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	European influence in Afghanistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The debacle of the Afghan civil war left a vacuum in the Hindu Kush area that concerned the British, who were well aware of the many times in history it had been employed as the invasion route to India.
		The Afghan ruler was worried about the southward encroachment of Russia, which by 1873 had taken over the lands of the khan, or ruler, of Khiva.
		An Afghan uprising opposed to the Treaty of Gandamak was foiled in October (Charasia) and December (Kabul) 1879.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan (4070 words)

	Afghanistan Britain War 1919
		Sensing post-World War I British fatigue, the frailty of British positions along the Afghan border, unrest in British India, and confidence in the consolidation of his power at home, Amanullah, the new ruler of Afghanistan, suddenly attacked the British in May 1919 in two thrusts.
		Afghan forces achieved some success in the early days of the war as Pashtun tribesmen from both sides of the border joined forces with them.
		Before signing the final document with the British, the Afghans concluded a treaty of friendship with the new Bolshevik regime in the Soviet Union; Afghanistan thereby became one of the first nations to recognize the Soviet government, and a "special relationship" evolved between the two governments.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/alpha/afguk1919.htm (254 words)

	Third Afghan War, 1919
		Despite German and Turkish agitation, Afghanistan remained neutral during the war, thanks in large part to British subsidies (instituted as a settlement of the second Afghan war).
		With the end of the war these were eager to return to civilian life, and the Commander-in-Chief India had to intervene directly to forestall the threat of mutiny.
		The Third Afghan War: an Introduction, by Paul Hinson.
	www.regiments.org /wars/20thcent/19afghan.htm (816 words)

	Afghan Pre-Loya Jirga Complexities - Security Council - Global Policy Forum
		The mystery shrouding the obscure Afghan socio-political fabric could not be deciphered unless insight into its ethnic and demographic complexities, which as well holds a key to the success of Loya Jirga, now considered as the last prescription of enduring peace and political stability in Afghanistan.
		Afghans rank top in population with 47 per cent majority, Pushto as their language and Sunni being their sect.
		No war heroes or solemn ceremony in honour of the unknown soldiers who died for an unknown cause at least not for their own.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/issues/afghan/2001/1214loya.htm (1408 words)

	Encyclopedia: Kabul
		Kabul's population is multicultural and multi-ethnic, reflecting the diversity of Afghanistan, with Pashtuns, Tajiks, and Hazaras all comprising the bulk of the city's population.
		A series of three wars between Britain and the Afghans in the 19th century and early 20th century was formerly called the Afghan Wars but is now referred to as the Anglo-Afghan wars perhaps to distinguish them from the civil strife in the 1980s.
		Gulbuddin Hekmatyar (born 1947 in Imam Saheb, Kunduz province, Afghanistan) is an Afghan warlord.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Kabul (3977 words)

	The Soviet-Afghan War
		Third, despite the Soviet Union's penetration and lengthy experience in Afghanistan, their intelligence was poor and hampered by the need to explain events within the Marxist-Leninist framework.
		Third, the inability of the Soviet military to win the war decisively condemned it to suffer a slow bloodletting, in a process that exposed the very weaknesses of the military, as well as the Soviet political structure and society.
		But the war was actually fought at the low end of the tactical spectrum where platoon leaders tried to find and fight small, indigenous forces that would stand and fight only when the terrain and circumstances were to their advantage.
	www.kansaspress.ku.edu /grasovpreface.html (4087 words)

	Afghanistan - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		During the 19th century two Afghan Wars were fought in which imperial Britain checked Russian influence extending towards India.
		In 1987 the Afghan government announced a unilateral ceasefire and a new multiparty Islamic constitution was ratified in an attempt to promote ‘national reconciliation’.
		Hundreds of thousands of Afghans were displaced by the fighting between the Taliban and its opponents, and in November 2000, Pakistan closed its border with Afghanistan to prevent a further influx of refugees fleeing war and a famine that threatened over a million lives.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Afghanistan (3182 words)

	A short history of Afghanistan
		His rule extends from Mashad in the west to Kashmir and Delhi in the east, and from the Amu Darya (Oxus) River in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south.
		Though the country is united sincethen, it has to accept after the second Anglo-Afghan war (1878-80), that brings Amir Abdur Rahman to the throne, a British protectorate in 1881.
		The civil war continues and in 1996 the Taleban movement of spiritual leader Mullah Mohammad Omar seizes power in most of the country.
	www.electionworld.org /history/afghanistan.htm (787 words)

	Afghan Wars
		Three wars waged between Britain and Afghanistan to counter the threat to British India from expanding Russian influence in Afghanistan.
		First Afghan War (1838–42): the British invaded Afghanistan to protect their own interests after Persia, encouraged by Russia, became involved in the region.
		Third Afghan War (1919):; peace followed the dispatch by the UK of the first aeroplane ever seen in Kabul.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0002792.html (226 words)

	history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		This threatened to cause a general uprising among the "British" Afghans and Amir Amanullah appointed him minister of war in 1919, in which post he served until 1924, when he was appointed Afghan minister at Paris.
		The impasse in the present war has led demands by some that the ex-king return to serve as head of an interim governmetn which would end the war and establish a representative government in Afghanistan.
		Afghan forces rushed the building in which he was being held and he was slain.
	www.ariaye.com /english/history.html (5790 words)

