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	Thomas Johann Seebeck Summary
		Seebeck's outstanding scientific achievement was the discovery of one of the three classical thermoelectric effects, which are the Seebeck, the Peltier, and the Thomson effects.
		Seebeck's discovery was the first, dating from 1822–1823, followed by that of Jean-Charles-Athanase Peltier in 1832 and that of William Thomson in 1854.
		Seebeck understood that his effect might be used for precision measurements of temperature differences, and indeed it is exploited for this purpose in modern thermoelements.
	www.bookrags.com /Thomas_Johann_Seebeck (927 words)

	Seebeck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Thomas Johann Seebeck was born in Reval (now Tallin), the capital of Estonia, that was then part of East Prussia, on 9 April 1770, into a wealthy merchant family.
		Seebeck is credited with the discovery of the thermoelectrical effect, but he used his discovery to incorrectly conclude that the earth's magnetic field was produced by the temperature differences between the two poles and the equator.
		Seebeck also formed a circuit composed of copper and bismuth conductors (wires) in which he held one junction of the metals in one hand, and observed that the needle deflected from the difference in temperature of the metallic junctions caused by the heat of his hand.
	chem.ch.huji.ac.il /~eugeniik/history/seebeck.html (1437 words)

	Adventures in CyberSound: Seebeck, Thomas Johann
		Seebeck returned to the University of Berlin around 1818 (3) as faculty where he worked independently on the magnetization of iron and steel when electrical currents were passed through conductors.
		Seebeck also formed a circuit composed of copper and bismuth conductors (wires) in which he held one junction of the metals in one hand, and observed that the needle deflected from the difference in temperature of the metallic junctions caused by the heat of his hand.
		Seebeck devised thermocouples; used thermoelements to measure temperature, built a polariscope (device to measure polarized light); studied heat radiation, and the rotary effect of sugar solutions on plane polarized light.
	www.acmi.net.au /AIC/SEEBECK_BIO.html (1569 words)

	T. J. Seebeck Info - Bored Net - Boredom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Thomas Johann Seebeck (April 9, 1770 - December 10,1831) was a physicist who in 1821 discovered the thermoelectric effect.
		Seebeck was born in Reval, East Prussia (today Tallinn, Estonia) to a wealthy German merchant family.
		This is also called the Seebeck effect and is the basis of the thermocouple.
	www.borednet.com /e/n/encyclopedia/t/t_/t__j__seebeck.html (99 words)

	Thermoelectrics Basics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Still, the pioneer in thermoelectrics was a German scientist Thomas Johann Seebeck (1770-1831), who was born in the Estonian town Revel.
		Seebeck discovered that if the ends of the circuit consisting of two heterogeneous metals soldered under different temperature conditions were closed, a magnetic needle placed near it would rotate as if there were a magnet applied.
		Seebeck gathered much research material that dealt with circuits consisting of various combinations of hard and liquid metals, alloys and compositions of metals and effect of temperature difference on them.
	www.kryotherm.ru /history_spr.html (800 words)

	Technical Info - Electrical Equations
		In 1821 Thomas Johann Seebeck found that a circuit made from two dissimilar metals, with junctions at different temperatures would deflect a compass magnet.
		Seebeck initially believed this was due to magnetism induced by the temperature difference.
		The proportionality constant, known as the Thomson coefficient is related by thermodynamics to the Seebeck coefficient.
	www.customthermoelectric.com /History.html (399 words)

	Thermocouples (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The first person to discover the effect of electricity being generated by the junctions of two dissimilar metals at differing temperatures was Thomas Johann Seebeck when in 1821 he found that the circuit could move a compass needle.
		Seebeck’s work set the platform for Leopoldo Nobili, who, after a stint as one of Napoleon’s artillerymen, developed together with Italian physicist Macedonio Melloni, a thermoelectrical battery in 1826.
		Thanks to Seebeck and Nobili, the electrical power is provided by these thermoelectric generators converting the heat from a plutonium heat source into electricity using thermocouples.
	www.thermalcorp.com /thermocouples.php (596 words)

