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Topic: Third millennium BCE

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57 BCE

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	Civilization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		By the 6th millennium BC, organized and permanent settlements in regions of Africa were producing artifacts of metal to replace prior ones made of stone.
		The earliest settlement in Jericho (9th millennium BC) was a PPNA culture that eventually gave way to more developed settlements later, which included in one early settlement (8th millennium BC) mud-brick houses surrounded by a stone wall, having a stone tower built into the wall.
		By the 4th millennium BC, in Nippur we find, in connection with a sort of ziggurat and shrine, a conduit built of bricks, in the form of an arch.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Civilization (4099 words)

	Dodona
		Early in the second millennium BCE the worship of the "holy beech tree" sprang up (in other versions an oak tree) today the oak tree is preferred as the oak is sacred to Zeus.
		During the 13th and 14th centuries BCE the worship of the Pelasgian god Zeus was beginning to be established in Dodona, and the original earth goddess was renamed "Diona" and subsequently became the wife of Zeus (Dias).
		During the Roman conquest the sanctuary of Dodona was once again destroyed (167 BCE) later to be rebuilt in 31 BCE by the Emperor Augustus.
	www.pantheon.org /articles/d/dodona.html (451 words)

	West Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The northern section of West Africa is composed of semi-arid terrain known as Sahel, a transitional zone between the Sahara desert and the savannahs of the western Sudan to the south.
		Equatorial forests form a third belt between the savannahs and the southern coast, ranging from 160 km to 240 km in width.
		The domestication of the camel allowed the development of a cross-Saharan trade with Mediterranean cultures, including Carthage and the Berbers; major exports included gold, cotton cloth, metal ornaments and leather goods, which were then exchanged for salt, horses, and textiles.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/West_Africa (1065 words)

	The Tel Hazor Tablets
		The population of Hazor in the second millennium BCE is estimated to have been about 20,000, making it the largest and most important city in the entire region.
		The first settlement of Hazor, in the third millennium BCE (Early Bronze Age), was confined to the upper city.
		The lower city was founded in approximately the 18th century BCE (Middle Bronze Age) and continued to be settled until the 13th century (the end of the Late Bronze Age) when both the upper and lower city were violently destroyed.
	www.crystalinks.com /telhazortablets.html (642 words)

	Mari, Syria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mari was one of the major centers of Mesopotamian culture from the mid-third millennium to the eighteenth century BCE.
		The early 2nd millennium palace at Mari was an extraordinary monument.
		To the east of the palace was a high terrace, originally referred to as a ziqqurat, that was built near the end of the third millennium, and used until the final destruction of the city.
	www.relst.uiuc.edu /Courses/106/Maripages/Mari.html (1044 words)

	Sardinia: Prehistory
		This was a period of profound, often rapid, changes and marked increases in prosperity that began in the eastern Mediterranean (notably in Gerzean Egypt) and southeastern Europe (notably associated with Gumelnitsa metallurgy) and rippled westward.
		The excavated huts are in close proximity to a high-place sanctuary and may be associated with the cult, either as dwellings and work areas for sacerdotal specialists or as temporary dwellings for worshipers, anticipating nuragic sacred areas and modern cumbessias.
		There is virtually no evidence in Sardinia of external contacts in the late third and early second millennia apart from late Beakers and the remarkably close parallels, perhaps fortuitous, between Bonnannaro pottery and that of the North Italian Polada culture.
	www.usd.edu /erp/Sardinia/prehist.htm (1910 words)

	Encyclopedia: History of West Africa
		In the fifth millennium, as the ancestors of modern West Africans began entering the area, the development of sedentary farming began to take place in West Africa, with evidences of domesticated cattle having been found for this period, along with limited cereal crops.
		A major migration of Sahel cattle farmers took place in the third millennium BCE, and the pastoralists encountered the developed hunter-gatherers of the Guinea region.
		By 400 BCE, contact had been made with the Mediterranean civilizations, including that of Carthage, and a regular trade in gold being conducted with the Sahara Berbers, as noted by Herodotus.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-West-Africa (4615 words)

