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Topic: Thirty Tyrants (Roman)

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	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		The regions that comprised these classic empires, including the Roman empire, were so different that they had to be united by forces, and the imperial governments kept them together by capitalizing on any natural features that they had in common, and by establishing and maintaining common institutions throughout their lands.
		Pax romana (Roman peace): The Romans brought an unprecedented degree of peace and security to the lands of their empire, and their citizens and subjects fully appreciated that these blessings were dependent on the continued unity of the empire.
		Romanitas (the sense of being roman) was a deeply-held sentiment and outlived the empire itself by a matter of centuries.
	www.the-orb.net /textbooks/nelson/roman_empire.html (973 words)

	Ethics of Roman Expansion to 133 BC by Sanderson Beck
		Roman envoys sent to the Celtic Senones were murdered by Britomaris, and so consul Cornelius turned his army from the Etruscans to destroy all the Senones men, enslaving their women and children; the Boii, attempting to retaliate for their Senones kinsmen, with the Etruscans were defeated by the other consul's army and made peace.
		Roman delegations sent to Iberia to gain friends found that the example of Saguntum had lost their trust; nor were they able to persuade the Gauls to take their side, since most resented how the Romans had expelled Gauls from Italy or demanded tribute from them, and many were bought off by Hannibal's gold.
		The Seleucid navy was defeated by the Roman fleet at Corycus.
	www.san.beck.org /EC24-RomanExpansion.html (15529 words)

	Roman Empire In Turmoil 180-285 by Sanderson Beck
		The line of better Roman Emperors chosen by ability and experience ended in 180 when Commodus, the son of Marcus Aurelius, became sole Emperor at his father's death.
		In Britain Roman forces led by Ulpius Marcellus lost and regained the Antonine wall in 184; but this was abandoned the next year when he and his successor Helvius Pertinax faced army mutinies.
		Tertullian argued that Romans hate the guiltless and a guiltless name, exhibiting violence and the unjust domination of a tyranny, because the law to condemn for a mere name is unjust.
	www.san.beck.org /AB9-RomanTurmoil180-285.html (20213 words)

	The Monk's Tale
		Tyrants seek bonum proprium and bonum delectabile over the bonum commune and bonum honorificum; they value riches and glory; they are violent, proud, intemperate, and treacherous; they impose heresy; they seek war rather than peace.
		The idea of a tyrant as slave to an ungovernable sexuality, often symbolized by his subjection to a strong woman as in the case of Samson or Hercules, is a commonplace in the iconography of tyrants.
		Nebuchadnezzar, an archtypical tyrant mentioned by John of Salisbury, ignores the common good, rules by oppression, and seeks wealth as well as "glorie and delit." He is an example of a tyrant who interferes with the church and corrupts religion.
	www.unc.edu /depts/chaucer/zatta/monk.html (3879 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Thirty
		Thirty Tyrants oligarchy of ancient Athens (404-403 BC).
		Illegitimate son of a governor for the Hapsburgs in Luxembourg, he rendered distinguished service in the imperial forces in the Netherlands and was legitimized; by 1607 he was styling himself count.
		A convert to Roman Catholicism, he became a counselor in the service of the Holy Roman emperor, but soon abandoned this position for a military career.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Thirty (638 words)

	The three Slave revolts
		For most of the landowners were Roman knights in full standing, and since it was the knights who acted as judges when charges arising from provincial affairs were brought against the governors, the magistrates stood in awe of them.
		Since he was now cooperating with the Romans and turning his forces against Vettius, the latter, fearing the punishment that would await him if he were captured, slew himself, and was presently joined in death by all who had taken part in the insurrection, save only the traitor Apollonius.
		The Romans were ignorant of all this, and, therefore, coming upon them in the rear, they assaulted them unawares and took their camp.
	www.earth-history.com /Roman/slave-revolts.htm (11797 words)