	History
		In 1821 Thomas Johann Seebeck found that a circuit made from two dissimilar metals, with junctions at different temperatures would deflect a compass magnet.
		Seebeck initially believed this was due to magnetism induced by the temperature difference.
		The proportionality constant, known as the Thomson coefficient is related by thermodynamics to the Seebeck coefficient.
	www.its.caltech.edu /~jsnyder/thermoelectrics/history_page.htm (809 words)

	Seebeck
		Seebeck se vrátil k univerzitě Berlína asi 1818 jako schopnost kde on pracoval nezávisle na magnetizaci železa a oceli, když elektrické proudy byly prošel dirigenty.
		Seebeck také se tvořil obvod složený z mědi a dirigentů vizmutu (telegrafuje) ve kterém on držel jednu křižovatku kovů v jedné ruce, a poznamenal, že jehla se odchýlila od teplotního rozdílu kovových křižovatek způsobených teplem jeho ruky.
		Seebeck vymyslel thermocouples; používal thermoelements, aby měřil teplotu, postavil polariscope (zařízení k měřícímu polarizovanému světlu); studoval tepelné záření a točitý účinek cukrových roztoků na letadlovém polarizovaném světle.
	www.jergym.hiedu.cz /~canovm/objevite/objev4/see.htm (1184 words)

	Caneva lecture - November 16, 2000
		He referred to Seebeck's "thermelectromagnetic experiments" as he went on to claim for himself the discovery "that through unequal heating all bodies acquire magnetomotive properties," a fact he demonstrated by forming circuits composed of a single metal which, when heated at one place, produce a deflection of an appropriately placed magnetic needle.
		In repeating and extending Ørsted's experiments, Seebeck came to suspect that any inequality of action on the metals used in the galvanic circuit might produce what he persisted in calling a "magnetic polarization" of the circuit, his choice of terms indicating his disinclination to trace Ørsted's electromagnetic phenomena to the generation of an electric current.
		Seebeck argued that the magnetic polarization he observed could not be solely due to any free electricity-such as could be detected with an electroscope-and that one was therefore not justified in calling such circuits "electromagnetic."
	www.sil.si.edu /silpublications/dibner-library-lectures/scientific-discoveries/text-lecture.htm (5097 words)

	History of Thermodynamics: Timeline
		Thomas Newcomen's (1663-1729) steam engine, using power generated from atmospheric pressure operating on a piston with condensing steam on the low pressure side, is placed in service to pump water from mines.
		Thomas Andrews (1813-1885), in a series of experiments with CO through 1869, finds that at low temperatures Boyle's law breaks down, and there are regions on a PV chart where, for a given isotherm, changes in volume produce no change in pressure.
		Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837-1923), in his doctoral dissertation, gives the first correct approximation for the effects of a non-vanishing ratio of molecule diameter to average distance by assuming long-range attractive and short-range repulsive forces, applying this to the case of gases at high densities.
	www.wiley.com /college/schmidt/047114343X/thermonet/history/historytimeline.html (4303 words)

	Articles - Education::How Does A Thermocouple Work?
		T.J Seebeck discovered in the 1820s that an electric current flows in a closed circuit of two dissimilar metals when one of the two junctions is heated with respect to the other.
		In "Principals and Method of Temperature Measurement", Thomas D McGee explains that the usual result of deterioration is the gradual reduction in the Seebeck voltage, often extended over several weeks and not frequently detected.
		Fortunately, while Mr Thomas Johann Seebeck was experimenting with his wires in the 1820s, his contemporary and fellow countryman, Mr Georg Ohm, was also conducting his own experiments.
	www.gotlinks.com /earticles/articles/100157-how-does-a-thermocouple-work_.html (718 words)

	Introduction to Thermoelectrics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Thomas Johann Seebeck was born in Revel (now Tallinn), the capital of Estonia which at that time was part of East Prussia.
		Seebeck was a member of a prominent merchant family with ancestral roots in Sweden.
		The Seebeck coefficient is defined as the open circuit voltage produced between two points on a conductor, where a uniform temperature difference of 1K exists between those points.
	www.thermoelectrics.com /introduction.htm (1007 words)

