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 | | By 1858, George Jennings popularized public lavatories, and in 1885, Twyford developed the first trapless toilet, “Unites.” It was a one-piece bowl and freestanding unit on a pedestal, which eliminated the problem of leaky joints. |
 | | Andrew Grabowski, historian of the International Thomas Crapper Society is quick to point out that Crapper holds nine patents: four for improvements to drains, three for water closets, one for manhole covers and the last for pipe joints. |
 | | Thomas never invented the most famous product attributed to him, the “silent valveless water waste preventer,” a syphonic discharge system that allowed a toilet to flush effectively when the cistern was only half full (8). |
| www.people.virginia.edu /~apg4a/files/Paper2_Toilet.doc (3190 words) |
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