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Topic: Thomas Kuhn

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Thomas Samuel Kuhn

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

History of science and technology

Paradigm shift

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Paul Feyerabend

Scientific revolution

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Philosophy of science

Karl Popper

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Bowie Kuhn

	Thomas Kuhn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Thomas Kuhn, probably the world’s most influential theorist of science in the second half of the twentieth century, was born on 18 July 1922 in Cincinnati, Ohio.
		Kuhn belonged to the last generation of people trained in physics who still conceived of it as natural philosophy by more exact means, only to receive a rude awakening once World War II turned into the “The Physicists’ War.” Like many of his generation, Kuhn applied his physics in wartime service.
		From Kuhn’s correspondence with Conant in the immediate postwar period, it is clear that Conant represented the more sensitive of the institutional and larger social dimensions of science, whereas Kuhn persuaded Conant of the philosophical value of disciplines like astronomy and mechanics, the significance of which as a chemist Conant was otherwise inclined to underestimate.
	www.thoemmes.com /encyclopedia/kuhn.htm (3661 words)

	Learn more about Thomas Samuel Kuhn in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Kuhn obtained his Ph.D in physics from Harvard University in 1949, and taught a course in the history of science at Harvard from 1948 to 1956.
		Kuhn is very often interpreted by post modern and post structuralist thinkers as having undermined the enterprise of science by showing that scientific knowledge is dependent on the culture of groups of scientists rather than on adherence to a specific, definable method.
		Kuhn’s work has also been interpreted as blurring the demarcation between scientific and non-scientific enterprises because it describes scientific progress without reference to an idealised scientific method that can be used to distinguish science from non-science.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /t/th/thomas_samuel_kuhn.html (1152 words)

	Thomas Samuel Kuhn - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thomas Samuel Kuhn (July 18, 1922 – June 17, 1996) was an American intellectual who wrote extensively on the history of science and developed several important notions in the philosophy of science.
		Descendant of a Jewish family, Kuhn was born in Cincinnati, Ohio to Samuel L. Kuhn, an industrial engineer, and Minette Stroock Kuhn.
		Kuhn was named a Guggenheim Fellow in 1954, and in 1982 was awarded the George Sarton Medal in the History of Science.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thomas_Kuhn (372 words)

	Kids.net.au - Encyclopedia Thomas Samuel Kuhn -
		Thomas Samuel Kuhn (July 18, 1922 - June 17, 1996) wrote extensively on the history of science, and developed several important notions in the philosophy of science.
		Kuhn's analysis of the history of science suggests to him that the practice of science comes in three phases.
		Kuhn explains that normal science is what scientists spend most of their careers doing.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/th/Thomas_Kuhn (1136 words)

	Thomas Kuhn
		Kuhn argued that a scientific revolution is a noncumulative developmental episode in which an older paradigm is replaced in whole or in part by an incompatible new one.
		Kuhn suggested that questions about whether a discipline is or is not a science can be answered only when members of a scholarly community who doubt their status achieve consensus about their past and present accomplishments.
		Thomas Kuhn was named a Guggenheim Fellow in 1954 and was awarded the George Sarton Medal in the History of Science in 1982.
	www.des.emory.edu /mfp/Kuhnsnap.html (1297 words)

	Thomas Kuhn
		Kuhn himself repudiated such ideas and his work makes it clear that the factors determining the outcome of a scientific dispute, particularly in modern science, are almost always to be found within science, specifically in connexion with the puzzle-solving power of the competing ideas.
		Kuhn's challenge to it lay not in rejecting the anti-realism implicit in the view that theories do not refer to the world but rather in undermining the assumption that the relationship of observation sentence to the world is unproblematic.
		Kuhn supposes that individual differences are normally distributed and that a judgment corresponding to the mean of the distribution will also correspond to the judgment that would, hypothetically, be demanded by the rules of scientific method, as traditionally conceived (1977c, 333).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/thomas-kuhn (10597 words)