	Old World Contacts/Modes of Transport/Ships of the Old World
		The earliest existing evidence for the use of sails in Northern Europe is much later in date – between the 1st century BCE and the second and third centuries CE.
		Planked boats and reed crafts were in use by the third millennium BCE and there are records of voyages from Babylon, through the Persian Gulf, to the southern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, and even further to western India.
		Evidence from excavations, particularly from clay tablets, shows that the great civilisations of Mesopotamia in the Middle East and Harappa in the Indus Valley of India, were in contact by sea between the middle of the third and the middle of the second millenniums BCE.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/oldwrld/transport/ships.html (2101 words)

	Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The formation of the Old Kingdom of Egypt in the third millennium BCE marked the first complex religious system on the continent.
		Around the ninth century BCE, Carthage (in present-day Tunisia) was founded by the Phoenicians.
		Carthage went on to become a major cosmopolitan center of the ancient world in which deities from neighboring Egypt, Rome and the Etruscan city-states were worshipped.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Africa (4526 words)

	CWIS - The Fourth World Journal - Consciousness-Related Issues in Minoan Archaeology
		Japanese love of rough, tactile, "woolly" surfaces is evident since the 7th millennium BCE with the emergence of cord-marked Jômon pottery.
		The question of whether the Bronze Age Minoans were essentially evolved from the Neolithic holders of the island or the result of considerable immigration in the fourth Millennium BCE is still well debated: Evans (1994) 19; Hood (1990a) 151 ff and (1990b) 367 ff; Broodbank (1992) 68.
		The earliest ceramics, newly uncovered in the 1970s, lying immediately beneath the stratum dating from the seventh millennium BCE to which Japanese archaeologists had given the name Jômon I, caused great excitement, and an overhaul of the entire periodization, with the original Jômon I becoming now Jômon II, and so on upward the strata.
	www.cwis.org /fwj/41/minoan.html (13093 words)

	Harran (Carrhae)
		From the third millennium BCE until medieval times, Harran is mentioned as an important trade center in northern Mesopotamia, situated on the road from the Mediterranean Sea to the heart of Assyria.
		Although the town is mentioned as early as 2000 BCE, the city became famous at the end of the seventh century, when the Babylonian king Nabopolassar defeated an Assyrian force on the banks of the Euphrates, south of Harran (25 July 616).
		The descendants of the Macedonians sided with him, but nonetheless, he was defeated by a Parthian commander who is called Surena in the Greek and Latin sources, and must have been a member of the Parthian Sûrên clan.
	www.livius.org /ha-hd/harran/harran.html (1007 words)

	Kepler College located in Lynnwood, Washington
		Frazer places Hesiod at around 750 BCE (p.47) and argues that his works were influenced by "first, the literature of Homeric poetry; secondly the unwritten local and tribal traditions of the Greeks; and thirdly, (though this is questioned by some authorities), the mythological literature of the Ancient Near East" (p.
		Athanassakis places Hesiod somewhere between 750 BCE and 625 BCE and argues that "there is no compelling reason for the assumption that Hesiod either preceded Homer or even that he was his contemporary" (1983: 1).
		The references to the king in these prognostications could be associated with Marduk's position as king of the Gods, but because most of the omen literature pertains to the affairs of the state and the king often figures in the communications, this argument is rather weak.
	www.kepler.edu /articles/student/1q2000mateus.html (7017 words)

	Trade in and metal sources for the Indian Bronze Age Civilization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Iranian metallurgy continued to develop during the course of the third millennium, but it is possible that the development of Gulf trade, resulting in the establishment of contact with Harappan civilizatin of the Indus Valley, prompted a Mesopotamian shift from Iran to more convenient (perhaps more accessible) sources of copper in Oman.
		One-third of this copper was earmarked for delivery to Ea-na_s.ir of Ur, a merchant who had close connections with Magan and the Dilmun copper trade...This contact beween Metopotamia and the Indus Valley, the land of Melukkha, was clearly by sea and must have brought products across the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf.
		In Ras al-Janyz, in the southeast coast of Oman, a large quantity of bitumen was found in a mud-brick storeroom; the surmise is that the bitumen was used to caulk reed or wooden boats.
	www.hindunet.org /saraswati/trade1.htm (8386 words)

