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Topic: Thirteenth Amendment

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	ELS - ERD - Law By Country - United States Substantive Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Amendment X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
		The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Oklahoma in June 1947, and Massachusetts on June 9, 1949.
		The amendment was rejected by Mississippi (and not subsequently ratified) on December 20, 1962.
	www.law.emory.edu /FEDERAL/usconst/amend.html (2796 words)

	Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This amendment completed the abolition of slavery, which had begun with President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of 1863.
		The Supreme Court has ruled that the Thirteenth Amendment does not prohibit mandatory military service in the United States.
		Interestingly enough, the 13th Amendment makes the use of the "chain gang" or other methods of involuntary servitude by convicted criminals constitutional in the United States, as long as the methods of enforcing the servitude are not "cruel and unusual" (floggings, beatings, etc.).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/United_States_Constitution/Amendment_Thirteen (321 words)

	The Thirteenth Amendment
		The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, by the House on January 31, 1865, and ratified on December 6, 1865, abolished slavery as a legal institution.
		This amendment guaranteeing slavery was a result of the complicated sectional politics of the antebellum period, and a futile effort to preclude Civil War.
		Until the Thirteenth Amendment was was fully ratified by the necessary majority of the states in December of 1865, the Emancipation Proclamation was the document used to justify separating slaves from their masters, and by late 1865 there were no slaves remaining in the United States.
	www.members.tripod.com /~greatamericanhistory/gr02011.htm (813 words)

	The Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment) Act, 1997 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Amendment of Article 58 of the Constitution - In the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, hereinafter referred to as the Constitution, in Article 58, in clause (2) sub-clause (b) shall be omitted.
		Amendment of Article 101 of the Constitution - In the Constitution, in Article 101, in clause (1) for the words "after consultation with" the words "on the advice of" shall be substituted.
		Amendment of Article 243 of the Constitution - In the Constitution, in Article 243, in clause (2) in sub-clause (c) the words "in his discretion" shall be omitted.
	www.pakistani.org /pakistan/constitution/amendments/13amendment.html (243 words)

	Amendments to the Constitution of the United States
		Amendment XI (The proposed amendment was sent to the states Mar. 5, 1794, by the Third Congress.
		Amendment XV (The proposed amendment was sent to the states Feb. 27, 1869, by the Fortieth Congress.
		Amendment XX (The proposed amendment, sometimes called the “Lame Duck Amendment,” was sent to the states Mar. 3, 1932, by the Seventy-second Congress.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0749825.html (1986 words)

	The Real Thirteenth Constitutional Amendment
		The original records of the real Thirteenth Amendment were thought to be destroyed at the time of the burning of the capitol during the War of 1812, but have since been found in the archives of the British Museum library in London and in the archives of several of the States and territories.
		The Amendment was proposed in the midst of an ever-deepening diplomatic crisis in the early years of the 19th century, with the continued impressments of sailing men from American ships on the high seas, with Spain falling into the arms of the British lion after being conquered by France.
		The Thirteenth Amendment was a measure against British imperialism in the wake of their alliance with Spain, and it was supported by Federalists who were eminently suspicious of the "democratic clubs" fomented by the Bonapartes, who would always follow a republican revolution with their own seizures of power and creation of new titles.
	www.barefootsworld.net /real13th.html (7026 words)

	The The Missing Thirteenth Amendment
		Moreover, after studying the Amendment's language and historical context, they realized that the principal intent of this "missing" Thirteenth Amendment was to prohibit Attorneys of the Bar Associations from serving in government as an "elite" class, i.e., lawyers holding membership in a society with a charter that creates special privileges for the them.
		The meaning of the amendment is seen in its intent to prohibit persons having titles of nobility and loyalties to foreign governments and bankers from voting, holding public office, or using their skills to subvert the government.
		The significance of this missing Thirteenth Amendment and its deletion from the Constitution is this: Since the amendment was never lawfully nullified, it is still in full force and effect and is the Law of the land.
	sheriffsteve.www6.50megs.com /orig13th.html (9224 words)

	Ghost Amendment: The Thirteenth Amendment That Never Was
		Significantly, the proposed amendment did not address the burning issue of moment: the power of Congress to bar slavery from territories that were not yet states.
		The amendment passed the House as Joint Resolution No. 80 on February 28 by a vote of 133 to 65, which was two-thirds of the members present.
		No amendment shall be made to the Constitution which will authorize or give to Congress the power to abolish or interfere, within any State, with the domestic institutions thereof, including that of persons held to labor or service by the laws of said State.
	www.geocities.com /ghostamendment (1279 words)

