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Topic: Third Punic War

	Punic Wars
		The First Punic War was primarily a naval war fought between 264 BC and 241 BC.
		The Second Punic War is famous for Hannibal's crossing of the Alps and was fought between 218 BC and 202 BC.
		The Third Punic War resulted in the destruction of Carthage and was fought between 149 BC and 146 BC.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/pu/Punic_wars.html (74 words)

	Punic Wars - MSN Encarta
		Punic Wars, name given to the three wars between Rome and Carthage in the 3rd and 2nd centuries bc.
		The First Punic War (264-241 bc) was the outcome of growing political and economic rivalry between the two nations.
		A minor Carthaginian breach of treaty gave the pretext for the Third Punic War (149-146 bc), in which the Romans, led by Scipio the Younger, captured the city of Carthage, razed it to the ground, and sold the surviving inhabitants into slavery.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761562033/Punic_Wars.html (663 words)

	Punic Wars - Crystalinks
		The primary cause of the Punic Wars was the clash of interests between the expanding Carthaginian and Roman spheres of influence.
		Moreover, the Republic's ability to attract private investments in the war effort by playing on their citizens' patriotism to fund ships and crews, was one of the deciding factors of the war, particularly when contrasted with the Carthaginian nobility's apparent unwillingness to risk their fortunes for the common good.
		The Third Punic War was fought between Carthage and the Roman Republic from 149 BC to 146 BC.
	www.crystalinks.com /punicwars.html (3919 words)

	THE PUNIC CLAN -- PLAY FAIR AND KILL FAST
		The name "Punic Wars" is used for the series of wars between Rome and Carthage in the third and second centuries BC.
		First Punic War (Sicilian War): 264-241 BC The first of the three great confrontations between Rome and Carthage was fought bitterly on land and sea over control of Sicily, with the war being taken for a time to North Africa.
		Third Punic War (Destruction of Carthage): 149-146 BC Carthage continued to be commercially successful and, though only a minor power, a source of irritation to Rome.
	www.freewebs.com /punicfighters/punicwars.htm (649 words)

	Punic Wars - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		PUNIC WARS [Punic Wars] three distinct conflicts between Carthage and Rome.
		The second war directly pitted the ambitions of the two commercial powers; the initial area of conflict was Sicily.
		The Third Punic War, 149-146 BC, originated, like the others, in a deliberate Roman aggression, the result of agitation by Cato the Elder for the destruction of Carthage.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/P/PunicWar.asp (754 words)

	War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		At the outbreak of World War I the writer Thomas Mann wrote, "Is not peace an element of civil corruption and war a purification, a liberation, an enormous hope?" This attitude has been embraced by societies from Sparta and Rome in the ancient world to the fascist states of the 1930s.
		Total war is the modern term for the targeting of civilians and the mobilization of an entire society; when every member of the society has to contribute to the war effort.
		Wars are seen as the result of evolved psychological traits that are turned on by either being attacked or by a population perception of a bleak future.
	www.tocatch.info /en/War.htm (4409 words)

	Punic Wars - Military History Wiki
		The primary purpose of the Punic Wars was Roman territorial expansion.
		The First Punic War (264 BC - 241 BC) was primarily a naval war.
		The Second Punic War (218 BC - 202 BC) is famous for Hannibal's crossing of the Alps.
	www.militaryhistorywiki.org /index.php?title=Punic_Wars (209 words)

	Third Punic War
		In the years between the Second and Third Punic Wars, Rome was engaged in the conquest of the Hellenistic empires to the east and ruthlessly suppressed the Iberian[?] people in the west, although they had been essential to the Roman success in the 2nd Punic War.
		When the Carthaginians refused to accede to the Roman demand that they abandon their city and move inland into North Africa, the Roman Senate declared war on them and the city was immediately besieged, beginning the Third Punic War.
		The Carthaginians endured the siege from 149 to 146 BC until Scipio Aemilianus[?] took the city by storm.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/th/Third_Punic_War.html (215 words)