	Introduction to the Akkadian language (Babylonian and Assyrian cuneiform texts)
		Akkadian (or Babylonian-Assyrian) is the collective name for the spoken languages of the culture in the three millennia BCE in Mesopotamia, the area between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, approx.
		The name Akkadian --so called in ancient time-- is derived from the city-state of Akkad, founded in the middle of the third millennium BCE and capital of one of the first great empires after the dawn of human history.
		The downfall of Akkad is described (in literary terms) in the curse of Akkad, but the name has continued to be used for millennia since.
	xoomer.virgilio.it /bxpoma/akkadeng/akintro.htm (400 words)

	Into the Labyrinth - And Away from Christian Hope?
		This story demonstrates two things: it illustrates the church’s long-standing practice of adapting pagan practices to convert the pagans; and it suggests that the labyrinth was a pagan device long before it became a part of the church.
		Archeological and literary evidence suggests that the labyrinth emerged as early as the third millennium BCE.
		Minoan culture, which elaborated and celebrated the labyrinth, was the force that established the labyrinth as a motif in cultural history.
	internet.cybermesa.com /~britton/labyrinth.htm (2246 words)

	DenverPost.com - Excerpts
		There was almost certainly no beer before 10,000 BCE, but it was widespread in the Near East by 4000 BCE, when it appears in a pictogram from Mesopotamia, a region that corresponds to modern-day Iraq, depicting two figures drinking beer through reed straws from a large pottery jar.
		What is clear, however, is that the rise of beer was closely associated with the domestication of the cereal grains from which it is made and the adoption of farming.
		Throughout the Fertile Crescent there is archaeological evidence from around 10,000 BCE of flint-bladed sickles for harvesting cereal grains, woven baskets for carrying them, stone hearths for drying them, underground pits for storing them, and grindstones for processing them.
	www.denverpost.com /excerpts/ci_2808906 (2317 words)

	The Myth of the Great Flood
		In Sumerian clay tablets dating from the third millennium BCE there is an account of a great flood whose hero is called Ziusudra.
		There is also a flood story in the second millennium BCE Babylonian legend of Gilgamish.
		The combining of these two separate sources is the result of a clever cut and paste job performed during the Babylonian exile (597 BCE to 538 BCE) under the direction of the high priest, Ezra.
	home.inu.net /skeptic/flood.html (1843 words)

	21 - World
		The Babylonians needed bright stars to mark the four quarters (specifically, the cardinal constellations of the third-fourth millennium BCE), so they used Aldebaran in Taurus, Regulus in Leo, Antares in Scorpio and Altair in Aquila (the Eagle), since Aquarius is a small constellation with no bright stars.
		The Akkadian cylinder seal of Adda the scribe, from the third millennium BCE (British Mus.
		BCE), the "Chaldeans" considered Saturn/Kronos, who rules Aquarius, to be the most powerful god, because his sphere is the highest.
	www.cs.utk.edu /~mclennan/BA/PT/M21.html (11161 words)

	ASOR Annual Meeting 1997: Abstracts
		At the dawn of the 12th century BCE, scholars have traditionally claimed that there was a breakdown of these close ties, resulting in the cessation of international trade and the cultural and political fragmentation of peoples previously unified under Egyptian, Hittite or Aegean suzerainty.
		There are, however, cuneiform sources from the beginning of the second millennium BC which contain direct information on the Kassites during the early stages of their assimilation to settled life in Mesopotamia.
		Third, although architectural remains consist of mortar-laid stone constructions, locally browsing goats chip away at exposed walls, and the persistent recurrence of plant germination in the mortar leads to slow but perceptible destruction of structural integrity.
	www.asor.org /AM/ASORAbs97.html (20988 words)

	Ziggurat
		Ziggurats are, architecturally, the oriental equivalent of the Egyptian pyramid: large artificial square mountains of stone.
		Even larger was the shrine of Anu at Uruk, built in the third or second century BCE.
		In third millennium BCE Mesopotamia, there was a conflict between the two great organizations, the temple and the palace.
	www.livius.org /za-zn/ziggurat/ziggurat.html (335 words)