	A Thirteenth Amendment Framework for Combating Racial Profiling
		By divorcing the Thirteenth Amendment from its history and the intent of its drafters, courts have lost sight of the Amendment’s truly broad and radical purposes.
		The legislative history demonstrates that the arguments surrounding the Thirteenth Amendment focused on the issue of federalism and states’ rights,[165] and no longer concerned whether slavery itself was a positive social good.
		The plaintiffs also alleged that the city’s action violated the Thirteenth Amendment both because of the disparate burden imposed on fls by the street closing and the stigma imposed on the fl community as an “undesirable” presence from which the “desirable” white community needed to be insulated.
	www.law.harvard.edu /students/orgs/crcl/vol39_1/carter.php (16329 words)

	USA: The Missing 13th Amendment
		On December 6, the "new" 13th Amendment loudly prohibiting slavery (and quietly surrendering states rights to the federal government) was ratified, replacing and effectively erasing the original 13th Amendment that had prohibited "titles of nobility" and "honors".
		The significance of this missing 13th Amendment and its deletion from the Constitution is this: Since the amendment was never lawfully nullified, it is still in full force and effect and is the Law of the land.
		If public support could be awakened, this missing Amendment might provide a legal basis to challenge many existing laws and court decisions previously made by lawyers who were unconstitutionally elected or appointed to their positions of power; it might even mean the removal of lawyers from the current US government system.
	odur.let.rug.nl /~usa/E/thirteen/thirteen1.htm (8669 words)

	Life After the 13th Amendment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		With the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in December 1865, slavery was officially abolished in all areas of the United States.
		The amendment was finally ratified in July 1868 after all the states approved it.
		Douglass's push for state approval of the amendment caused a breach between him and the woman suffragists, who were upset that the measure did not include voting rights for woman.
	www.history.rochester.edu /class/douglass/part5.html (2880 words)

	13th Amendment Scam Resurfaces
		The premise of Dodge and Dunn was along the lines that the 13th Amendment would have prohibited attorneys (which they ass-u-me is a “title”, although it is really a license) from holding seat in Congress, and thus they further ass-u-me that Congress is full of attorneys who would be thus un-seated.
		First, an amendment's ratification is a decision committed to the political branch of the government, meaning the Congress.
		When an amendment is proposed in the typical manner, states ratify the amendment and send notice of ratification to the Secretary of State.
	www.quatloos.com /13th_amendement.htm (1285 words)

	The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom: A Legal History.
		While acknowledging that some who voted for the Amendment had a narrower understanding, he insists that the Radicals’ view was the most compelling, legitimate, and attuned to the realities on the ground that freed slaves faced with massive, organized resistance to their full-fledged emancipation.
		He repeatedly asserts that the scope of the Amendment need not and should not be restricted to the specific applications envisioned by its framers.
		The core of a free life, he maintains, is the opposite of the conditions of the slave—the equal ability to pursue self-determined family and career goals, so long as one does not infringe the equal rights of others.
	www.bsos.umd.edu /gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/tsesis105.htm (910 words)

	A Thirteenth Amendment Defense of the Violence Against Women Act
		A Thirteenth Amendment theory is necessary because there are powerful state action, privacy, and federalism arguments that Congress did not have the authority to enact the civil rights remedy under either the Commerce Clause or the Fourteenth Amendment.
		It should not matter to a Thirteenth Amendment analysis that the incidents of slavery were differentiated based on sex and that animus towards a slave took a different form based on his or her sex.
		The Thirteenth Amendment should supersede the traditional notion that the parent-child relationship is exempted from judicial purview because, if the Thirteenth Amendment never comes between parent and child, then many slave masters would have been able to circumvent the amendment by claiming those slaves who were also their biological children.
	www.law-lib.utoronto.ca /Diana/fulltext/hear.htm (17515 words)

	C:\PROGRAM FILES\SOFTQUAD\HOTMETAL PRO\gifs\ammendm0.htm
		Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
		considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a state; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment.
		Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public Telecomputing Network.
	www.bigduck.com /AMMENDM.html (1803 words)

	TONA Research Committee - The Thirteenth Article of Amendment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		With the enactment of Act No. 280, March 12, 1819, which was Voted, En Bloc, and publication of the Revised Code, the State of Virginia notified the Department of State, the Congress, the Library of Congress, and the President of their action by issuing to each a copy of the Laws of Virginia.
		The disappearance of the original 13th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States has been under investigation by independent modern researchers during the past nineteen years.
		The law is still there, waiting only to be publicly recognized and enforced once again to protect the Sovereignty and Interests of WE THE PEOPLE, and to force the elected representatives of the people to adhere strictly to their solemn and binding Oath of Office and the limitations of government imposed by the Constitution.
	www.amendment-13.org (910 words)

	Thirteenth Amendment is Passed [1997] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Thirteenth Amendment was put before the National Assembly on April 1, empowering the Prime Minister to repeal 58(2) b, and advise the President on the appointments of three forces' chiefs, the J. Chairman and the Governors.
		Through the Thirteenth Amendment the controversial Eighth Amendment was repealed and thereby the President was divested of many discretionary power in order to restore the supremacy of the Parliament.
		Having announced the Thirteenth Amendment, Nawaz Sharif said that it had been introduced to revive the democratic concept, as envisaged by the Quaid-i-Azam and Allama Iqbal.
	www.storyofpakistan.com /articletext.asp?artid=A098 (336 words)