	Peltier-Seebeck effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Peltier-Seebeck and Thomson effects are reversible (in fact, the Peltier and Seebeck effects are reversals of one another); Joule heating is not, and cannot be, under the laws of thermodynamics.
		This effect was first discovered, accidentally, by the Estonian physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck in 1821, who found that a voltage existed between two ends of a metal bar when a temperature gradient $\nabla T$ existed in the bar.
		The Seebeck coefficients are non-linear, and depend on the conductors' absolute temperature, material, and molecular structure.
	88.208.194.172 /wiki/index.php/Peltier-Seebeck_effect (1683 words)

	ESD Journal - The ESD & Electrostatics Magazine
		The "vulcanized" name was applied by English rubber pioneer Thomas Hancock, using the sugggestion of a friend to name the process after Vulcan, the Roman god of fire.
		Francis Thomas Bacon was an English engineer who developed the first practical hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells, which convert air and fuel directly into electricity through electrochemical processes.
		Seebeck's work was the basis of German physicist Georg Simon Ohm (1789-1854) discoveries in electricity and of French physicist Jean Charles Athanase Peltier (1785-1845), whose Peltier effect became well known as a way to use electricity to freeze water (air conditioning, refrigeration).
	www.esdjournal.com /articles/History/December/December.htm (3184 words)

	Principle of operation \| Data Acquisition Web
		Sc is the Seebeck coefficient of the wiring used in the voltage measuring circuit.
		These terms are defined by industry standards as the Sab Seebeck coefficient signifying a type ab thermocouple made of material a and b.
		Seebeck Effect is a phenomenon that depends solely on the material’s internal molecular structure and does not depend on the type of junction between materials.
	www.dataacquisitionweb.com /sensors/principle_of_operation (544 words)

	Thomas Johann Seebeck - Wikipedia
		Er traf Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, mit dem er an der Theorie der Farben und des farbigen Lichtes arbeitete.
		Er untersuchte die Wärmewirkung unterschiedlicher Farben des Solarspektrums.
		Seebeck stellte 1823 eine thermoelektrische Spannungsreihe auf und veröffentlichte seine thermomagnetischen Arbeiten in "Magnetische Polarisation der Metalle und Erze durch Temperatur-Differenz.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thomas_Johann_Seebeck (232 words)

	How Does A Thermocouple Work? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		T.J Seebeck discovered in the 1820s that an electric current flows in a closed circuit of two dissimilar metals when one of the two junctions is heated with respect to the other.
		In "Principals and Method of Temperature Measurement", Thomas D McGee explains that the usual result of deterioration is the gradual reduction in the Seebeck voltage, often extended over several weeks and not frequently detected.
		Fortunately, while Mr Thomas Johann Seebeck was experimenting with his wires in the 1820s, his contemporary and fellow countryman, Mr Georg Ohm, was also conducting his own experiments.
	www.datatrackpi.com /article.php?id=3 (772 words)

	Patent-Invent: Thermoelectricity (Peltier-Seebeck Effect)
		The Peltier, Seebeck, and Thomson effects are reversible; Joule heating is not, and cannot be, under the laws of thermodynamics.
		This effect was first discovered, accidentally, by the Estonian physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck in 1821, who discovered that a voltage existed between two ends of a metal bar when a temperature gradient
		This effect was observed 13 years after Seebeck's initial discovery in 1834 by Jean Peltier.
	www.patent-invent.com /electricity/inventions/thermoelectricity.html (1149 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		This holds nine kilograms of helium, which is used to supply pressurant to expel propellants from the two bipropellant tanks and the hydrazine tank.
		The Seebeck effect, the work of Thomas Johann Seebeck (1770 - 1831), refers to the appearance of a thermo-emf in an electric circuit composed of heterogeneous conductors, which contacts have different temperatures.
		The thermoelectric ability of the couple is evaluated by the Seebeck coefficient which lies for different materials with the range from +43 to -38 mcV/deg.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /saturn/qa/new/Role_of_helium_on_Cassini___Seebeck_effect_.txt (351 words)

