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Topic: Third millennium BC

	Ebla - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ebla in the third millennium BC The name "Ebla" means "White Rock", and refers to the limestone outcrop on which the city was built.
		Ebla in the second millennium BC Several centuries after its destruction by the Akkadians, Ebla managed to recover some of its importance, and had a second apogee lasting from about 1850 to 1600 BC.
		The city was destroyed again in the turbulent period of 1650–1600 BC, by an Hittite king (Mursili I or Hattusili I).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ebla (808 words)

	3rd millennium BC - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 3rd millennium BC represents the beginning of factual history, since it is the first time we do have real names to name and detailed stories to tell.
		The 3rd millennium BC saw the first explosive appearances of mega architecture, imperialism, organized absolutism and… revolution.
		Also by the end of the millennium, out of general exhaustion the Sumerians had finally learned the necessity of unifying and settling down into a stable form of national government, a relatively peaceful, well-organized, complex technocratic state called the 3rd dynasty of Ur.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/3rd_millennium_BC (721 words)

	Notes on ancient metrology and decipherment of 'mina', fish pictograph as a weight unit (ca. 500 grams) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		By early third millennium BC, the Sindhu Sarasvati doab was teeming with settlements which had known metallurgy, a system of weights, town-planning and also the use of inscriptions to conduct trade in an extensive contact area.
		Period III at Gumla, dating back to the first quarter of the third millennium BC, yielded such pottery types as dishes-on-stand and vessels with a flanged rim, which later on became characteristically Harappan...even the typical Harappan ratio used in the mud bricks, viz.
		One-third of this copper was earmarked for delivery to Ea-na_s.ir of Ur, a merchant who had close connections with Magan and the Dilmun copper trade...This contact beween Metopotamia and the Indus Valley, the land of Melukkha, was clearly by sea and must have brought products across the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf.
	www.hindunet.org /saraswati/metrology.htm (2376 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Mesopotamia during the third millennium BC, was a land with a substantial history, receding for thousands of years.
		By the third millennium BC, we have reached in general, a very structured and well-applied system of state management, operating throughout the southern Mesopotamian city-states.
		It is important to keep in mind, however that in the third millennium, herding activities would have been kept close to the urban centres and very prone to higher level control.
	www.art.man.ac.uk /ARTHIST/EStates/McMahon.htm (1860 words)

	ebla (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The site is known today as Tell Mardikh, and is famous mainly for archives with more than 20,000 cuneiform tabletss, dated from around 2250 BC, in Sumerian and in Eblaite — a previously unknown Semitic language similar to Akkadian.
		The find spots of the tablets allowed the excavators to reconstruct their original position: it soon appeared that they were originally shelved according to subject.
		The city was destroyed again in the turbulent period of 1650–1600 BC, by an Hittite king (Mursillis I or Hattusilis I).
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Ebla.html (774 words)

	Third Millennium BC Settlement and Land Use, Northeast Syria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Third Millennium BC Settlement and Land Use, Northeast Syria:
		The Yale University Tell Leilan Project, directed by Professor Weiss, has acquired Landsat and SPOT images of the Tell Leilan region in northeastern Syria for the purpose of generating maps of modern soils, settlement and land use which contrast with ancient settlements and land use.
		Data from this field season will be used to test hypothesis about alterations in 3rd millennium BC site distributions, regional politico-economic alterations and changing climate.
	www.yale.edu /ceo/Projects/Faculty/ThirdMilleBCSyria.html (151 words)

	Ghostly Talk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Date: Mar 04, 2005 - 01:19 PM Jean-Claude Margueron says Mari, built in the third millennium BC, was one of the first 'modern cities,' purpose-built in the desert for the manufacture of copper arms and tools.
		In a new book entitled Mari, the Metropolis of the Euphrates, Mr Margueron says the third millennium BC city, in modern day Syria, is "one of the first modern cities of humanity".
		In 1935, the temple of Ishtar, the statue of King Lamgi Mari, then the Grand Palace of the second millennium, and other temples and fabulous sculptures were discovered, followed by the living areas and a part of the third millennium palace.
	www.ghostlytalk.com /printarticle326.html (401 words)

