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Function of novel mammalian thioredoxin systems An imbalance occurs between oxidants and antioxidants, in favour of oxidants (oxidative stress) has been directly linked to oxidation of proteins DNA and lipids, which may induce a variety of cellular responses through the generation of secondary metabolic reactive oxygen species. Thioredoxins (Trx) are a class of small 12-kDa redox proteins known to be present in all eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. This has resulted in the identification of a mitochondrial thioredoxin system (Trx2 and TrxR2), a ubiquitous thioredoxin-like protein of unknown function (Txl), two tissue-specific member of the family in human spermatozoa, Sptrx-1 and Sptrx-2. www.biosci.ki.se /groups/gsp/trx   (403 words)

Cancer Chemoprotection by Selenium and Thioredoxin One of the selenoproteins induced by pharmacological concentrations of selenium in cell culture is thioredoxin reductase. In the absence of thioredoxin reductase or in the presence of oxidative conditions there may not be sufficient reduced thioredoxin to meet all the demands of the cell, and proteins containing oxidation-prone cysteines may accumulate in the inactive disulfide state. These new results confirm that p53 is dependent on thioredoxin reductase in mammalian cells and justify further investigation of the mechanism and consequences of thioredoxin reductase dependence. lpi.oregonstate.edu /ss04/selenium.html   (1171 words)

Thioredoxin Thioredoxin was first identified as a co-enzyme that imparts a hydrogen ion to ribonucleotide reductase, an essential enzyme for DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli. Because the concentration of thioredoxin in human blood rises in the presence of different types of stress, measuring thioredoxin levels in the blood is considered to enable stress levels to be monitored. In addition, because mice with artificially increased thioredoxin levels exhibit resistance to stress and longer lifespans, it is expected that increasing the production of thioredoxin in the body or increasing its thioredoxin levels through ingestion or injection may enhance resistance to stress. www.rbs-i.com /e/about.html   (226 words)

Induction of thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase and glutaredoxin activity in mouse skin by TPA, a calcium ionophore and ... Luthman,M. and Holmgren,A. (1982) Rat liver thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase: purification and characterization. Yodoi,J. and Tursz,T. (1991) ADF a growth-promoting factor derived from adult T-cell leukemia and homologous to thioredoxin: involvement in lymphocyte immortalization by HTLV-1 and EBV. Kumar,S., Bjornstedt,M. and Holmgren,A. (1992) Selenite is a substrate for calf-thymus thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin and elicits a large non-stoichiometric oxidation of NADPH in the presence of oxygen. carcin.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/20/9/1761   (4065 words)

Investigation of the Role of Thioredoxin in the Invasive Phenotype and its Interaction with the Transcription Factor ... Thioredoxin has been implicated in many biological functions, and one mechanism by which it influences these functions is through interactions with a number of transcription factors including NF-κB and p53. It has been shown that thioredoxin is actively secreted from a number of normal and transformed cell lines including fibroblasts and activated B and T cells. The cell lines were transfected with thioredoxin sense, antisense and 1SS (encodes thioredoxin with both active cysteine residues mutated to serine residues and is thus redox inactive) constructs. www4.gu.edu.au:8080 /adt-root/public/adt-QGU20031021.120018   (619 words)

Thioredoxin reductase - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Thioredoxin Reductase (TR, TrxR) are the only known enzymes to reduce thioredoxin (Trx). All known kingdom of organisms contain thioredoxin reductase. Two types thioredoxin reductase evolved independently, prokaryotes, archia and most plants have one type and higher eukaryotes and some plants contain a different type TR which contains selenocysteine. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thioredoxin_reductase   (84 words)

Asthma Thioredoxin Elevated serum levels of thioredoxin in patients with acute exacerbation of asthma. The pathogenesis of bronchial asthma is chronic airway inflammation caused by immune... Thioredoxin reductases are reducing enzymes, which play an important role in multiple cellular... www.salpipe.com /8/asthma-thioredoxin.html   (603 words)

