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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Thoracic duct
		In human anatomy, the thoracic duct is an important part of the lymphatic system—it is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body.
		The lymph transport in the thoracic duct is mainly caused by the action of breathing, aided by the duct's smooth muscle and by internal valves which prevent the lymph from flowing back down again.
		When the thoracic duct is blocked or damaged a large amount of lymph can quickly accumulate in the pleural cavity, this situation is called chylothorax.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Thoracic_duct (426 words)

	VIII. The Lymphatic System. 2. The Thoractic Duct. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		Opposite the fifth thoracic vertebra, it inclines toward the left side, enters the superior mediastinal cavity, and ascends behind the aortic arch and the thoracic part of the left subclavian artery and between the left side of the esophagus and the left pleura, to the upper orifice of the thorax.
		The thoracic duct, at its commencement, is about equal in diameter to a goose-quill, but it diminishes considerably in caliber in the middle of the thorax, and is again dilated just before its termination.
		The thoracic duct has several valves; at its termination it is provided with a pair, the free borders of which are turned toward the vein, so as to prevent the passage of venous blood into the duct.
	www.bartleby.com /107/176.html (867 words)

	Cerfolio - Ligation of the Thoracic Duct for Chylothorax
		This is because the chylothorax is secondary to an injury to the main thoracic duct.
		The thoracic duct is a tubular structure that is 2 to 3 mm in diameter, valved, and paper-thin.
		The main advantage of ligating the thoracic duct via a left VATS or left thoracotomy is that the conduit does not have to be retracted off the vertebral bodies and is not in the way.
	www.ctsnet.org /doc/6418 (1828 words)

	Early American Manual Therapy
		The thoracic duct is nonuniform in caliber, possessing dilatations (reservoirs) and constrictions (isthmuses).
		It is the chief constriction or isthmus of the thoracic duct.
		2, the isthmus of the thoracic duct in the dorsal region.
	www.meridianinstitute.com /eamt/files/robinson/Rob1ch38.htm (9647 words)

	Thoracic duct - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In human anatomy, the thoracic duct is an important part of the lymphatic system — it is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body.
		When the thoracic duct is blocked or damaged a large amount of lymph can quickly accumulate in the pleural cavity, this situation is called chylothorax.
		The first sign of a malignancy (especially an intraabdominal one) may be an enlarged Virchow's node, a lymph node in the left supraclavicular area, in the vicinity where the thoracic duct empies into the left subclavian vein.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thoracic_duct (289 words)

	[No title]
		The thoracic duct is classically described as terminating at the junction of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins; however, it has a notoriously variable course in the neck.
		Supraradiaphragmatic ligation of the thoracic duct in intractable chylous fistula.
		Reduction of lymphorrhagia from ruptured thoracic duct by somatostatin.
	www.bcm.edu /oto/grand/12893.html (2370 words)

	SSAT - 1997 Abstract: 79 Bacterial translocation via the thoracic duct in a porcine model of hepatic ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		the thoracic duct, has not been studied, although this could be of significant importance because it implicates bypass of the reticuloendothelial system of the liver and direct discharge of bacteria and endotoxins into the systemic circulation.
		Materials and Methods: In a porcine model of 2 hrs ischemia and 5 hrs reperfusion of the liver, the thoracic duct and the portal and subclavian vein were cannulated (n=5 pigs).
		Thoracic duct lymph cultures were positive in 3/5 pigs after 2 hrs of ischemia; lymph cultures were positive in 4/5 pigs 1 hr after reperfusion and in all pigs 2, 4 and 5 hrs after reperfusion (p< 0.05 compared to the preischemic state).
	www.ssat.com /cgi-bin/abstracts/97ddw/ddw79.cgi?affiliation= (563 words)

	CHEST: Mediastinal Thoracic Duct Cyst - ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Thoracic duct cyst is one of the entities that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of both symptomatic and asymptomatic mediastinal masses.
		Clues to the diagnosis of thoracic duet cyst are the existence of chyle in the fluid of the cyst or a cyst pedicle emptying into the left subclavian vein.
		Thoracic duct cyst causing mediastinal compression and acute respiratory insufficiency.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0984/is_2_115/ai_53979332 (1190 words)

	Chylothorax - WSAVA 2002
		The thoracic duct (TD) is the cranial continuation of the cisterna chyli and is generally said to begin between the crura of the diaphragm.
		In dogs (cats), the thoracic duct lies between the aorta and the azygous vein on the right side (left side) of the thorax and terminates in the venous system of the neck (left external jugular vein or jugulo-subclavian angle).
		Thoracic duct ligation is performed in cats from a left lateral intercostal thoracotomy or transdiaphragmatically.
	www.vin.com /proceedings/Proceedings.plx?CID=WSAVA2002&PID=2694 (1839 words)