	ARCANE Project - Presentation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		To remedy this situation, specialists of the second millennium in Egypt and the Levant have resolved in the last decade to intensify international cooperation in the framework of a project geared to the solution of major chronological problems.
		But nothing has been done yet to establish on solid grounds the chronology of the third millennium BC in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Near East and to propose an overall synchronization of its various cultures.
		The main result of recent studies on the absolute chronology of the second millennium BC has been a lowering (ca.150 years) of the accepted dates of the major historical events considered as cornerstones for the absolute chronology.
	www.uni-tuebingen.de /arcane/presentation.html (1988 words)

	Animal Husbandry and Pastoralism in the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age
		Crop cultivation was fundamental to the way of life of the early agrarian farming communities living in Central Europe during the third millennium bc.
		Moreover, the beginning of the third millennium bc, marks the first appearance in this part of Europe of peoples whose way of life approaches that described in classical ethnology as pastoralism.
		We have already mentioned that communities of the third millennium bc were more mobile than their predecessors.
	www.muzarp.poznan.pl /archweb/gazociag/title4.htm (1769 words)

	BMC Graduate Symposium- Yelena Rakic, Glyptic Art and Cultural Identity in Third Millennium BC Greater Mesopotamia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The mid-third millennium was a time of the appearance of urban centers and states in Syria and northern Mesopotamia as evidenced by texts from Ebla and archaeologically by the emergence of fortified centers.
		In the mid-third millennium there is evidence that seals were worn on the chest, wrist, and waist often it seems attached to pins.
		By the mid-third millennium different language groups can be identified which, although overlap occurs, are associated with regions: Sumerian speakers in the south, Akkadian speakers in the north, Elamite speakers in the east, and various Semitic speakers in the north and northwest.
	www.brynmawr.edu /Acads/Arch/guesswho/rakic.html (2908 words)

	Evidence for Major Impact Events in the late Third Millennium BC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Because of its different direction (nearly north to south) and different latitude of impact at 20 degrees S would however hint that it was a third and separate event during the series of catastrophes during the late third millennium BC.
		Be it connected to either of the mentioned cataclysms or a separate one in the late third millennium, one thing is sure: it must have had wordwide consequences, especially climatological.
		The third would be that of Atrahasis and Gilgames (the precursor for the Noachian flood) but because it happened in the first part of the unlucky third millennium BC, it is not considered here.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/news/744698/posts (7778 words)

	Troubled Times: Urban Collapse
		Traditional third millennium historiography (e.g., Yoffee, 1995; Michalowski, 1993) remains isolated from synchronous developments in adjacent regions and the realities of dynamic soils and landscapes, the economics of imperialized agro-production, and abrupt climate change.
		Outstanding quantitative issues are the chronology of the beginning of the abrupt climate change as well as for its problematic terminus, geoclimatic processes of wind turbulence, dust deposition, glass shard/tephra/ deposition, aridification, and river flow, across the range of Old World environments during this time frame.
		Closer to the event, perhaps as early as 2100 BC, the author of the Curse of Akkad alluded to 'flaming potsherds raining from the sky' (Attinger 1984).
	www.zetatalk.com /theword/tword04m.htm (1035 words)

	Contacts between civilizations: Metals and Tools (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In the third millennium Sumerian texts list copper among the raw materials reaching Uruk from Aratta (Pettinato 1972: 82-3, 128) and all three of the regions Magan, Meluhha and Dilmun are associated with copper, but the latter only as an emporium (Limet 1960: 85ff.; Waetzoldt 1981).
		It has been argued that it was the eclipse of the Indus Valley civilization in the second quarter of the second millennium BC that brought to an end the flourishing Indus-mesopotamian trade up the Gulf; but this has yet to be satisfactorily confirmed.
		In the middle of the fourteenth century BC a Babylonian official was stationed on Dilmun, whence he reported back on local threats to the date crop.
	www.hindunet.org /saraswati/contacts/contacts1.htm (9983 words)