Thioredoxin reductase from Escherichia coli: evidence of restriction to a single conformation upon formation of a ...   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03) Thioredoxin reductase from Escherichia coli: evidence of restriction to a single conformation upon formation of a crosslink between engineered cysteines. Thioredoxin reductase is a flavoprotein which catalyzes the reduction of the small protein thioredoxin by NADPH. The evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that thioredoxin reductase requires a conformational change to complete catalysis. www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/1411149.html   (286 words)

ASPB - Public Affairs - Plant Research Briefing Papers - Dr. Bob Buchanan Explains How His Research Using Plant ... The chloroplast thioredoxin system functions by breaking critical intrachain disulfide bonds on key enzymes thereby altering their activity in the light. Thioredoxin acts by facilitating the degradation of protein and starch reserves. The application of thioredoxin to liquid foods--milk and soymilk--will soon be turned over to a company to proceed with the further testing to develop hypoallergenic, hyperdigestible infant formulas. www.aspb.org /publicaffairs/briefing/buchanan.cfm   (2552 words)

BioMed Central | Full text | Genomic organisation and alternative splicing of mouse and human thioredoxin reductase 1 ... The thioredoxin system is comprised of thioredoxin (Trx) and thioredoxin reductase (TR) and plays an important role in maintaining the redox state of the cell [1]. The cDNA sequences for mouse and human thioredoxin reductase are approximately 80% homologous, and the human [20] and mouse [21] thioredoxin genes have an identical genomic organisation. Schallreuter KU, Wood JM: The role of Thioredoxin Reductase in the reduction of free radicals at the surface of the epidermis. www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2164/2/10   (4417 words)

Rabbit Anti-Thioredoxin (fusion protein) Antibodies Eukaryotic genes are often cloned into E. coli thioredoxin gene, resulting in the expression of a desired protein as a fusion hybrid with thioredoxin (1). Thioredoxin is a small electron transport protein that serves as hydrogen door in the enzymatic reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides (1). Anti- thioredoxin can also be used for the immunocytochemical detection of thioredoxin in cells and tissues that express transfected bacterial thioredoxin gene (1). www.4adi.com /data/fusiontag/thrx11s.html   (478 words)

Abstract for Thioredoxin, E. coli, Recombinant The only known physiological roles for thioredoxins are in the assembly of filamentous phage and as an accessory protein for phage T7 DNA polymerase. It has been suggested that thioredoxin may catalyze the formation of correct disulfides during protein folding because of its ability to act as an efficient oxidoreductant. To this end, thioredoxin has been shown to act as a protein disulfide isomerase, catalyzing the formation and rearrangement of protein disulfide bonds in ribonuclease. www.promega.com /tbs/9piz705/9piz705.html   (155 words)

Pfam 17.0 : Thioredoxin   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03) Thioredoxins are small enzymes that participate in redox reactions, via the reversible oxidation of an active centre disulfide bond. Thioredoxins MEDLINE:3896121, MEDLINE:2668278, MEDLINE:7788289, MEDLINE:7788290 are small disulphide-containing redox proteins that have been found in all the kingdoms of living organisms. Thioredoxin belongs to a structural family that includes glutaredoxin, glutathione peroxidase, bacterial protein disulphide isomerase DsbA, and the N-terminal domain of glutathione transferase MEDLINE:7788290. pfam.wustl.edu /cgi-bin/getdesc?name=Thioredoxin   (468 words)

Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica | Full text | Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and thioredoxin are differentially ...   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03) Thioredoxin is a small multifunctional protein (12 kDa) that acts as a hydrogen donor to the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase that reduces ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides and, thus, is essential for DNA synthesis [14]. The biological functions of thioredoxin in the uterus are likely to be the same as in other cells, and are probably coupled to the mitogenic activity in the uterus and the subsequent DNA, RNA and protein synthesis [15,16]. Oestradiol increases the thioredoxin mRNA levels in the rat uterus, and the oestradiol level is positively correlated to cervical thioredoxin mRNA levels in non-pregnant women [17,18]. www.actavetscand.com /content/48/1/5   (4780 words)