	Oncology Nursing Society.
		When the thoracic duct is injured, the increase in the volume of chest tube fluid is explained by the large quantity of chyle, which could range from 1,500-2,500 ml/day in response to the fat content in a patient's diet.
		The thoracic duct consistently originates in the abdomen from anywhere in the area of the lower thoracic to the upper lumbar vertebral level in the body.
		Miller, J.I. Anatomy of the thoracic duct and chylothorax.
	www.ons.org /publications/journals/CJON/Volume5/Issue3/0503113.asp (2606 words)

	The Esophagus - Wikimd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The thoracic portion of the esophagus is at first situated in the superior mediastinum between the trachea and the vertebral column, a little to the left of the median line.
		On its left side, in the superior mediastinum, are the terminal part of the aortic arch, the left subclavian artery, the thoracic duct, and left pleura, while running upward in the angle between it and the trachea is the left recurrent nerve; below, it is in relation with the descending thoracic aorta.
		In the lower part of the posterior mediastinum the thoracic duct lies to the right side of the esophagus; higher up, it is placed behind it, and, crossing about the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra, is continued upward on its left side.
	www.wikimd.org /index.php?title=The_Esophagus (948 words)

	Usmle step 1 pearls
		The thoracic duct empties into the systemic venous circulation where the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins joiun in the base of the neck on the left.
		At the level of the twelfth thoracic vertebra, the cisterna chyli narrows and becomes the thoracic duct.
		thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel; it passes through the aortic hiatus on the right side of aorta; it swings to the left side of the esophagus at the T4-T5 intervertebral disc (at the level of the sternal angle)
	www.angelfire.com /md3/surgicalanatomy/Usmlestep1pearls.htm (4049 words)

	Anatomy Atlases: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus II: Cardiovascular System: Lymphatics: ...
		The thoracic duct, which drains most of the body, may end by joining the left internal jugular, the junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian vein, or the brachiocephalic vein.
		The thoracic duct has been found in a normal subject, without other vascular variation, to terminate on the right side at the junction of the right subclavian and internal jugular veins.
		The length of the thoracic duct varies from 38 to 45 cm in the adult.
	www.anatomyatlases.org /AnatomicVariants/Cardiovascular/Text/Lymphatics/ThoracicDuct.shtml (851 words)

	Med-Lib - Medical Online Library - English Articles - Oxford Textbook of Surgery - Chylothorax
		There the duct crosses behind the aorta and aortic arch, ascending through the left posterior mediastinum along the oesophagus into the base of the left neck, and emptying into the venous system in the area of the confluence of the left jugular and subclavian veins.
		Lampson and associates in 1948 applied ligation of the thoracic duct in the management of chylothorax and decreased the mortality rate from 50 per cent to 15 per cent.
		Supradiaphragmatic ligation of the thoracic duct in intractable chylous fistula.
	med-lib.ru /english/oxford/chylothorax.shtml (843 words)

	Chylothorax in Dogs and Cats
		Rupture of the thoracic duct secondary to trauma was once thought to be the sole cause of chylothorax, but it has been shown that the thoracic duct remains intact in the majority of patients.
		Thoracic radiographs should be performed, depending on the clinical status of the animal, but thoracocentesis may be necessary to stabilize the animal.
		Ligation of the thoracic duct has been shown to be beneficial in 20% to 60% of dogs and cats with idiopathic chylothorax.
	www.vet.uga.edu /vpp/CLERK/Rockwell (2108 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Extends from superior thoracic aperture to diaphragm inferiorly and from sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly to the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly.
		Thoracic duct and azygos vein descend on its R and accompany it through hiatus.
		Lymphatic system; location and function of the thoracic duct -thoracic duct begins in abdomen at cisterna chili, which is dilated junction of intestinal, lumbar, descending intercostals trunks.
	www.med.unc.edu /wms/firstaid/ga2-Session12b-02.doc (1288 words)

	Clinical Case - Posterior Mediastinum
		A pleural effusion composed of lymphatic fluid due to disruption of the thoracic duct.
		The thoracic duct begins at the cisterna chyli in the abdomen and extends cranially on the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies.
		The thoracic duct receives branches from the intercostal spaces, and the jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunks of the lymphatic system.
	www.med.umich.edu /lrc/coursepages/M1/anatomy/html/cardiovascular_system/post_med_case.html (426 words)

	::Welcome to the Hunterian Museum & Art Gallery::
		It is the common trunk of the lymphatic vessels of the body, excepting those of the right side of the head, neck and thorax, and right upper extremity, the right lung, right side of the heart, and the convex surface of the liver.
		The thoracic duct lies on the posterior thoracic and abdominal wall between the aorta and azygous vein.
		Hunter’s thoracic duct specimen, QQ 74, was injected with quicksilver and was said to be "one of the largest and most perfect thoracic duct perhaps ever injected (1770)".
	www.hunterian.gla.ac.uk /collections/anatomy/LymphaticSystem/thoracic.shtml (255 words)