	Rome at its Height\| Lectures in Medieval History
		The Romans, inhabitants of a small town in the Italian peninsula, in the western basin of the Mediterranean, had managed to conquer first the entire western basin, and then the eastern basin of this almost land-locked body of water.
		The Romans and the native peoples they controlled invested a great deal of labor in digging canals, many of them for the purpose of drainage, it is true, but many others designed for barge shipping and so well constructed that they continued to be used for a thousand years after Roman imperial power had disappeared.
		The Romans were well aware that the maintenance of a standing army was an expensive proposition, especially since that army would be employed in combat only 10 percent of the time at most.
	www.vlib.us /medieval/lectures/roman_empire.html (2725 words)

	Brewer, E. Cobham. Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Thirty Tyrants.
		The thirty magistrates appointed by Sparta over Athens, at the termination of the Peloponnesian war.
		B.C. The Thirty Tyrants of the Roman empire.
		The number thirty must be taken with great latitude, as only nineteen are given, and their resemblance to the thirty tyrants of Athens is extremely fanciful.
	www.bartleby.com /81/16426.html (124 words)

	Ancient History Sourcebook: Mithridates & The Roman Conquests in the East, 90-61 BCE
		Mithridates and The Roman Conquests in the East, 90-61 BCE
		In conquering Mithridates the Romans, almost against their wish, were forced to conquer most of the nearer Orient---especially all of Asia Minor and Syria---and to come face to face with Parthia.
		Such and so diversified was this one war against Mithridates, but in the end it brought the greatest gain to the Romans; for it pushed the boundaries of their dominion from the setting of the sun to the river Euphrates.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/mithradates1.html (1341 words)

	The Roman Empire As Related to the Introduction of Christianity
		The Roman Empire was divinery appointed to be the field in which the seed of the gospel should be sown.
		The Roman was pre-eminently a world-realm in that it was preeminently representative of the whole world during the centuries of its supremacy.
		Tertullian accuses the Romans in these terms : "Although you are forbidden by the laws to slay new-born infants, it so happens that no laws are evaded with more impunity or greater safety, with the deliberate knowledge of the public, and the suffrages of this entire age." (Ad Nationes, i.
	www.edwardtbabinski.us /sheldon/roman_empire.html (9182 words)

	The Annals book 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		And then with confused exclamations they spoke bitterly of the prices of exemptions, of their scanty pay, of the severity of their tasks, with special mention of the entrenchment, the fosse, the conveyance of fodder, building-timber, firewood, and whatever else had to be procured from necessity, or as a check on idleness in the camp.
		But the Roman general in a forced march, cut through the Caesian forest and the barrier which had been begun by Tiberius, and pitched his camp on this barrier, his front and rear being defended by intrenchments, his flanks by timber barricades.
		Everything alike was unfavourable to the Romans, the place with its deep swamps, insecure to the foot and slippery as one advanced, limbs burdened with coats of mail, and the impossibility of aiming their javelins amid the water.
	www.earth-history.com /Roman/roman-tacitus-annals-book-01.htm (16311 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR Otho
		Briefly, Otho had decided to move from Ostia to Rome a cohort of Roman citizens in order to replace some of Rome's garrison, much of which was to be utilized for the showdown with Vitellius.
		He ordered that weapons be moved from the praetorian camp in Rome by ship to Ostia at night so that the garrison replacements would be properly armed and made to look as soldierly as possible when they marched into the city.
		Nevertheless, his violent overthrow of Galba, the lingering doubts that it raised about his character, and his unsuccessful offensive against Vitellius are all vivid reminders of the turbulence that plagued the Roman world between the reigns of Nero and Vespasian.
	www.roman-emperors.org /otho.htm (2221 words)

	Chapter 5 - Foxe's Book of Martyrs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This zeal in the emperor, for the inquisitors of the Roman Catholic persuasion, arose from a report which had been propagated throughout Europe, that he intended to renounce Christianity, and turn Mahometan; the emperor therefore, attempted, by the height of bigotry, to contradict the report, and to show his attachment to popery by cruelty.
		The officers of the Inquisition are three inquisitors, or judges, a fiscal proctor, two secretaries, a magistrate, a messenger, a receiver, a jailer, an agent of confiscated possessions; several assessors, counsellors, executioners, physicians, surgeons, doorkeepers, familiars, and visitors, who are sworn to secrecy.
		Some may suggest, that it is strange crowned heads and eminent nobles did not attempt to crush the power of the Inquisition, and reduce the authority of those ecclesiastical tyrants, from whose merciless fangs neither their families nor themselves were secure.
	www.biblebelievers.net /romanism/kjcfox5.htm (8747 words)