	Punic Wars
		Polybius accompanied Scipio to Carthage and witnessed its destruction in the Third Punic War.
		The three indispensable sources for study on naval warfare in the Punic Wars, which of course were very largely naval wars, despite all the interest in Hannibal and Scipio.
		The sections on the army of the Republic that fought the Punic Wars are useful in their own right and by comparison with the sections on the army of Julius Caesar and of the Empire enable to reader to appreciate the very real differences that existed between these periods.
	www.xenophon-mil.org /milhist/rome/punic.htm (4098 words)

	Third Punic War
		Immediately after the Second Punic War, Hannibal Barca maintained his power in Carthage and did considerable work to clean up corruption and economic problems within the nation, but his enmity with Rome would eventually force his ouster.
		As a result the Carthaginians were stripped of their ability to defend themselves and were not allowed to raise an army or conduct war without Roman approval and conditions were moving ever closer to a state of war.
		Carthage finally woke up, realizing that war was the only option, and that since failure to resist seemed to lead to destruction anyway, they prepared to meet their invaders.
	www.unrv.com /empire/third-punic-war.php (1620 words)

	Rome: The Punic Wars
		The First Punic War: 264-241 BC   The First Punic War broke out in 264 BC; it was concentrated entirely on the island of Sicily.
		The end result of the second Punic War, in the end, was the domination of the known world by Rome.
		The Third Punic War: 149-146 BC In the years intervening, Rome undertook the conquest of the Hellenistic empires to the east.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/ROME/PUNICWAR.HTM (1868 words)

	ALRItkwRom101PunicWars.html -- Punic War Overview
		The two great historical sources about this series of wars are Polybius a Greek historian attached to staff of Scipio Africanus, the Roman hero of the second Punic War, and Livy, a Roman historian who wrote in the late first century AD, using as his sources Polybius and other sources that have since been lost.
		This was the war during which the Romans invented the "Corvus" (Latin for "crow"), the ramp with a big spike on the end -- like the hooked beak of a crow -- that allowed Roman land troops to fight at sea.
		The second Punic War was dominated by the Carthaginian, Hannibal, who conquered Italy with elephants and controlled the peninsula for a very long time.
	www.mmdtkw.org /ALRItkwRom101PunicWars.html (1726 words)

	Wikinfo \| Second Punic War
		The Second Punic War was fought between Carthage and Rome from 218 to 204 BC.
		After Carthage lost its holdings in Sicily to Rome in the First Punic War, Carthage moved to compensate for the loss by extending her territory in Iberia (the ancient Roman name for modern Spain and Portugal).
		While all this was happening, the Romans had carried the war into Iberia, and over the years had gradually expanded along the coast until in 211 BC they captured Saguntum.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Second_Punic_War (1466 words)

	Punic wars
		Collective name on the wars between the Punic (the Romans used the name Poeni on the people of Carthage) city state of Carthage (now outside Tunis, Tunisia) and Rome, the first war starting in 264 BCE, and the last ending in 146.
		The wars were fought between the two strongest contenders for control over the central Mediterranean Sea of the time.
		But the memory of the former Punic wars was strong in Rome; many hated the Carthaginians especially because there seemed to be nothing that could force them on their knees.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/punic_wr.htm (967 words)

	Phoenicia, Phoenician Wars
		From the middle of the 3rd century to the middle of the 2nd century BC, Carthage was engaged in a series of wars with Rome.
		Although accused of having misconducted the war, he was made a suffete (a civil magistrate) in addition to retaining his military command, and as suffete he was able to overthrow the power of the oligarchic governing faction at Carthage and bring about certain administrative and constitutional changes.
		Soon, however, the presence of Hannibal and the sound advice he gave concerning the conduct of the war became a source of embarrassment, and he was sent to raise and command a fleet for Antiochus in the Phoenician cities.
	phoenicia.org /punicwar.html (3602 words)

	Punic War Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Town after town fell before the Roman army; and in the second year of the war, the important city of Agrigentum was captured, after a siege of seven months (B.C. When the Carthaginian fleet first appeared, it recovered most of the coast cities which had been lost to the Romans.
		Duilius was given a magnificent triumph, and to commemorate the victory, a column was erected in the Forum, adorned with the beaks of the captured vessels (Columna Rostrata).
		Beginning of the Third Punic War.—Whether Rome was really alarmed at the growth of Carthage or only jealous of its commercial prosperity, the words of Cato became the policy of the senate.
	members.aol.com /ksmith9526/SSRomePunicWarNotes.htm (2594 words)