	Virtual Hospital: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus II: Cardiovascular System: Lymphatics: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The thoracic duct, which drains most of the body, may end by joining the left internal jugular, the junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian vein, or the brachiocephalic vein.
		The thoracic duct has been found in a normal subject, without other vascular variation, to terminate on the right side at the junction of the right subclavian and internal jugular veins.
		The length of the thoracic duct varies from 38 to 45 cm in the adult.
	www.vh.org /adult/provider/anatomy/AnatomicVariants/Cardiovascular/Text/Lymphatics/ThoracicDuct.html (723 words)

	Thoracic duct -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In human (The branch of morphology that deals with the structure of animals) anatomy, the thoracic duct is an important part of the (The interconnected system of spaces and vessels between body tissues and organs by which lymph circulates throughout the body) lymphatic system — it is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body.
		It usually starts from the level of the second lumbar (One of the bony segments of the spinal column) vertebra and extends to the neck.
		It originates in the (The region of the body of a vertebrate between the thorax and the pelvis) abdomen from the confluence of various abdominal lymph vessels.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/th/thoracic_duct.htm (124 words)

	Early American Manual Therapy
		It is easy to understand the thoracic duct and its cluster of tubes at the lower part, the cysterni chyli, but the drainage of the intercostals, the lungs, bronchi, esophagus, heart and diaphragm is difficult to comprehend.
		The vessels crossing the first ribs may be interfered with and the thoracic duct on left side drawn in a position to check drainage into the vein.
		The right lymphatic duct receives only the efferents of the upper six intercostals in the posterior region on that side, and the thoracic duct the upper six left at its terminal into the subclavian vein and the lower six, right and left into the beginning of the thoracic duct.
	www.meridianinstitute.com /eamt/files/millard/millch4.html (6069 words)

	SSAT - 1998 Abstract: THE THORACIC DUCT IS NOT A MAJOR ROUTE OF BACTERIAL TRANSLOCATION IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE ORGAN ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The aim of this study was to determine whether bacterial translocation into the thoracic duct occurs in patients with MOF.
		The thoracic duct was drained for five days in the study group, and once peroperatively in the controls.
		In lymph and blood, bacterial cultures were performed, and concentrations of endotoxin and cytokines were simultaneously measured, once in the control group and at t=0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours in the study group.
	www.ssat.com /cgi-bin/abstracts/98ddw/abstscorrt-151.cgi?affiliation= (585 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Thoracic duct injury is a rare but serious complication following chest surgeries and major neck dissections with high mortality in untreated patients.
		The thoracic duct was identified by its longitudinal course medial to the azygous vein and beaded appearance.
		[1],[4] Thoracic duct injury is a serious complication, which may lead to nutritional deficiencies, respiratory dysfunction and immunosuppression with a mortality up to 50%.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?jp04015 (1737 words)

	Mediastinal Thoracic Duct Cyst -- Chen et al. 115 (2): 584 -- Chest
		Thoracic duct cysts are rare among mediastinal tumors and cysts,
		The cause of thoracic duct cysts is uncertain.
		Common therapy of thoracic duct cyst is surgical resection.
	www.chestjournal.org /cgi/content/full/115/2/584 (1014 words)

	CHEST: Thoracoscopic ligation of a thoracic duct leakage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The thoracic duct leak could be identified and closed by thoracoscopic intervention.
		In case of continuous output of chylus, thoracotomy is advised to close the thoracic duct leak by mass ligation.(2)(4)(5) In this article, we describe a thoracoscopic treatment of a woman in whom a leak in the thoracic duct occurred 4 years after radiotherapy for a soft-tissue sarcoma.
		Visualization of the thoracic duct leak was excellent thanks to the preloading with cream, which gives the chylus a clear white color.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0984/is_n4_v106/ai_15842407 (857 words)

	Dictionary explaining the words Lymphangioma, Pleurodesis
		The thoracic duct is the channel for the collection of lymph from the portion of the body below the diaphragm and from the left side of the body above the diaphragm.
		It is a long duct, approximately 16 inches (40 centimeters) in the average adult.
		The thoracic duct and the lymphatic duct, together, empty between 4 to 10 milliliters of lymph into the blood every minute.
	www.gorhams.dk /html/dictionary.html (1105 words)

	CHEST: The management of chylothorax (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The most consistent anatomic variation in the thoracic duct in the adult is found extending from the cisterna chyli, which is usually midline just anterior to the first or second lumbar vertebra (Fig 1).
		The thoracic duct ascends essentially always as a surgically important single structure, for elective ligation, between the twelfth and eighth thoracic vertebrae.[3] It usually crosses the midline between the sixth and fourth thoracic vertebrae behind the esophagus and enters the left posterior mediastinum.
		Upon exiting the mediastinum, the thoracic duct and its tributaries receive additional nonchylous lymph from the lungs and parietal pleura.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0984/is_n2_v102/ai_12593870 (1053 words)

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