	Math Forum - Ask Dr. Math (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The word "millennium" simply means any period of 1000 years, though it's natural for us humans to want to start some millennium at a known point in history and keep dividing the eons into consecutive millennia thereafter.
		Therefore, if we're going to talk about a "true" millennium, we should probably fix some important event in the past and count forward 1000 and 2000 years.
		In short, since the historical/calendric situation is so messy, I believe that we should measure the millennium by noticing when the big party is, and Prince doesn't party like it's 2000.
	mathforum.org /library/drmath/view/52288.html (1038 words)

	Osiris, Isis, Horus and Seth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A fertility god in the Pre-Dynastic Period, he had by about 2400 BCE become also a funerary god and the personification of dead pharaohs.
		The Ani Papyrus (ca.1250 BCE; at the British Museum) of the Book of the Dead shows a green Osiris enthroned, sitting in judgment over the dead, who recite before him their 42 negative confessions, asserting that they had lived blameless lives.
		For a while during the third millennium BCE, Seth replaced Horus as the guardian of the pharaohs.
	www.terraflex.co.il /ad/egypt/osiris.htm (1921 words)

	HTML document for the World Wide Web
		Shortly after 4000 BCE, a rich culture and economy based on walled cities was appearing along the banks of the two rivers.
		In the second millennium BCE migrations of pastoral folk emanating from the steppes of Central Asia contributed to a quickening pace of change across the entire region from Europe and the Mediterranean basin to India.
		Prepare advice from an experienced Mesopotamian trader to his son in the third millennium BCE, including a map of trade routes and information about merchandise known to have been carried by others, transport, dangers, and possible religious or bureaucratic problems in the areas traders visited.
	w3.iac.net /~pfilio/era2.htm (5141 words)

	By Millennium History Society
		(05) Tenth Millennium BCE (10,000 - 9001 BCE) (0)
		(08) Seventh Millennium BCE (7000 - 6001 BCE) (0)
		(09) Sixth Millennium BCE (6000 - 5001 BCE) (0)
	infotut.com /reference/Society/History/By_Millennium (156 words)

	Ausstellungen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The church's dome is the fourth largest in the world, exceeded in size only by St Peter's in Rome, St Sophia in Istanbul and the parish church of Xewkija, in neighbouring Gozo.
		The museum houses the principal remains of Malta's Roman period (218 BCE - 870 ACE) and encloses the Roman villa, notable for its fine mosaics.
		A unique complex of Fourth and Third millennium BCE temples, noted for the detail of their carvings.
	www.malta-portal.de /touristeninfo/FreizeitUnterhaltung/freizeit.html (4394 words)

	M. W. Chavalas and K. L. Younger, eds., Mesopotamia and the Bible: Comparative Explorations
		Looking at the stories of temple building in Sumer and in the Bible, Averbeck notes that whereas in the Bible such reports are woven into narrative contexts, the Gudea report, contextually speaking, records a ritual, which along with the whole process of building, was the main theme in his report.
		Beyond this survey of data from various sources, epigraphic as well as archaeological, Chavalas does not delve into any comparative issues, nor does he discuss specific areas of biblical studies that might be benefited from the rich cultural context drawn here.
		Accordingly, he proposes to look into two major aspects of Neo-Babylonian history: (1) the rise of the empire from 747 to 626 BCE and the heterogenous ethnic constitution of the inhabitants; and (2) the period 625-539 BCE which offers several features for comparison with biblical Israel.
	www.arts.ualberta.ca /JHS/reviews/review082.htm (2110 words)

	Western Zhou Bronze Tripod Ritual Vessel_Jue
		Stable and graciously proportioned, this jue has three flared legs emerge from the base splay outward, it has a dragon head on the strap handle, and the taotie masks at the waist are in fairly high relief.
		The jue was probably a gift or offering made to Gong Wang at the funeral; it may had been used for drinking or libations at the grave during the rite, a custom known as early as the prehistoric Dawenkou and Longshane culture (Fourth to third millennium BCE).
		The jue was excavated in the mid Qing era (1644-1911) with a damaged trough spout, and most of the encrustation of the jue has fallen off.
	www.buddhamuseum.com /archaic-bronze-vessel.html (417 words)

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