	Estienne De La Boetie: Discourse on Voluntary Servitude (1548) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		their first tyrant, by entrusting to him the command of the army, without realizing that they had given him such power that on his victorious return this worthy man would behave as if he had vanquished not his enemies but his compatriots, transforming himself from captain to king, and then from king to tyrant.
		Tyrants are well aware of this, and, in order to degrade their subjects further, encourage them to assume this attitude and make it instinctive.
		Tyrants themselves have wondered that men could endure the persecution of a single man; they have insisted on using religion for their own protection and, where possible, have borrowed a stray bit of divinity to bolster up their evil ways.
	www.constitution.org /la_boetie/serv_vol.htm (14351 words)

	Gallienus
		Executive summary: Roman Emperor, 253-68 AD Roman emperor from AD 260 to 268, son of the emperor Valerian, was born about 218.
		During his reign the empire was ravaged by a fearful pestilence; and the chief cities of Greece were sacked by the Goths, who descended on the Greek coast with a fleet of five hundred.
		His generals rebelled against him in almost every province of the empire, and this period of Roman history came to be called the reign of the Thirty Tyrants.
	www.nndb.com /people/597/000104285 (254 words)

	History of Ancient Greece
		Their political structure was unstable because the kings often acted like tyrants to the citizens.
		The Thirty Tyrants, a group of aristocratic Spartans, took control of Athens.
		In 399 BC, Socrates, the philosopher, was tried and executed for his objection to the Thirty Tyrants.
	www.mccsc.edu /~rcourtne/anc_greece.htm (816 words)

	Gutenkarte » History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empir... » Pontus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It was probably some ingenious fancy, of comparing the thirty tyrants of Rome with the thirty tyrants of Athens, that induced the writers of the Augustan History to select that celebrated number, which has been gradually received into a popular appellation.
		Nor can the number of thirty be completed, unless we include in the account the women and children who were honored with the Imperial title.
		They were faithful to their engagements; but when they arrived on the Roman frontier, Aurelian was already dead, the design of the Persian war was at least suspended, and the generals, who, during the interregnum, exercised a doubtful authority, were unprepared either to receive or to oppose them.
	gutenkarte.org /place/731/15206 (1819 words)

	Historia Augusta
		Now the work appears to be written by people who shared a common outlook on the past, and agreed to the values of the pagan senatorial aristocracy of Rome.
		This literary taste is older than the Historia Augusta: the first example from the Roman world is the vie romancée of Apollonius of Tyana by Philostratus, which is in turn inspired by the Education of Cyrus by Xenophon.
		The text may have been part of an attempt to deduce from the splendor of Roman history that the pagan traditionalists were right, and Christianity was, from an historical point of view, an unRoman activity.
	www.livius.org /hi-hn/ha/hist_aug.html (1084 words)

	Thirty Tyrants (Roman) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Thirty Tyrants, or Thirty Pretenders (Latin: Tyranni Triginta) were a group of thirty men (some of whom were children) and two women listed by Trebellius Pollio in the Historia Augusta as having ostensibly been pretenders to the throne of the Roman Empire during the reign of the emperor Gallienus.
		Given the notorious unreliability of the Historia Augusta, the veracity of this list is debatable; there is a scholarly consensus that the author deliberately inflated the number of pretenders in order to parallel the Thirty Tyrants of Athens.
		The Thirty Tyrants listed by the Historia Augusta were: Cyriades, Postumus, Postumus Junior, Laelianus, Victorinus, Victorinus Junior, Marius, Ingenuus, Regalianus, Aureolus, Macrianus, Macrianus Junior, Quietus, Odaenathus, Herodes, Maeonius, Balista, Valens, Valens Superior, Piso, Aemilianus, Saturninus, Tetricus Senior, Tetricus Junior, Trebellianus, Herennianus, Timolaus, Celsus, Zenobia, Victoria (or Vitruvia), Titus, and Censorinus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thirty_Tyrants_(Roman) (296 words)