CITRX thioredoxin interacts with the tomato Cf-9 resistance protein and negatively regulates defence Phylogenetic analysis of CITRX suggests that it is unrelated to previously described thioredoxins, being closest to AtTRX-x, a plant thioredoxin of the prokaryotic type (Mestres-Ortega and Meyer, 1999). Thioredoxins are involved in the regulation of various cellular processes including gene expression, signal transduction, proliferation and apoptosis. Thioredoxins can act as antioxidants in protection against ROS, which are involved in the regulation of a variety of cellular processes. www.nature.com /emboj/journal/v23/n10/full/7600224a.html   (7416 words)

References - thioredoxin - HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology - Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture ... Ganther H, Ip C 2001 Thioredoxin reductase activity in rat liver is not affected by supranutritional levels of monomethylated selenium in vivo and is inhibited only by high levels of selenium in vitro. Jeon SJ, Ishikawa K 2002 Identification and characterization of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase from Aeropyrum pernix K1. Pasternak C, Haberzettl K, Klug G 1999 Thioredoxin is involved in oxygen-regulated formation of the photosynthetic apparatus of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. www.hort.purdue.edu /rhodcv/hort640c/referen/trox.htm   (2645 words)

Thioredoxin 2 is involved in oxidative stress defence and redox-dependent expression of photosynthesis genes in ... Thioredoxin 2 is involved in oxidative stress defence and redox-dependent expression of photosynthesis genes in Rhodobacter capsulatus -- Li et al. Thioredoxin 2 is involved in oxidative stress defence and redox-dependent expression of photosynthesis genes in Rhodobacter capsulatus of thioredoxin on the expression of photosynthesis genes to mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/149/2/419   (6240 words)

11.05.97 - On the Menu Again: Cereal With Milk Thioredoxin works by changing the shape of proteins in problem foods so they lose much of their ability to trigger allergies. While at present the only guaranteed means of treating a food allergy is by elimination of the problem food from the diet, Buchanan said thioredoxin might change this. Thioredoxin might help alleviate symptoms not only for allergy sufferers, but also for some of the 300,000 people in the United States who have celiac disease-a poorly understood reaction to wheat. www.berkeley.edu /news/berkeleyan/1997/1105/allergies.html   (495 words)

Reporter gene transactivation by human p53 is inhibited in thioredoxin reductase null yeast by a mechanism associated ... Reporter gene transactivation by human p53 is inhibited in thioredoxin reductase null yeast by a mechanism associated with thioredoxin oxidation and independent of changes in the redox state of glutathione -- Merwin et al. Thioredoxin inside the cell is depicted as a mixture of the dithiol and disulfide forms. Purification of thioredoxin reductase from calf liver and thymus and studies of its function in disulfide reduction. carcin.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/23/10/1609   (4841 words)

[No title]   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03) Thioredoxins [1, 2, 3, 4] are small disulphide-containing redox proteins that have been found in all the kingdoms of living organisms. Thioredoxin belongs to a structural family that includes glutaredoxin, glutathione peroxidase, bacterial protein disulphide isomerase DsbA, and the N-terminal domain of glutathione transferase [4]. Thioredoxins have a beta-alpha unit preceding the motif common to all these proteins. www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR005746   (769 words)

BioMed Central | Abstract | Genomic organisation and alternative splicing of mouse and human thioredoxin reductase 1 ... Thioredoxin reductase (TR) is a redox active protein involved in many cellular processes as part of the thioredoxin system. Presently there are three recognised forms of mammalian thioredoxin reductase designated as TR1, TR3 and TGR, that represent the cytosolic, mitochondrial and novel forms respectively. The human and mouse thioredoxin reductase 1 gene organisation is highly conserved and both genes exhibit alternative splicing at the 5' end. www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2164/2/10/abstract   (243 words)

Thioredoxin trx Epitope Tagging antibodies from Research Diagnostics Inc Background: The thioredoxin (trx) fusion E. Coli expression system is available to offer soluble expression of normally insoluble or difficult to express proteins. Thioredoxin (Trx) is an intracellular, multifunctional 12 kD (104a.a.) protein with reduction/oxidation (redox) activity expressed bymost cells of the human body. Thioredoxin, a redox enzyme released in infection and inflammation, is a unique chemoattractant for neutrophils monocytes and T cells. www.researchd.com /miscabs/thiotag.htm   (1101 words)

