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Topic: Third Intermediate Period of Egypt

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	Art from the Ancient World - Liveauctioneers
		Egypt, Late Period, after 650BC, a wooden figure of Osiris, god of eternity, Standing erect in a mummiform pose with his arms folded across his...
		Egypt, Late Period, after 650BC, a painted wooden coffin(?) panel depicting a standing female, perhaps Isis, facing left.
		Egypt, Late Period, after 650BC, a painted wooden coffin(?) panel depicting a standing female, perhaps Hathor, facing left.
	www.liveauctioneers.com /catalogs/2111-500.html (2028 words)

	Kenneth Kitchen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kitchen is one of the leading experts of chronology for the Egyptian Third Intermediate Period, and his book The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC) is the standard treatment on the subject (though it is now outdated in some respects).
		Kenneth Kitchen is also regarded as one of the foremost scholars on the Ramesside Period of the New Kingdom and he published a well-respected book on Ramesses II in 1982.
		The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen (482 words)

	Ancient Egypt: History
		The First Intermediate Period is a period of regional divisions, of petty dynasties, rivalry and chaos.
		The intermediate period comes to an end with the Theban king Mentuhotep 2 uniting north and south of Egypt.
		The Byzantine Period ends with the with the fall of Alexandria in 642 to the Muslim Arabs.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/egypt_a_6.htm (1090 words)

	Egyptian Pharaohs : Third Intermediate Period
		Despite the multitude of rulers in different regions of Egypt, this intermediate period was relatively peaceful.
		Upper egypt was ruled by Horsiese, a high priest of Amun at Karnak.
		Splitting of the central rule of Egypt into competing centers of power weakened the government considerably,, and probably led to the Kushite attack that took control with the 25th Dynasty and the Late Kingdom.
	www.phouka.com /pharaoh/pharaoh/kingdoms/083int.html (297 words)

	Egyptian New Kingdom, Babylonia, Assyria, Hittites, etc.
		The chronology for the period before the Canon of Kings, 1400 down to 700, is secured by the "Assyrian Kinglist" and a reported eclipse of the sun that can be dated to 15 June 763 BC.
		This period begins with the domination of the Hurrians, already or soon to be led by a nobility of Indo-European horsemen, the Mitanni.
		Clayton has the Late Period beginning with the Persian Conquest, which is not really fair to the XXVI Dynasty, which should not be considered part of an "Intermediate" period.
	www.friesian.com /notes/newking.htm (7966 words)

	Dead Sea Scrolls -- Timeline
		Here is a map of Lower Egypt (see J. Nicols course description at the University of Oregon) from a later period with the most prominent cites and branches of the Nile River, for reference.
		Some evidence suggests that this was a period of extreme climate change in which a drying climate caused major population shifts along with the drought-like conditions evidenced throughout Western Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, and North Africa.
		Egypt is disorganized and weak, possibly due to a famine.
	home.flash.net /~hoselton/deadsea/timeline.htm (10345 words)

	Third Intermediate Period
		Upper Egypt was ruled from Thebes, where Herihor, who combined the offices of high priest of Amun and vizier of Upper Egypt, was placed as effective king.
		As Egypt was the richest part of their new empire, the Persian monarchs took a considerable interest in its affairs and government.
		Egypt power and fame started to decline with many generals and captains making their own fortunes and power.
	www.kingtutshop.com /freeinfo/3rdPeriod.htm (2001 words)

	The First Intermediate Period in Egypt
		Of the kings of the First Intermediate Period we know very little, Rice, using the Cambridge Ancient History, tells us of Demedjibtowy of the Eighth Dynasty that he was the last of the fragile kings to reign in Memphis after the end of the Old Kingdom.
		He was the governor of the Twentieth Nome of Upper Egypt, centred on Heracleopolis and seized the throne, laying down the foundations of the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties.
		The devastation in the Abydos area (8) seems to have been followed by a period of relative peace until, in the 14th year of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II a 'rebellion of Abydos' led to the final defeat of Herakleopolis and its allies by Thebes.
	www.yare.org /essays/fip.htm (2568 words)

	Civilizations in Africa: Kush
		The domination of Egypt by the Hyksos allowed Kush to come out from under the hegemony of Egypt and flower as a culture; this period ended, however, when the New Kingdom kings, having thrown the Hyksos out of Egypt, reconquered Kush and brought it under Egyptian colonial rule.
		While it still continued the cultural traditions of pharoanic Egypt, the Meroites developed newer forms of culture and art because of their isolation from the northern kingdoms.
		Unlike pharoanic Egypt, the king ruled through a customary law that was established and interpreted by priests.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/CIVAFRCA/KUSH.HTM (640 words)