	: : Treasurehunting.tv - : Coins and Roman Britain : :
		The earliest evidence of a Roman mint in Britain is under Carausius(A.D. The mint-letters on the coins of this emperor and hissuccessor Allectus, prove that
		The coins of the Constantine period are the most numerous, andthose of the 'Thirty
		thirty years of this century, confusion and strife prevailed inmost parts of the
	www.treasurehunting.tv /COINS_AND_ROMAN_BRITAIN.htm (1467 words)

	Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
		The image of a free constitution was preserved with decent reverence: the Roman senate appeared to possess the sovereign authority, and devolved on the emperors all the executive powers of government.
		Secretly conscious that the applause and favour or the Romans accompanied the rising fortunes of Julian, his discontented mind was prepared to receive the subtle poison of those artful sycophants who coloured their mischievous designs with the fairest appearances of truth and candour.
		Under the mild and generous influence of liberty, the Roman empire might have remained invincible and immortal; or if its excessive magnitude, and the instability of human affairs, had opposed such perpetual continuance, its vital and constituent members might have separately preserved their vigour and independence.
	www.georgetown.edu /faculty/jod/texts/gibbon.excerpts.html (8099 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Gallienus
		He was cruel to the vanquished, and was unable to repel the attacks of the Frankish invaders of Gaul, but bribed their chieftains to undertake the wardenship of the Rhenish borderline.
		During the wars against the Germans many distinguished Roman officers were proclaimed emperors in the various provinces.
		A bloody persecution of the Christians broke out in 257- 258, instigated by imperial edicts; they were accused of failure to take up arms in defence of the empire from its invaders.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06366a.htm (540 words)

	Saturninus — FactMonster.com
		Domitian - Domitian (Titus Flavius Domitianus), A.D. 51–A.D. 96, Roman emperor (A.D. 81–A.D. Metellus - Metellus, ancient Roman family of the plebeian gens Caecilia.
		Cap of Liberty - Cap of Liberty When a slave was manumitted by the Romans, a small red cloth cap, called pileus, was...
		Thirty Tyrants - Thirty Tyrants The thirty magistrates appointed by Sparta over Athens, at the termination of the...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0843758.html (206 words)

	Gutenkarte » History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empir... » Chapter 26
		During that calamitous period, every instant of time was marked, every province of the Roman world was afflicted, by barbarous invaders, and military tyrants, and the ruined empire seemed to approach the last and fatal moment of its dissolution.
		This is the first considerable occasion in which history mentions that great people, who afterwards broke the Roman power, sacked the Capitol, and reigned in Gaul, Spain, and Italy.
		About the reign of Alexander Severus, the Roman province of Dacia had already experienced their proximity by frequent and destructive inroads.
	gutenkarte.org /section/731/26 (3609 words)

	The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire X
		But the Romans were irritated to a still higher degree when they discovered that they had not even secured their repose, though at the expense of their honour.
		As the Roman empire was at the same time, and on every side, attacked by the blind fury of foreign invaders, and the wild ambition of domestic usurpers, we shall consult order and perspicuity by pursuing not so much the doubtful arrangement of dates as the more natural distribution of subjects.
		Such were the barbarians, and such the tyrants, who, under the reigns of Valerian and Gallienus, dismembered the provinces, and reduced the empire to the lowest pitch of disgrace and ruin, from whence it seemed impossible that it should ever emerge.
	www.ccel.org /g/gibbon/decline/volume1/chap10.htm (13521 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 1170 (v. 3) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ancient Library > Bookshelf > Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology > v.
		TREBONIANUS GALLUS, the Roman emperor, is spoken of under gallus, but as no coin of his is given under that head, it is inserted here.
		trebonius, a Roman eques and a negotiator or money-lender in the provinces, was recommended by Cicero to the proconsul Lentulus in b.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/3504.html (843 words)

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