	Thomas S. Kuhn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Kuhn was the author of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), a seminal work on the nature of scientific change and was widely celebrated as a central figure in contemporary thought about how the scientific process evolves.
		Kuhn retired in 1991 and took the rank of professor emeritus.
		Kuhn is survived by his wife, Jehane R. Kuhn; two daughters, Sarah Kuhn of Framingham, Mass., and Elizabeth Kuhn of Los Angles: a son, Nathaniel S. Kuhn of Arlington, Mass.; a brother, Roger S. Kuhn of Bethesda, Md.; and four grandchildren, Emma Kuhn LaChance, Samuel Kuhn LaChance, Gabrielle Gui-Ying Kuhn, and Benjamin Simon Kuhn.
	www-tech.mit.edu /V116/N28/kuhn.28n.html (629 words)

	-Paradigms Die Hard-
		One important aspect of Kuhn's philosophy involves the idea that "the decision to reject one paradigm is always simultaneously the decision to accept another, and the judgment leading to that decision involves the comparison of both paradigms with nature and with each other".
		Kuhn further suggests that it is during "periods of acknowledged crisis that scientists have turned to philosophical analysis as a device for unlocking the riddles of their field".
		According to Kuhn, perhaps more compelling and decisive than the previous two arguments for a new paradigm, "are the arguments, rarely made entirely explicit, that appeal to the individual's sense of the appropriate or the aesthetic--the new theory is said to be 'neater,' 'more suitable,' or 'simpler' than the old".
	gothling.tripod.com /paradigm.html (2369 words)

	Kuhn, Thomas S.
		Kuhn acknowledges that he had used it in two distinct senses: first, to stand for "the entire constellation of beliefs, values, techniques, and so on shared by the members of a given community," and second, "for one sort of element in that constellation, the concrete puzzle-solutions which.
		Kuhn's importance to literary studies in the last quarter of the twentieth century is that his prestige and that of his followers can be used to legitimate the historical study of literature against the structuralist insistence on synchronic study as the only legitimate and "scientific" mode.
		Kuhn himself has not branched out into literary or cultural history except in the 1969 essay "Comment on the Relations of Science and Art" (in The Essential Tension), in which he suggests that his approach to the problem of theoretical change in science might be applicable to the problem of style in the arts.
	www.press.jhu.edu /books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/thomas_s._kuhn.html (1321 words)

	Thomas Kuhn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Kuhn challenges traditional historical accounts of the evolution of science as well as the basic assumptions on which science is founded.
		Kuhn claims that the ultimate resolution of the conflict between competing paradigms is not wholly result of reasoning and comparative analysis; it is affected by external factors as well.
		Kuhn agrees that science evolves, but he rejects the idea that the evolution of science is goal-directed.
	www.scicom.lth.se /fmet/kuhn.html (455 words)

	Thomas Kuhn's irrationalism by James Franklin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Political scientists, sociologists, and anthropologists recognized Kuhn’s picture of disciplines putting the accumulation of evidence to the background while bringing to the fore fights about theory; they were delighted to hear that what had previously been thought an embarrassment was the way it was done in the most respectable sciences.
		Kuhn’s rhetoric incorporated a few further successful ploys, in that paradigm”; was undoubtedly a cute technical term, as technical terms go, and the phrase “normal science” had just the right hint of superciliousness towards the worker bees who are credulously doing the hard work of science.
		The worst effect of Kuhn, and the one taken up both most unthinkingly and most forcefully across the whole range of disciplines he influenced, has been the frivolous discarding of the way things are as a constraint on theory about the way things are.
	www.newcriterion.com /archive/18/jun00/kuhn.htm (3082 words)