	Punic Harbor, Carthage
		According to the ancient sources the commercial harbor was in the shape of a rectangle measuring 456m/500yds by 356m/390yds, linked with the sea by a channel 20m/65ft wide.
		In the center of the Harbor is a small island, on which the palace of the commander of the fleet once stood.
		Punic harbor and Gulf of Tunis in Carthage.
	www.planetware.com /carthage/punic-harbor-tun-tc-ck.htm (188 words)

	Second Punic War
		The actual war was precipitated by the Romans making a breach of their own regulations, and interfering with affairs south of the Ebro.
		After the early defeats of the Second Punic War, Roman military operations were dominated by the personality of a general, Fabius, who raised the necessity of avoiding battle -with Hannibal into a kind of sacred principle.
		She had to abandon Spain to Rome, to give up all her war fleet except ten vessels, to pay 10,000 talents (£2,400,000), and, what was the most difficult condition of all, to agree not to wage war without the permission of Rome.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles32n/outline-history-25.shtml (1292 words)

	The Third Punic War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		By the time the Second Punic War had ended, Carthage was a mere shadow of its former power.
		However, Masinissa, governor of Numidia and a strong ally of the Romans, was able to pick at Carthage until Carthage attacked Numidia in 150 BC, breaking the treaty that ended the Second War.
		Rome declared war on Carthage in 149 BC, and an army landed in Africa after a long blockade.
	www.dl.ket.org /latinlit/historia/republic/punic4.htm (254 words)

	Bithya - WCD (Wiki Classical Dictionary) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Fought against the Carthaginians under Gulussa, who had overall command of the Numidian forces allied to Rome during the Third Punic War.
		Biography (http://www.geocities.com/thirdpunicwar/Bithya.html) from Third Punic War (http://www.geocities.com/thirdpunicwar/) — Original version of this article, which was submitted to the WCD by its author.
		Third Punic War, 149-146 BC (http://www.geocities.com/thirdpunicwar/) — Website dedicated to the final clash between Rome and her arch-nemesis, Carthage.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /wcd/Bithya (285 words)

	The Punic Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The first two wars were long, lasting for 23 years and 17 years, separated by an interval of 23 years.
		All three wars were won by Rome, which subsequently emerged as the greatest military power in the Mediterranean Sea.
		The Third Punic War, 149—146 B.C., the last war was a final and desperate attempt by Carthage to preserve Punic liberty.
	www.cedarland.org /punic.html (1273 words)

	Punic Wars
		Punic Wars: Second Punic War - Second Punic War When Hamilcar Barca's son Hannibal took (219) the Spanish city of Saguntum...
		Punic Wars: Bibliography - Bibliography The Latin accounts of the wars are biased, and there are no Punic ones; the best...
		Carthage, ancient city, N Africa: The Punic Wars and the Decline of Carthage - The Punic Wars and the Decline of Carthage In the 3d cent.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/history/A0840527.html (226 words)

	Third Punic War
		The history of Rome for the fifty-six years that elapsed between the battle of Zama and the last act of the tragedy, the Third Punic War, tells of a hard ungracious expansion of power abroad and of a slow destruction, by the usury and greed of the rich, of the free agricultural population at home.
		We have already told how the wasting disease of the Second Punic War, a disease of the state which was producing avaricious rich men exactly as diseases of the body will sometimes produce great pustules, was ended by the vigour of Scipio Africanus.
		Rome provoked the war by encouraging the Numidians to encroach upon Carthage until the Carthaginians were goaded to fight in despair.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles32n/outline-history-26.shtml (1434 words)

	Third Punic War - History for Kids!
		After the Second Punic War, in 202 BC, Italy was a wreck.
		All of the men had been away fighting in the war, and a lot of them had been killed, and others had decided to stay in Spain or in Africa.
		Greece had helped the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War, which gave the Romans an excuse for attacking them.
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/romans/history/thirdpunic.htm (539 words)

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