	ETHNIC PROCESSES IN LATVIA IN THE EARLY METALS AGE (1500 - 0 BC) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In Estonia, scratched pottery was widely used in the first millennium BC, and its use persisted even until the middle of the first millennium AD.10 It is also true that the shape of scratched pottery ware coincided very closely in Latvia, Estonia, Finland and even in Sweden.
		The most typical type of settlement was the so-called fortified settlement.24 These were created at the end of the second millennium BC and during the first millennium BC, a period in which, according to other materials that have been found, the Baltic and Finnish tribes were already consolidating.
		The fact that this occurred at the end of the second millennium BC and during the first millennium BC is evidenced by archaeological monuments typical of the two groups.
	vip.latnet.lv /hss/graudon.htm (2361 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Traders of the Third Millennia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		But it comes from the island of Tarut on the east coast of Saudi Arabia, and because it so strongly resembles statues from the Sumerian city-state of Ur, 650 kilometers (400 mi) north in Iraq, she also knows it is dramatic testimony to the vitality of early trade between Mesopotamia and the Arabian coast.
		Where traders of the third millennium BC had to contend with storms of sea and sand, balky camels, leaky ships and bandits, Aruz and Tarapor often struggled to persuade curators and cultural authorities and to maneuver in a stormy political climate.
		Aruz first conceived the idea of the exhibition in January 1997, and originally she wanted it to show in 2000 to usher in the third millennium of this era.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/200304/traders.of.the.third.millennia.htm (4559 words)

	TIMELINE 3rd MILLENIUM B.C. page of ULTIMATE SCIENCE FICTION WEB GUIDE
		Since 2,500 BC: "climates fairly similar to the present (except about [600 BC] relatively wet/cold event of unknown duration in many areas)." "A quick background to the last ice age" c.
		Principal Kings of Egypt 2,450 BC: The civil war between the the city-states of Sumer entered a period in which the city-state of Lugash was predominant, under King Eannatum.
		Her form was matchless in symmetry, so that her every gesture, in the saddle or on the throne, was womanly, dignified, and graceful, while each dress she wore, from royal robe and jeweled tiara to steel breast-plate and golden headpiece, seemed that in which she looked her best.
	www.magicdragon.com /UltimateSF/timeline3KBC.html (3814 words)

	Ethics of Greek Culture to 500 BC by Sanderson Beck
		In the early third millennium BC tin or arsenic was added to copper to make bronze, which revolutionized farming and fighting in Greece, the Cycladic islands, and on Crete.
		Not long after Homer in the 8th century BC Hesiod lived as a farmer; but inspired by the Muses as he was tending sheep, he became a poet and won a tripod at funeral games in Euboea.
		In the middle of the eighth century BC this office was reduced to ten years, and in 682 BC to annual election.
	www.san.beck.org /EC18-Greekto500.html (18206 words)

	The late Third Millennium BC (2100-2400 BC): asteroid/comet impacts, meteor showers, floods, drop of temperature, ...
		The Third Dynasty of Ur was the last attempt to revive Sumer, after a chaos of 100 years beginning with the destruction of Akkadian Sumer around 2200 BC.
		If the Anatolian event of 2345 BC was a local one, it neatly explains Sargon's attack on the south of Anatolia, because of the havoc in north, and also the prosperity that followed when the highly civilized Akkadian culture moved south.
		The 2200 BC event was global, as seen by the evidence from Iberia to China.
	personal.eunet.fi /pp/tilmari/tilmari2.htm (5109 words)

	2001FOR2001
		With the invention of pottery by about 6500 BC and the contemporary growth of a true mixed farming economy with both crops and animals, further expansion of the Middle Eastern agricultural way of life occurred with remarkable success.
		During the fourth millennium BC the cities of southern Mesopotamia (Sumer) developed state-level bureaucracies, centralised governments, writing, the wheel, increasing dependance on cupreous metallurgy, organised warfare and even (according to some scholars) trading empires.
		By the time we approach 2000 BC, with Sumerian civilisation about to be replaced by that of the Semitic-speaking Babylonians, with Egypt in its Middle Kindgom, and with the Harappan soon to enter its decline, we should also be approaching the end of the course.
	arts.anu.edu.au /arcworld/resources/papers/courses/022001.htm (5013 words)