	Egypt in the Third Intermediate Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Third Intermediate Period covers the centuries between the New Kingdom (about 1550-1069 BC) and the Late Period; for much, but not all, of this time, the country was divided into two or more segments.
		The 21st Dynasty (click here to see a family tree of the early 21st Dynasty) was a military family originally from the western deserts ('Libyans'), and nominally ruled all Egypt from Tanis in the Delta.
		From about 725 BC the kings of Napata (in what is now Sudan) invaded Egypt, preventing the rise of the 24th Dynasty to domination, and ruled Egypt as its 25th Dynasty.
	www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk /3inter (323 words)

	Egypt: Piye and the 25th Dynasty
		The 25th Dynasty of Egypt are apparently a rather confusing period for Egyptologists It represent a fine example of the complexity of studying Egyptian history.
		From the earliest dynastic periods, Nubia was always a matter of conquest for the Egyptian pharaohs, and as such, much of Nubia was often under the control of Egypt.
		So at least towards the end of the Third Intermediate Period, when Egypt seems to have surrendered to chaos with four kings claiming rule within Egypt, as well as a number of local chieftains exercising control, particularly in the Delta, Piye decided to step in and fix Egypt's problems.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/piye.htm (1282 words)

	Per Sokar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		During this period trading was still considered something that ‘true’ nobility did not sully their hands with, placing a limit on how far these socially aspiring families could climb.
		Bayeux tapestry which is a third of the size of the original, but still too ridiculously long to display anywhere, qualifying it for probably the most pointless purchase I have made whilst abroad.
		The Third Intermediate Period - the Nubian Dynasty
	persokar.typepad.com /per_sokar (5686 words)

	Takelot II
		Takelot II The parentage of Takeloth II is open to dispute - Kitchen in his 'Third Intermediate period in Egypt', identifies Harsiese as the father, while Dobson in his book 'Monarchs of the Nile' indicates that there is complete ingnorance about his parentage.
		In Year 15 suddenly and unexpectedly Egypt was enveloped in civil war, this was due to last for nearly 10 years - until Year 24 of Takelot II.
		Peace lasted in Egypt for 2 years, until once again in Year 26 Thebes and the land south suddenly erupted into civil war.
	members.tripod.com /~ib205/takelot_2.html (460 words)

	Egypt The New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period, 1552-664 B.C. - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural ...
		Egypt The New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period, 1552-664 B.C. http://workmall.com/wfb2001/egypt/egypt_history_the_new_kingdom_and_third_intermediate_period_1552_664_bc.html
		After Thutmose III established the empire, succeeding pharaohs frequently engaged in warfare to defend the state against the pressures of Libyans from the west, Nubians and Ethiopians (Kushites) from the south, Hittites from the east, and Philistines (sea people) from the Aegean-Mediterranean region of the north.
		Egypt was once more separated into its natural divisions of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/egypt/egypt_history_the_new_kingdom_and_third_intermediate_period_1552_664_bc.html (428 words)

	Dynasties 26: Psammetichus I, Necho II, Apries, Amasis, Psammetichus III
		Some Egyptologists place the 26th Dynasty in to Third Intermediate Period of Egypt's history, while others place it in the Late Period. Certainly, when Psammetikhos began his rule of Egypt, things were still chaotic, with various rulers claiming power.
		This enabled Egypt to obtain control of the Palestinian coast. There were also actions required on the Libyan frontier in order to combat the threat posed by the fugitive Delta princes.
		We are told that agriculture, always the backbone of Egypt, met a spectacular level of success, and Herodotus again tells us that the number of inhabited cities in Egypt reached as high as 20,000.
	www.crystalinks.com /dynasty26.html (2514 words)

	Egypt in the Third Intermediate Period (1070–712 B.C.) \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Third Intermediate Period laid the foundation for many changes that are observable in art and culture throughout the first millennium.
		During the first of these, Dynasty 21 (1070–945 B.C.), Egypt was governed by pharaohs ruling from Tanis in the eastern Delta and by the High Priests of Amun ruling from Thebes.
		The two dynasties governed Egypt simultaneously for approximately ninety years, the final stage of the Third Intermediate Period.
	www.metmuseum.org /TOAH/hd/tipd/hd_tipd.htm (688 words)

	New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period
		Later chapters examine the civilization of ancient Egypt in greater depth and explain such fascinating topics as the conventions of representation in art, the role of the pharaoh in religion, how the pyramids were built and how a corpse was mummified to last for eternity.
		A Bibliography of the Amarna Period and Its Aftermath.
		Francesca : "This book presents the period between the fall of the New Kingdom to the end of the 25th Dynasty, from the 11th to the 4th century BCE.
	www.ptahhotep.com /categories/nk_tip.html (829 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Ramesses' childhood and early military career as a young general under his father, Sethos I, are followed by an account of the long reign of Ramesses himself, at war and in peace.
		The government, politics, the religion and funerary rites, daily life in the town and country are all illustrated by numerous photographs and quotations from contemporary documents.
		Both Dr Kitchen's profound knowledge of the period and his understanding of people make this one of those rare works which is at the same time authoritative and readable.
	www.arisandphillips.com /ap/Phar.Triump.html (309 words)