	My Information
		An armistice was signed at the end of May. In the Treaty of Rawalpindi (Aug. 8), the British formally recognized the sovereignty of the Afghan state, but also terminated their annual subsidies to the Afghan treasury.
		In Peshawar, the "Seven-Party Alliance of Afghan Mujahideen" announces the establishment of an "Afghan Interim Government", with Sibghatullah Mujadeddi as president, Shia resistance groups and many key field commanders are excluded.
		Representatives of several Afghan groups held talks in Bonn, Germany regarding the establishment of a provisional government for the country.
	www.angelfire.com /ak5/farda/Calendar.html (3548 words)

	Third Afghan War, 1919
		War launched by Amir Amanullah, who had been placed on the Afghan throne in February 1919 by the army and the Young Afghan radical party, after the murder of his father.
		He proclaimed a Jihad against Britain, and on 3 May 1919 Afghan troops crossed the Indian border, and occupied Bagh.
		Amanullah sued for peace on 31 May, and peace was restored by the treaty of Rawalpindi (8 August).
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/wars_afghan3.html (145 words)

	Afghanistan - THE REIGN OF KING AMANULLAH, 1919-29 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Both sides were prepared to agree on Afghan independence in foreign affairs, as provided for in the previous agreement.
		In his attempts to unclench British control of Afghan foreign policy, Amanullah sent an emissary to Moscow in 1919; Lenin received the envoy warmly and responded by sending a Soviet representative to Kabul to offer aid to Amanullah's government.
		Afghan attempts to regain the oases of Merv and Panjdeh were easily subdued by the Soviet Red Army.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-18.html (810 words)

	Khyber Pass
		During the Afghan Wars the pass was the scene of numerous skirmishes between Anglo-Indian soldiers and native Afghans.
		The famous Afghan King, Ahmad Shah Abdali, crossed the Khyber Pass in 1761 AD and crushed the Marattha confederacy on the field of Panipat (India).
		During the First Afghan War (1839-42) General Pollock used the Khyber Pass on his way to Afghanistan to retrieve the British honour.
	www.afghan-network.net /Culture/khyber.html (1270 words)

	Profiles of Least Developed Countries
		The Afghan nation began to emerge in the late eighteenth century.
		It was ruled, with brief interruptions, by a succession of monarchs whose consolidation of power was constantly undermined by civil wars and foreign invasions.
		The replacement of the opium trade - which may account for one-third of GDP - is one of several potential spoilers for the economy over the long term.
	www.un.org /special-rep/ohrlls/ldc/LDCs-List/profiles/afghanistan.htm?id=4 (208 words)

	Afghan Treaties
		The Pashtun tribes on the Indian side of the frontier were made to believe that the treaty represented only a cease-fire after which war was to be resumed if Britain did not agree to various Afghan demands.
		The treaty restored "friendly and commercial relations" between the two governments after the third Anglo-Afghan War and negotiations at the Mussoorie Conference and Rawalpindi.
		In the second phase, from April 9 to mid-July, 1921, Britain asked Afghanistan to break the newly established diplomatic with Russia in exchange for a subsidy of 4 million rupee and weapons, as well as guarantees from unprovoked Russian aggression.
	www.afghan-network.net /Culture/treaties.html (848 words)

	The Mediadrome - History - First Person: Hill of Bones
		It is important to note that the writer was British and his outlook imperialist, many of the terms and opinions he expresses should be weighed with that in mind.
		A Third Afghan War was fought in 1919, the photographs here date from that conflict.
		This, no doubt, had been subsequently rudely cast down by the Afghans belonging to the tribes around, and the bodies left shamefully exposed; the Mussulman creed allowing them to desecrate the place of sepulcher, but not the dead bodies themselves.
	themediadrome.com /content/articles/history_articles/hill_of_bones.htm (2163 words)

	ipedia.com: European influence in Afghanistan Article
		Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan Islamic conquest of Afghanistan Durrani Empire European influence in Afghanistan Reforms of Amanullah Khan and civil war Reigns of Nadi...
		It soon became apparent to the British that Sikh participation--advancing toward Kabul through the Khyber Pass while Shuja and the British advanced through Kandahar--would not be forthcoming.
		Auckland's plan in the spring of 1838 was for the Sikhs--with British support--to place Shuja on the Afghan throne.
	www.ipedia.com /european_influence_in_afghanistan.html (4006 words)