	Apollonius.Net - Boulay Chapter 16
		The next two chapters concern the activities in the Western Lands during the Third Millennium BC when repeated invasions by the eastern kings resulted in the destruction of the space facilities and the devastation of the lands of Lebanon, Palestine, Trans-Jordan, and the Sinai.
		In the Second Millennium BC, these three mountains formed a trilogy of places sacred to Baal, where ancient shrines to this god were located.
		WESTERN CITIES OF THE THIRD MILLENNIUM BC The commercial city of Ebla dominated the Western Lands during this period and much is known about it due to the archives found at Tell Mardikh.
	www.apollonius.net /boulay16e.html (6314 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization — The Cradle of Indian Culture
		The Indus Valley Civilization, or the Harappan Culture, was the contemporary of the ancient civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia, and is acknowledged the third major civilization in the history of humankind.
		The Harappan culture declined suddenly between 1800—1700 bc and its end is as puzzling as its beginning.
		In the beginning of the second millennium bc, there were great changes in the environmental conditions—the climate changed and large parts of the plains were flooded when tectonic changes threw up a dam in the lower Indus Valley.
	www.indianvisit.com /ivnew/thecountry/history/indusvalley.htm (904 words)

	Tyre Ancient ruins, Lebanon Archeology Photos
		Tyre was a Phoenician island city founded around the third millennium BC and known as Queen of the Seas.
		In the 10th century BC, King of Tyre, Ahiram, joined two islets by landfill and extended the city further by reclaiming a considerable area from the sea and built two ports and a temple to Melkart, the city's god.
		Also in Tyre is the Tomb of King Ahiram (970-936 BC), contemporary of King David, who sent for cedar wood and craftsmen to build King Solomon's temple in Jerusalem.
	www.lgic.org /en/photos2_tyre.php (201 words)

	Research: European Prehistory and Mediterranean Archaeology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Departmental research in this Theme comprises The Transformation of Europe in the Third Millennium BC, Bronze Age and Iron Age Mediterranean, and the Archaeology of South-West British Landscapes.
		The Transformation of Europe is an original international programme of later prehistoric archaeology and archaeological sciences aimed at studying the profound social changes that took place between 2900-2700 BC, and worked out in the later third millennium BC, leading eventually to the Bronze Age in Europe.
		The core of this programme will explore the reasons for the decline of the practice of collective burials in monumental tombs, based on important places and anonymous ancestors, and the emergence of the new social identities and ideologies, seen in the archaeological record as important individuals, warrior 'ideals', and international connections.
	www.bris.ac.uk /depts/Archaeology/html/research/epma.html (447 words)

	Ebla (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The site is known today as Tell Mardikh, and is famous mainly for archives with more than 20,000 cuneiform tablets, dated from around 2250 BC, in Sumerian and in Eblaite - a previously unknown Semitic language similar to Akkadian.
		In the next decade the team discovered a palace dating approximately from 2500-2000 BC.
		The city was destroyed again in the turbulent period of 1650-1600 BC, by an Hittite king (Mursillis I or Hattusilis I).
	www.yotor.com /wiki/en/eb/Ebla.htm (733 words)

	Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Third ...
		Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse.
		The present theory is that a major shift of the precipitation pattern affected many parts of the world at approximately the same time, with disastrous effects on the populations of Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe.
		Paläoklimatologie > Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse.
	www.uni-protokolle.de /buecher/isbn/3540618929 (364 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The aim of this publication is to offer the widest possible range of scientific sources dealing with third millennium BC remains from the Near East, in order to help the study of this period.
		Chronologically, the main focus is the Early Bronze age, ending with the fall of Ur around 2000 BC and with the beginning of Middle Bronze age in Mesopotamia.
		Moreover, many short but relevant entries in Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie are not yet included; and, contrarily, sometimes main publications not directly dealing with third millennium matters but of general interest have been included.
	web.tiscali.it /ranesorg/RANES-1.htm (337 words)

	Excavations at Tell Brak 2: Nagar in the Third Millennium BC (Monograph Series) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Tell Brak, ancient Nagar, was one of the most important cities in northern Mesopotamia in the third millennium BC and a focus of long-distance trade.
		The construction level of Naram-Sin's Palace, discovered by Mallowan in the 1930s, has been used as a point of chronological reference to provide the first well-dated corpus of archaeological material in northern Mesopotamia belonging to the second half of the third millennium.
		The major Akkadian buildings at Tell Brak are the first well-preserved examples to be discovered at any site, and include a great ceremonial complex and a unique caravanserai that housed the donkey caravans bringing metals from Anatolia.
	www.textkit.com /0_0951942093.html (204 words)

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