	Thomas Johann Seebeck - Wikipédia
		Thomas Johann Seebeck (9 avril 1770 - 10 décembre 1831) ;: physicien allemand qui découvrit l'effet Seebeck en 1821.
		Thomas Johann Seebeck est né à Reval en Prusse orientale (aujourd'hui Tallinn, Estonie) dans une famille de marchand allemande.
		En 1821, il découvre l'effet Seebeck : une différence de potentiel apparaît à la jonction de deux matériaux lorsqu'ils sont soumis à un gradient de température.
	fr.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thomas_Johann_Seebeck (147 words)

	Thermoelectric Battery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		When he held one junction between the two metals in his hand, a current was established, which he attributed to the difference in temperature between the junction in his hand, and the other junction in the circuit.
		Thus the Seebeck Effect involves the use of temperature differences to produce an EMF, and can be used to detect thermal radiation.
		We rarely mention the Seebeck and Peltier effects to introductory students today, but in the middle part of the century the thermo-electric battery was often used in place of galvanic batteries.
	physics.kenyon.edu /EarlyApparatus/Thermodynamics/Thermoelectric_Battery/Thermoelectric_Battery.html (377 words)

	What are Thermocouples? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Thermocouples consist of a pair of dissimilar metal wires joined typically at one end, producing a net thermoelectric voltage between the open pair according to the size of the temperature difference between the ends, the relative Seebeck coefficient of the wire pair and the uniformity of the wire-pair relative to the Seebeck coefficient.
		The discovery of thermoelectricity is accredited to Thomas Johann Seebeck (1770-1831) Raised in Estonia, a son of a prominent merchant.
		The Seebeck coefficient is defined as the open circuit voltage produced between two points on a conductor, where a uniform temperature difference of 1K ohms exists between those points.
	www.thesensorconnection.com /WhatareThermocouples.htm (259 words)

	Why Seebeck Needs Two Conductors \| Thermoelectric News
		This explains to some extent how Thomas Johann Seebeck was able to discover, apparently by accident, Effect 1 whilst never appreciating the existence of Effect 3.
		Legend has it that Seebeckâ€™s accidental discovery of Effect 1 occurred when he noticed that a compass needle was deflected in the vicinity of a circuit constructed of two dissimilar materials when the two contacts between the two conductors were maintained at different temperatures.
		I know of no reports to suggest that Seebeck ever noticed, or even attempted to detect, any similar deflection of the compass needle in the vicinity of a single electrical conductor with its ends maintained at different temperatures.
	www.zts.com /node/3896 (711 words)

	eFunda: Theory of Thermocouples
		The basis of thermocouples was established by Thomas Johann Seebeck in 1821 when he discovered that a conductor generates a voltage when subjected to a temperature gradient.
		The Seebeck effect describes the voltage or electromotive force (EMF) induced by the temperature difference (gradient) along the wire.
		Peltier effect describes the temperature difference generated by EMF and is the reverse of Seebeck effect.
	www.efunda.com /DesignStandards/sensors/thermocouples/thmcple_theory.cfm?Orderby=Seebeck0C (621 words)

	Science and Society Picture Library - Search
		Johann Gahn, Swedish chemist and mineralogist, c 1780.
		Johann Regiomontanus Muller, German mathematician and astronomer, c 1460.
		Johann Salomo Christoph Schweigger, German physicist, c 1820.
	www.scienceandsociety.co.uk /results.asp?txtkeys1=Johann (92 words)

	Electrochemistry Essays\| Electrochemistry Dissertations
		In 1800, the English chemists William Nicholson and Johann Ritter succeeded in decomposing water into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis.
		By 1801 Ritter observed thermoelectric currents and anticipated the discovery of thermoelectricity by Thomas Johann Seebeck.
		In 1821, Estonian-German physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck demonstrated the electrical potential in the juncture points of two dissimilar metals when there is a heat difference between the joints.
	www.sciences.degree-essays.com /electrochemistry-essays.html (5723 words)

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