	Medals of the Fourth Afghan War (IEPE)
		Awards by the USSR's Afghan allies are addressed on the main Afghanistan page and awards – and none have been traced – of the opposing Afghan mujahadeen forces would be addressed there as well.
		These and other Afghan awards are treated on my main page on Afghan awards.
		A scene of the Afghan mountains with a five pointed star with an overlaid poppy (!) seedpod.
	faculty.winthrop.edu /haynese/medals/Afghan/fourth.html (996 words)

	History from 1747-1978
		The unification of Afghans and creation of the country came after centruies of fighting the Moghuls and Safavids.
		The British win the war, but are overwhelmed by recently ended World War I, and are forced to recognize sovereignty of Afghanistan.
		Daoud suspends the 1964 constitution and proclaims new Afghan Republic with himself as president.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~mvcarmac/history.html (359 words)

	Afghan Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Although there was a shortage of artillery and machine guns, a division from Peshawar defeated a superior Afghan force in the Khyber Pass and forced them back towards Jellalabad.
		The main Afghan attack took place in the Tochi-Kurram valley area where the Waziristan Militia deserted to the enemy.
		In Baluchistan the British stormed the Afghan fortress of Spin Baldak on 27 May. Spin Baldak guarded the road to Kandahar and its capture reduced the chance of an Afghan invasion by that route.
	www.national-army-museum.ac.uk /pages/afghan.html (963 words)

	Afghanistan, Islamic Fascism
		The First Afghan War, however, was one of the legendary disasters in British Imperial history.
		Meanwhile, a Holy War (Jihâd) was being conducted by Orthodox Muslims in Afghanistan, against the Soviet Union.
		As it happens, war is what they now have, as American bombs fall on Afghanistan and American commandos drop in out of the night.
	www.friesian.com /afghan.htm (4848 words)

	New Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Afghanistan remains neutral during the cold war, receiving aid from the U. and the Soviets.
		Soviet Union supports the new government but Afghan people rebel calling themselves the mujahideen (holy warriors).
		In December a broad based interim government is formed by Afghan leaders at a summit in Germany.
	wvls.lib.wi.us /merrillpl/shorthistoryAfghanistan.htm (231 words)

	Afghan wars -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		The outbreak of civil war in 1978 led to an invasion by the Soviet Union the following year (the Afghan War).
		The origin of the wars lay in the weakness of the Afghan state.
		NATO's development during the Cold War can be divided into four main periods: (1) NATO's initial organization in 1949–55; (2) building the alliance's strength from 1955 to 1967; (3) the 1967–79 period of détente; and (4) increasing tensions from 1979 to the late 1980s.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9354678?tocId=9354678 (837 words)

	1919 - THE THIRD AFGHAN WAR: AN INTRODUCTION
		Strategically, the Afghans and their Pathan allies took the offensive at the outset on each front except in Southern Baluchistan, where a pre-emptive British strike into Afghanistan forestalled any planned or potential Afghan incursions into India.
		The Afghan army, on paper, posed a significant threat to the thinly spread Northwest Frontier Force in 1919.
		Although the manpower of the Indian army reached 750,000 during the Afghan war, only a fraction of this was on, or reached, the frontier.
	www.magweb.com /sample/smwa/safgh.htm (1483 words)

	History: Jack Walsh on Afghanistan on NRO Weekend
		Britain launched its Second Afghan War in 1878 with the same objective as the first.
		After two invasions, the first one meeting with defeat highlighted by the massacre of the Legation staff in Kabul, a pro-British government was finally established in 1880 and agreed to let London handle their foreign policy decisions.
		With the British army and people used up by the First World War, the brief Third Afghan War in 1919 ended with the British recognizing the independence of Afghanistan in foreign and internal affairs.
	www.nationalreview.com /weekend/history/history-walsh100601.shtml (506 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - Neutral Countries: Events
		The Danes were not entirely unaffected by the war: 275 of the merchant navy's ships were sunk, some 700 seamen lost their lives and almost 6,000 people from South Jutland were killed on active service in the German army.
		Economically, the country kept a balance between the warring parties by entering into separate trade agreements which involved export bans so that the blockades could not be avoided by re-exporting goods from Denmark.
		The political truce broke down immediately after the end of World War I and the Opposition, which then consisted of the Liberals and the Conservative People's Party, demanded that the regulations be abolished.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?t=88354&page=3 (3394 words)

	Blundering Into Afghanistan - The Great Game has repeatedly foiled the great powers. By David Greenberg
		As the drums beat for a war with Afghanistan, it has fallen to a skittish few to warn that such a campaign almost certainly won't be a Gulf War-style cakewalk.
		The First Afghan War was set in motion in 1837, when neighboring Persia, encouraged by Czar Nicholas of Russia, attacked Herat, one of Afghanistan's westernmost cities.
		Hearing the news, 60,000 Afghans from tribes around the country—led by a 90-year-old Muslim cleric declaring a jihad against the infidels and enlisting zealous suicide warriors known as ghazis—headed for Kabul.
	www.slate.com /id/115851 (1978 words)

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