distinct difference between propofol and thiopental for anesthesia induction is that propofol can be given and should be given slowly (over a period of 60 seconds) from the very beginning of administration.
		On the other hand, the first half of the calculated doses of thiopental should be administered relatively fast to avoid excitement.
		With thiopental, once the redistribution sites become saturated with drug (for example following repeated injections), recovery depends on metabolism, which is a relatively slow process.
	www.cvm.okstate.edu /courses/vmed5412/LECT006.htm (2123 words)

	Pharmacology of General Anesthesia, part II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Metabolism of thiopental takes place in the liver slowly, and thiopental will accumulate in the tissues to a toxic level after repetitive administration.
		Thus, thiopental is not used for the duration of anesthesia by continuous infusion.
		Use thiopental and halothane as examples for each type of anesthetic to present your reasoning.
	www.neuro.northwestern.edu /meded/m2/anesthesia2.htm (1340 words)

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