Possible Roles of an Adult T-Cell Leukemia (ATL)-Derived Factor/Thioredoxin in the Drug Resistance of ATL to Adriamycin ... Scalreuter KU, Wood JM: The role of thioredoxin reductase in the reduction of free radicals at the surface of the epidermis. Kumar S, Bjornstedt M, Holmgren A: Selenite is a substrate for calf thymus thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin and elicits a large non-stoichiometric oxidation of NADPH in the presence of oxygen. Thioredoxin Peroxidase Is a Novel Inhibitor of Apoptosis with a Mechanism Distinct from That of Bcl-2 www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/89/7/2480   (4220 words)

Thioredoxin expression in human myometrium and fibroids -- Sahlin et al. 6 (1): 60 -- Molecular Human Reproduction It is notable that the immunostaining of thioredoxin is predominantly Rozell, B., Holmgren, A. and Pratt, W.B. (1985) Immunolocalization of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase in adult rats. Sahlin, L., Holmgren, A. and Eriksson, H. (1997a) Thioredoxin messenger ribonucleic acid is regulated by estradiol in the rat uterus. molehr.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/6/1/60   (3804 words)

Expression and localization of thioredoxin during early implantation in the marmoset monkey -- Lopata et al. 7 (12): ... An, G. and Wu, R. (1992) Thioredoxin gene expression is transcriptionally up-regulated by retinol in monkey conducting airway epithelial cells. (1999) Expression of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase in placentae of pregnant mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide. Grippo, J.F., Holmgren, A. and Pratt, W.B. (1985) Proof that the endogenous, heat-stable glucocorticoid receptor-activating factor is thioredoxin. molehr.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/7/12/1159   (4043 words)

THIOREDOXIN FAMILY PCC 6803]gi1729952spP52231THIO_SYNY3 Thioredoxin TRXgi628912pirS46958 thioredoxin A Synechocystis sp. NC_000917 thioredoxin trx4 [Archaeoglobus fulgidus]gi7430835pirH69517 thioredoxin trx4 homolog Archaeoglobus fulgidusgi2648389gbAAB89115.1 NC_000917 thioredoxin trx3 [Archaeoglobus fulgidus]gi7430825pirC69410 thioredoxin trx3 homolog Archaeoglobus fulgidusgi2649295gbAAB89961.1 eyesite.cryst.bbk.ac.uk /family17   (2451 words)

[No title] Thioredoxin reductase in conjunction with thioredoxin is a ubiquitous oxidoreductase system with antioxidant and redox regulatory roles. Thioredoxin reductase (EC:1.8.1.9) reduces oxidised thioredoxin in the presence of NADPH. Lennon B.W. Williams Jr C.H. Ludwig M.L. Crystal structure of reduced thioredoxin reductase from Escherichia coli: structural flexibility in the isoalloxazine ring of the flavin adenine dinucleotide cofactor. www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR005982   (801 words)

Thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems: Protein structures, enzyme mechanisms and role in redox control of cellular ... The thioredoxin superfamily includes a growing number of proteins all having the same basic folding as thioredoxin and glutaredoxin with the active site located at the C-terminal end of a B-strand and followed by an alfa-helix. We study how thioredoxin and truncated forms are secreted from cells and operate as cytokines to affect T and B cell activation. The role of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin in redox control of transcription factor activity affecting cell growth is another area of interest. www.mbb.ki.se /forsk/ah.html   (676 words)

publication-reviewed Redox regulation of the embryonic stem cell transcription factor oct-4 by thioredoxin. Thioredoxin negatively regulates p38 MAP kinase activation and IL-6 production by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Distinct Roles of Thioredoxin in the Cytoplasm and in the Nucleus: A Two Step Mechanism of Redox Regulation of Transcription Factor NF-kB. homepage.mac.com /hif1/iblog/B1675046207/index.html   (641 words)

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