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	T. J. Seebeck -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Thomas Johann Seebeck (April 9, 1770 - December 10,1831) was a (A scientist trained in physics) physicist who in 1821 discovered the (additional info and facts about thermoelectric effect) thermoelectric effect.
		Seebeck was born in (additional info and facts about Reval) Reval, (additional info and facts about East Prussia) East Prussia (today Tallinn, (A republic in northeastern Europe on the Baltic Sea) Estonia) to a wealthy (A person of German nationality) German merchant family.
		He received a medical degree in 1802 from the (additional info and facts about University of Göttingen) University of Göttingen, but preferred to study physics.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/t/t._j._seebeck.htm (122 words)

	Peltier-Seebeck effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Peltier, Seebeck, and Thomson effects are reversible; Joule heating is not.
		This effect was first discovered, accidentally, by the German physicist Thomas Seebeck in 1821.
		The Seebeck coefficients are non-linear, and depend on the conductors' absolute temperature, material, and molecular structure.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Peltier-Seebeck_effect (1488 words)

	Seebeck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Seebeck made investigations into photoluminescence (the luminescent emission from certain materials excited by light), the heating and chemical effects of different parts of the solar spectrum, polarization, and the magnetic character of electric currents.
		Seebeck is credited with the discovery of the thermoelectrical effect, but he used his discovery to incorrectly conclude that the earth's magnetic field was produced by the temperature differences between the two poles and the equator.
		Seebeck is quite annoyed at the scientific community for suggesting that his temperature gradient causes an electrical current, which then produces a magnetic field around the wire.
	chem.ch.huji.ac.il /~eugeniik/history/seebeck.html (1437 words)

	Adventures in CyberSound: Seebeck, Thomas Johann
		Seebeck returned to the University of Berlin around 1818 (3) as faculty where he worked independently on the magnetization of iron and steel when electrical currents were passed through conductors.
		Seebeck also formed a circuit composed of copper and bismuth conductors (wires) in which he held one junction of the metals in one hand, and observed that the needle deflected from the difference in temperature of the metallic junctions caused by the heat of his hand.
		Seebeck devised thermocouples; used thermoelements to measure temperature, built a polariscope (device to measure polarized light); studied heat radiation, and the rotary effect of sugar solutions on plane polarized light.
	www.acmi.net.au /AIC/SEEBECK_BIO.html (1569 words)

	T. J. Seebeck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Thomas Johann Seebeck (April 9, 1770 - December 10,1831) was a physicist who in 1821 discovered the thermoelectric effect.
		Seebeck was born in Reval, East Prussia (today Tallinn, Estonia) to a wealthy German merchant family.
		This is also called the Seebeck effect and is the basis of the thermocouple.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/t/t_/t__j__seebeck.html (144 words)

	Caneva lecture - November 16, 2000
		He referred to Seebeck's "thermelectromagnetic experiments" as he went on to claim for himself the discovery "that through unequal heating all bodies acquire magnetomotive properties," a fact he demonstrated by forming circuits composed of a single metal which, when heated at one place, produce a deflection of an appropriately placed magnetic needle.
		In repeating and extending Ørsted's experiments, Seebeck came to suspect that any inequality of action on the metals used in the galvanic circuit might produce what he persisted in calling a "magnetic polarization" of the circuit, his choice of terms indicating his disinclination to trace Ørsted's electromagnetic phenomena to the generation of an electric current.
		Seebeck argued that the magnetic polarization he observed could not be solely due to any free electricity-such as could be detected with an electroscope-and that one was therefore not justified in calling such circuits "electromagnetic."
	www.sil.si.edu /silpublications/dibner-library-lectures/scientific-discoveries/text-lecture.htm (5097 words)

	History
		Seebeck initially believed this was due to magnetism induced by the temperature difference.
		The Seebeck voltage does not depend on the distribution of temperature along the metals between the junctions.
		The proportionality constant, known as the Thomson coefficient is related by thermodynamics to the Seebeck coefficient.
	www.its.caltech.edu /~jsnyder/thermoelectrics/history_page.htm (809 words)

	Thermoelectrics Basics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Still, the pioneer in thermoelectrics was a German scientist Thomas Johann Seebeck (1770-1831), who was born in the Estonian town Revel.
		Seebeck discovered that if the ends of the circuit consisting of two heterogeneous metals soldered under different temperature conditions were closed, a magnetic needle placed near it would rotate as if there were a magnet applied.
		Seebeck gathered much research material that dealt with circuits consisting of various combinations of hard and liquid metals, alloys and compositions of metals and effect of temperature difference on them.
	www.kryotherm.ru /history_spr.html (800 words)

	Thomas Johann Seebeck - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thomas Johann Seebeck (April 9, 1770 – December 10, 1831) was a physicist who in 1821 discovered the thermoelectric effect.
		Seebeck was born in Reval (today Tallinn), Estonia to a wealthy Baltic German merchant family.
		He received a medical degree in 1802 from the University of Göttingen, but preferred to study physics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thomas_Seebeck (132 words)