	United States House of Representatives - Amendments to the Constitution
		Note 12: The first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States (and two others, one of which failed of ratification and the other which later became the 27th amendment) were proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the First Congress on September 25, 1789.
		The amendments were subsequently ratified by the legislatures of Massachusetts, March 2, 1939; Georgia, March 18, 1939; and Connecticut, April 19, 1939.
		Note 13: Only the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th articles of amendment had numbers assigned to them at the time of ratification.
	www.house.gov /Constitution/Amend.html (2589 words)

	Missing 13th Amendment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		That is one of the reasons why this amendment was ratified by Virginia and the notification was lost in the mail.
		If this 13th Amendment were restored, our entire government would have to conduct itself according to the same standards of decency, respect, law, and liability as the rest of the nation.
		Therefore, the 13th Amendment's official date of ratification would be the date of re- publication of the Virginia Civil Code: March 12, 1819.
	users.frii.com /gosplow/13th.html (4882 words)

	The Constitution of the United States of America
		The ``force and effect'' of the Amendment itself has been invoked only a few times by the Court to strike down state legislation which it considered to have reintroduced servitude of persons\9\ and it has not used Sec.
		Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. the Court left open the question whether the Amendment itself, unaided by legislation, would reach the ``badges and incidents'' of slavery not directly associated with involuntary servitude, and it continued to reserve the question in City of Memphis v.
		Referring to the Thirteenth Amendment, the Court conceded that ``legislation may be necessary and proper to meet all the various cases and circumstances to be affected by it, and to prescribe proper modes of redress for its violation in letter or spirit.
	www.gpoaccess.gov /constitution/html/amdt13.html (1775 words)

	Coastal Post Article - The Missing Thirteenth Amendment
		One year later, by an Act of Congress, the printers Bioren and Duane were authorized to lay out a comprehensive edition of "The Laws of the United States of America, from the 4th of March, 1789, to the 4th of March, 1815." They did so, and published their book in five volumes in Philadelphia.
		Illinois alone published six different editions containing this "missing Thirteenth Amendment." And as late as 1876, the Territory of Wyoming published its organic laws and included this section as the valid Thirteenth Amendment, and the anti-slavery amendments of Reconstruction as Articles Fourteen and Fifteen.
		To view a Table of the states, including the publications of their organic laws, use: http://www.nidlink.com/~bobhard/13table.html For many years there was a controversy over the actual status of the 1819 Virginia ratification, and whether or not the failure of that legislature to send a letter to the Secretary of State disqualified their positive vote.
	www.coastalpost.com /97/1/20.htm (1703 words)

	FindLaw: U.S. Constitution: Thirteenth Amendment: Annotations pg. 3 of 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Thus, under a rubric of ''services which have from time immemorial been treated as exceptional,'' the Court held that contracts of seamen, involving to a certain extent the surrender of personal liberty, may be enforced without regard to the Amendment.
		38 A Thirteenth Amendment challenge to conscription for military service was summarily rejected.
		1968) (''the power of Congress to raise armies and to take effective measures to preserve their efficiency, is not limited by either the Thirteenth Amendment or the absence of a military emergency''), cert.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /data/constitution/amendment13/03.html (477 words)

	Digital History
		The permanent emancipation of all slaves therefore required a constitutional amendment.
		In April 1864, the Senate passed the Thirteenth Amendment to abolish slavery in the United States.
		If McClellan and the Democrats had won the election of 1864, as Lincoln and most Northerners expected in the summer, the amendment would almost certainly have been defeated and slave emancipation repudiated as a war aim.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /database/article_display.cfm?HHID=118 (131 words)

	The Avalon Project : U.S. Constitution : Amendments XI - XXVII
		This Amendment altered Article 2 Section 1 Part 2
		And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President.
		The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3rd day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/amend1.htm (1440 words)

	Legal Definition of Thirteenth Amendment
		The 'Lectric Law Library's Lexicon On * Thirteenth Amendment *
		The fact that someone must perform certain duties as a condition of his employment, does not violate the Thirteenth Amendment.
		1986) (requiring lawyers to perform pro bono services does not violate Thirteenth Amendment because requirement is a condition of practicing law).
	www.lectlaw.com /def2/t066.htm (160 words)

	FindLaw Constitutional Law Center: U.S. Constitution: Thirteenth Amendment
		FindLaw Constitutional Law Center: U.S. Constitution: Thirteenth Amendment
		Constitutional Law Center > U.S. Constitution > Thirteenth Amendment
		Our free service connects you to lawyers who can help you with your case.
	supreme.lp.findlaw.com /constitution/amendment13 (259 words)

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