	FT March 2000: Thomas S. Kuhn: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Kuhn’s studies revealed that at the time these revolutionary theories were proposed, there was no rational way to determine which theory was correct.
		Moreover, Kuhn argued (and this forever endeared him to postmodernists), a scientist’s indoctrination into the reigning paradigm was usually so complete that it affected his observations and experiments.
		Kuhn, by pulling back the curtain on real scientific practice, showed scientific reasoning to be just a species of dialectic, perhaps more disciplined than others, but not in principle different or indubitable.
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft0003/articles/kuhn.html (1023 words)

	The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas S. Kuhn, An Evolution of Consciousness Review by Robert Joseph ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Kuhn co-opted the obscure word paradigm, which formerly meant only a model, such as amo, amos, amat is a model for conjugating the verb to love in Latin, and applied it to the field of science.
		This, Kuhn tells us, is what historians of science are beginning to do, and what led him to his interest in paradigms as a way of understanding the evolution of consciousness that accompanies a scientific breakthrough.
		Kuhn sums it up by saying that "to desert the paradigm is to cease practicing the science it defines." Practicing science is like assembling a jigsaw puzzle.
	www.doyletics.com /art/tsosrart.htm (3974 words)

	PROFILE: RELUCTANT REVOLUTIONARY
		Kuhn calls this "mopping up." But there are always anomalies, phenomena that the paradigm cannot account for or that directly contradict it.
		Kuhn concedes that he is partly to blame for some of the anti-science interpretations of his book.
		Kuhn thinks the book, his fifth and most recent, is "in some ways my finest work." Yet some physicists accused him of unfairly bolstering Einstein's already unparalleled reputation at Planck's expense.
	www-cse.ucsd.edu /users/goguen/courses/268D/horgan.html (1952 words)

	Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions - outline
		Kuhn begins by formulating some assumptions that lay the foundation for subsequent discussion and by briefly outlining the key contentions of the book.
		Kuhn observes that his view is not the prevalent view.
		The developmental process described by Kuhn is a process of evolution from primitive beginnings—a process whose successive stages are characterized by an increasingly detailed and refined understanding of nature.
	www.des.emory.edu /mfp/Kuhn.html (8208 words)

	Thomas S. Kuhn, the Culture War and the Idea of Secession
		Kuhn never took the view either that one paradigm is as good as another (the ultimate consequence of relativism), or that change is arbitrary, or that a paradigm is not adopted for good reasons.
		One of Kuhn’s lessons is that efforts to change the dominant paradigm at the fundamental level (as opposed to making this or that minor reform) are invariably ignored, at least at first.
		One of Kuhn’s themes is that dominant paradigms get into increasing trouble when they cannot handle anomalies – patterns of well-verified facts or events that throw cold water on their basic assumptions.
	www.lewrockwell.com /yates/yates21.html (4200 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Kuhn's use of terms such as "paradigm shift" and "normal science," his ideas of how scientists move from disdain through doubt to acceptance of a new theory, his stress on social and psychological factors in science--all have had profound effects on historians, scientists, philosophers, critics, writers, business gurus, and even the cartoonist in the street.
		While Kuhn's emphasis that one cannot beat something with nothing appears to be correct, when one theory is replaced by another, it is usually because the superiority of the epistemic support of the replacement or modification has been recognized by scientists.
		Kuhn says empirical observations are always transformed by the "spectacles one's wearing," by the "shared assumptions of one's peers," and that interpretation of data has to be by definition an emotional event guided by mob bias.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0226458083?v=glance (3564 words)

	Thomas Kuhn
		Thomas Kuhn's Irrationalism, by James Franklin, New Criterion.
		Thomas S. Kuhn, the Culture War and the Idea of Secession, by Steven Yates.
		Kuhn's notion of the paradigm shift to social and cultural revolutions.
	webpages.shepherd.edu /maustin/kuhn/kuhn.htm (453 words)

	Guide to Kuhn’s Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Kuhn is concerned to dispel the idea that the common occurrence of scientific discoveries disproves his thesis.
		Kuhn, on the other hand, develops a line of argument that is more or less an inference to the best explanation - if we suppose that problems and standards change across paradigm shifts, then we may explain why there is so often a breakdown in communication.
		Kuhn’s fourth idea of an exemplar is the most interesting element, especially in light of denial of the traditional presumption that theories and laws determine the empirical content of science.
	philosophy.wisc.edu /forster/220/kuhn.htm (8405 words)