	Thermocouples (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The first person to discover the effect of electricity being generated by the junctions of two dissimilar metals at differing temperatures was Thomas Johann Seebeck when in 1821 he found that the circuit could move a compass needle.
		Seebeck’s work set the platform for Leopoldo Nobili, who, after a stint as one of Napoleon’s artillerymen, developed together with Italian physicist Macedonio Melloni, a thermoelectrical battery in 1826.
		Thanks to Seebeck and Nobili, the electrical power is provided by these thermoelectric generators converting the heat from a plutonium heat source into electricity using the thermocouple.
	www.thermalcorp.com /thermocouples.php (459 words)

	Introduction to Thermoelectrics
		Thomas Johann Seebeck was born in Revel (now Tallinn), the capital of Estonia which at that time was part of East Prussia.
		The Seebeck coefficient is defined as the open circuit voltage produced between two points on a conductor, where a uniform temperature difference of 1K exists between those points.
		It was during the 1920's that the development of synthetic semiconductors with Seebeck coefficients in excess of 100 microvolts/K increased interest in thermoelectricity.
	www.thermoelectrics.com /introduction.htm (1007 words)

	Seebeck effect -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The German physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck discovered (1821) the effect.
		In 1821 the German physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck discovered that when two strips of different conductors (metals, semimetals, or semiconductors—the distinction was not understood at that time) were joined together at their ends and separated along their length, a magnetic field developed around the two legs, provided however that a temperature difference existed between...
		It was not until 1855 that William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) drew the connection between the Seebeck and Peltier effects and made a significant contribution to the understanding of thermoelectric phenomena.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9066565?tocId=9066565 (790 words)

	History of Electricity
		Thomas Seebeck (1770-1831) a German physicist was the discover of the "Seebeck effect".
		Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) was one of the most well known inventors of all time with 1093 patents.
		Self-educated, Edison was interested in chemistry and electronics.During the whole of his life, Edison received only three months of formal schooling, and was dismissed from school as being retarded, though in fact a childhood attack of scarlet fever had left him partially deaf.
	www.code-electrical.com /historyofelectricity.html (952 words)

	Thermoelectric principle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The term is generally restricted to the irreversible conversion of electricity into heat described by the English physicist James P. Joule and to three reversible effects named for Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson, their respective discoverers.
		The German physicist Thomas J. Seebeck discovered in the 1820s that if a closed loop is formed by joining the ends of two strips of dissimilar metals and the two junctions of the metals are at different temperatures, an electromotive force, or voltage, arises that is proportional to the temperature difference between the junctions.
		In 1834 the French physicist Jean C. Peltier discovered an effect inverse to the Seebeck effect: If a current passes through a thermocouple, the temperature of one junction increases and the temperature of the other decreases, so that heat is transferred from one junction to the other.
	www.corrosion-doctors.org /Solar/Thermoelectrics.htm (301 words)

	Footnotes
		Tyndall (1873, 141)reported that "Thomas Seebeck, of Berlin, discovered that electric currents might be derived from heat," which gave rise to the construction of the "thermo-electric pile." John Herivel wrote that Seebeck showed "that temperature differences could produce electric currents" (in Williams 1982, 411).
		Ørsted was aware that Seebeck had another theory about these effects, but it is not clear that he had a very distinct idea of what that theory was (see his letter of 4 April 1823 to his wife, in Ørsted 1870, 2, 59-60).
		29 As Seebeck explained, the published paper was an "extract" from four lectures delivered at the Academy of Sciences in Berlin on 16 August 1821, 18 and 25 October 1821, and 11 February 1822, plus later additions in the form of footnotes and an addendum (Seebeck 1825a, 265 = 1825b, 1).
	www.sil.si.edu /silpublications/dibner-library-lectures/scientific-discoveries/footnotes.html (2152 words)

	ScienceWeek
		The "Seebeck effect", discovered in 1822 by Thomas Seebeck (1770-1831), relates to the electromotive force developed in a circuit consisting of different conducting elements, not all of whose contacts are at the same temperature.
		The so-called Seebeck and Peltier coefficients are measures of the respective effects: the larger the coefficient, the greater the effect.
		In the Seebeck effect, for example, the generated voltage difference is proportional to the temperature difference, with the Seebeck coefficient another name for the proportionality factor.
	scienceweek.com /2004/sa040319-3.htm (1352 words)

	Differential Thermopile
		When a loop circuit is made of two dissimilar metals, and the two junctions between the two wires are held at different temperatures, an EMF is produced and a current can be detected with a sensitive galvanometer.
		Seebeck Effect, discovered by Thomas Seebeck in 1821.
		The effect is multiplied when there are a number of junctions in series in the circuit, with alternate junctions in close thermal contact with each other.
	physics.kenyon.edu /EarlyApparatus/Thermodynamics/Differential_Thermopile/Differential_Thermopile.html (659 words)