	Third Intermediate Period Egypt - History for Kids!
		Egypt lost its control over Israel and Lebanon (this is the story of Moses) and was again ruled by different kings in the north and the south.
		But Egypt was weaker than usual, and the Libyans invaded several times, and ruled the north for a while.
		This dynasty did not last long, because a new group in West Asia, the Assyrians, conquered Egypt in a series of wars ending in 664 BC and drove the Sudanese out of Egypt.
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/egypt/history/thirdinter.htm (544 words)

	Janus Antiquities Archives,Regional Art,Ancient World,Egyptian Directory
		In the case of Egypt, "upper" means the south in reference to the higher altitudes of this region which allow the Nile to famously flow to the north.
		When Egypt was united in 3000 B.C. the crowns of upper and lower Egypt were combined into the Double Crown worn by the pharaoh, but the separate crowns remained potent symbols worn by regional inhabitants.
		This period was characterized by a weak series of Egyptian pharaohs who were unable to resist an influx of Palestinian settlers into the northern delta region of Egypt, likely as a result of pressure from the Hurrians and Hittites on their own homelands.
	www.trocadero.com /janus/catalog/Archives:Regional_Art:Ancient_World:Egyptian20.html (887 words)

	The so-called third intermediate period in Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Whatever were the reasons of this division, it however meant that in the next generations of the family, each branch regarded their right to a rulership as equal to others, and therefore Egypt was divided between several families.
		The Bubastite Osorkon II apparently was (at least shortly) king in Tanis, between Amanemope and Akheperre Psusennes - this possibly because of Psusennes being underaged and Osorkon was the husband of Maatkare, one heiress of the Tanite royal family.
		The period between accession of Hedj-kheper-re Shoshenq (c 820 BCE) and time of Taharqa (c 675 BCE) was around 145 years, of which there was certainly some waste time around Takelot I (Manetho according to Africanus gives 120 years for the 22nd dynasty).
	members.surfeu.fi /sjostrom/tip.htm (3538 words)

	Chronology of AncientWorld
		Early Dynastic Period in Egypt began with unification of Lower and upper Egypt (1st - 3rd dynasties).
		Period of civil war after the assassination of Commodus.
		Roman Empire faces a period of chaos at the end of Severian dynasty.
	www.ancientanatolia.com /historical/world_history.htm (681 words)

	Taharqa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Taharqa (also spelled Tirhakah, Taharka, Manetho's Tarakos) was king of Egypt, and a member of the Nubian or 25th dynasty, whose reign is usually dated 690 BC to 664 BC.
		Taharqa fled to the south, and Esarhaddon reorganized the political scene in the north, establishing Necho I of the 26th dynasty as king at Sais.
		Esarhaddon died before he could return to Egypt, and it was left to his heir Assurbanipal to once again invade Egypt.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/T/Taharqa.htm (488 words)

	David M. Rohl
		David Rohl is a British Egyptologist and Ancient Historian who established a keen interest in Egypt at the tender age of ten. This is when he traveled up the Nile, from Cairo to the Temples of Abu Simbel in Nubia.
		Rohl believes that traditional chronologies of Egypt show many contradictions, mainly in the Third Intermediate Period. He believed that the chronologies are plagued by incomplete and inaccurate data. Rohl started to study neighboring cultures and compared their historical records with that of Egypt’s.
		From there he turned to Hebrew scriptures for another comparison. He concluded that the Third Intermediate Period was over extended and that it should be shortened by 141 years.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/rohl_david.html (529 words)

	The 21st and the 26th Dynasty
		The problem with Egyptian chronology is in the Third Intermediate Period (1070-712 BC), consisting of the 21st Dynasty (1070-945) and the Libyan or 22nd Dynasty (945-712) that consisted of descendants of Libyan mercenary army leaders.
		This period is the subject of The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100-650 BC) by Kenneth A. Kitchen, who appeared in the TV series about David Rohl (Aris and Phillips Ltd, Warminster l973).
		Kitchen is regarded as the greatest authority on the Third Intermediate Period, but he is also the greatest enemy of David Rohl and his 'new chronology'.
	home.tiscali.nl /~meester7/eng21-22.html (3843 words)

	Dynasties 25 - Late Kingdom - Piye, Shebaka, Shebitku, Taharqa, Tantamani
		Soon, Piye was given a reason to intervene further north.Tefnakhte (a Lybian), the Prince of Western Egypt based in the Delta city of Sais extended his control south by taking the city of Memphis, as well as the old Middle Kingdom of Itj-tawy (Lisht).
		Taharqa - 690-664 BC Taharqa was the brother of Shebitku and was the third king of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty.
		We assume that at the time of his accession, Tanwetamani was most likely inside Egypt proper, for the text on the stela states that "he went from where he was to Napata (Nubia), and there was none who stood up to oppose him".
	www.crystalinks.com /dynasty25.html (2187 words)

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