	Thomas Kuhn
		Thomas Kuhn who, after having studied physics in the 1940s, started to lecture in history of science, was the first to point this out.
		Kuhn writes: "Mopping up is what most scientists are occupied with during their career." "From a close view...
		Kuhn uses the discovery of oxygen, which led to a revolution in chemistry, as an example.
	publish.uwo.ca /~trmurphy/Soc240Lectures/Kuhn-Summary.htm (1531 words)

	MSN Encarta - Thomas Kuhn
		Kuhn, Thomas Samuel (1922-1996), American historian and philosopher of science, a leading contributor to the change of focus in the philosophy and sociology of science in the 1960s.
		In 1962, Kuhn published The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, which depicted the development of the basic natural sciences in an innovative way.
		Kuhn believes that scientific progress—that is, progress from one paradigm to another—has no logical reasoning.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761582223 (210 words)

	Thomas Kuhn
		Kuhn envisioned a science as having, at any one time, a world view, or 'paradigm', of its environment.
		Kuhn felt that most scientists participate in 'normal science' which is any activity consistent with the existing paradigm, with relatively small gains the rule.
		I find Kuhn's image of a paradigm to be very useful in my understanding of myself, and of the changes that take place in all of life, scientific, social, religious, everything.
	www.ee.scu.edu /eefac/healy/kuhn.html (812 words)

	Kuhn, Thomas S. -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Kuhn earned bachelor's (1943) and master's (1946) degrees in physics at Harvard University but obtained his Ph.D. (1949) there in the history of science.
		Kuhn, Thomas S. American historian of science noted for The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), one of the most influential works of history and philosophy written in the 20th century.
		Thomas, R.S. Welsh clergyman and poet whose lucid, austere verse expresses an undeviating affirmation of the values of the common man.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9002756 (805 words)

	Right Reason: Thomas Kuhn, Irrationalist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Kuhn's paradigm relativism gives grounds for moving from one paradigm to another rationally, and therefore some paradigms are better than others.
		Thomas gets Kuhn's real point, which is that Ptolemy did the best he could with the data he had.
		Kuhn believed this, but he also believed that the elders deserved their due as the honest and brilliant men they were.
	rightreason.ektopos.com /archives/001333.html (5059 words)

	Bird, A.: Thomas Kuhn.
		Alexander Bird explains Kuhn's central distinction between normal and revolutionary science and then examines in detail the role played by the key notion of a paradigm in his account of radical scientific change.
		Examining Kuhn's thought in relation to its historical context as well as other more recent philosophies of science, Alexander Bird argues that Kuhn's thinking betrays a residual commitment to many theses characteristic of the empiricists he set out to challenge.
		His book concludes by looking at Kuhn's influence on the history and philosophy of science and asks where the field may be heading in the wake of Kuhn's ideas.
	pup.princeton.edu /titles/7041.html (372 words)

	CT - Thomas Kuhn receives probation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Judge Mary Katherine Huffman said she opted for a longer probationary term under the court’s control rather than impose 18 months of incarceration, in part, because Kuhn had not displayed remorse for the charges to which he pleaded "no contest" on June 23 and was therefore found guilty.
		Referring to a report she received from court-appointed psychologist Susan Perry Dyer, Huffman said she was concerned about Kuhn’s denial of responsibility and his abuse of trust that has caused "turmoil" in the community.
		Last month, Kuhn pleaded "no contest" to one count of public indecency, six counts of furnishing beer or intoxicating liquor to underage persons and four counts of allowing an underage person to possess or consume beer or intoxicating liquor on his premises.
	www.catholiccincinnati.org /tct/july3004/073004kuhn.html (499 words)

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