	United States Patent Application: 0050016575 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		To form a thermocouple, the junctions of two dissimilar conductors (or semiconductors due to their larger Seebeck coefficients, >100 microvolts per degree K) are maintained at two different temperatures, and an open circuit potential difference is developed.
		As per equation 1, Z depends on the Seebeck coefficient (.alpha.), the electrical conductivity (.sigma.) and the thermal conductivity (.lambda.).
		The reason for this is the fact that high thermal conductivity of the materials forms a direct thermal path between the hot and the cold sides resulting in serious wastage of energy.
	appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1="20050016575".PGNR.&OS=DN/20050016575&RS=DN/20050016575 (3845 words)

	thermoelectricity. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		A circuit of this type is called a thermocouple; a number of thermocouples connected in series is called a thermopile.
		R heat, which is always evolved.) If heat is absorbed by such a circuit, then heat may be evolved if the direction of the current or of the temperature gradient is reversed.
		It can be shown that the Seebeck effect is a result of the combined Peltier and Thomson effects.
	www.bartleby.com /65/th/thermoel.html (396 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		ANSWER from Trina Ray on March 31, 2000: The Propulsion Module Subsystem (PMS) is the largest and most massive subsystem on the spacecraft.
		This holds nine kilograms of helium, which is used to supply pressurant to expel propellants from the two bipropellant tanks and the hydrazine tank.
		The temperature difference causes a flow of electrons in the conductors, said flow being directed from the hot end to the cold one.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /saturn/qa/new/Role_of_helium_on_Cassini___Seebeck_effect_.txt (351 words)

	An Intro to Thermoelectrics
		Early 19th century scientists, Thomas Seebeck and Jean Peltier, first discovered the phenomena that are the basis for today's thermoelectric industry.
		Seebeck found that if you placed a temperature gradient across the junctions of two dissimilar conductors, electrical current would flow.
		Peltier, on the other hand, learned that passing current through two dissimilar electrical conductors, caused heat to be either emitted or absorbed at the junction of the materials.
	www.tellurex.com /cthermo.html (3145 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In the early 1800s, Thomas Seebeck discovered that the junction of two metals generates a voltage that depends on temperature.
		Although many metal combinations exhibit the Seebeck effect, a limited number have been established as industry standards because of their predictable output characteristics over a wide temperature range.
		The measured EMF is related to the difference in temperature between the hot and cold junctions (J1 and J4), and the types of metals used to construct the thermocouple.
	www.ecnmag.com /index.asp?layout=articlePrint&articleID=CA82655 (1222 words)

	Sensors Magazine Online - January 2002 - The 1-Wire Thermocouple (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 1821, Thomas Seebeck discovered the operating principle of the thermocouple: If two dissimilar metals are joined at one end, a voltage (the Seebeck voltage) proportional to the temperature difference between the joined and open ends is generated.
		Unfortunately, since the Seebeck voltage/ºC varies with temperature, the full-scale transfer function is usually fairly complex and can require several piece-wise approximations to maintain a specified accuracy, depending on the temperature range of interest.
		The chip digitizes the millivolt-level signal produced between the hot and cold junctions of two dissimilar metals at´a given temperature due to the Seebeck effect, and communicates all necessary information to the local host so that the correct temperature at the hot junction may be calculated.
	www.sensorsmag.com /articles/0102/29/main.shtml (1808 words)

	Thomas Johann Seebeck -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		More results on "Thomas Johann Seebeck" when you join.
		German physicist who discovered the ultraviolet region of the spectrum and thus helped broaden man's view beyond the narrow region of visible light to encompass the entire electromagnetic spectrum from the shortest gamma rays to the longest radio waves.
		Most of these energy converters, sometimes called static energy-conversion devices, use electrons as their “working fluid” in place of the vapour or gas employed by such dynamic heat engines as the external-combustion and internal-combustion engines mentioned above.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9066564?tocId=9066564 (665 words)

	The Seebeck effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The seebeck effect occurs when you take any two members of the thermoelectric series and connect wires made of them to form a circuit with two junctions.
		This thermoelectric effect was discovered in 1821 by the physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck, and has a twin function that works in the opposite direction called the peltier effect.
		There have been generators made by the russians that use this process to produce enough current from the heaters to power a transistor radio.
	www.xyroth-enterprises.co.uk /seebeck.htm (117 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Thomas Seebeck quantified the voltage generated by a temperature difference in a circuit made of different metals.
		It took the invention of the idea of entropy (and what concept is less intuitive than entropy?) before a complete physical explanation could be developed by Lars Onsager.
		You have the Seebeck voltage, the Peltier current, the Kelvin temperature rise; plus there is heat conduction in the metals, and irreversible heat generation due to current passing through the resistance of the wire.
	www.coolingzone.com /Guest/News/NL_FEB_2002/Tony/Feb_2002_TK.html (1919 words)

	Electricity timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Thomas Johann Seebeck found that when the junction of certain metals is heated, electricity flows ñ thermo-electricity.
		Thomas Edison built a DC (direct current) electric generator in America.
		A few months later, Thomas Edison made the same discovery in America.
	www.schoolscience.co.uk /content/3/physics/electric (1275 words)

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