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Topic: Thoracic vertebrae

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	II. Osteology. 3a. 2. The Thoracic Vertebræ. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The bodies in the middle of the thoracic region are heart-shaped, and as broad in the antero-posterior as in the transverse direction.
		The First Thoracic Vertebra has, on either side of the body, an entire articular facet for the head of the first rib, and a demi-facet for the upper half of the head of the second rib.
		The Tenth Thoracic Vertebra has (except in the cases just mentioned) an entire articular facet on either side, which is placed partly on the lateral surface of the pedicle.
	www.bartleby.com /107/22.html (693 words)

	Vertebra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There are thirty-three (33) vertebrae in humans, including the five that are fused to form the sacrum (the others are separated by intervertebral discs) and the four coccygeal bones which form the tailbone.
		This number is sometimes increased by an additional vertebra in one region, or it may be diminished in one region, the deficiency often being supplied by an additional vertebra in another.
		With the exception of the first and second cervical, the true or movable vertebrae (the upper three regions) present certain common characteristics which are best studied by examining one from the middle of the thoracic region.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vertebrae (797 words)

	GlobalSpine - Advanced Anatomy - Characters of the Thoracic Vertebrae
		The Thoracic Vertebrae are intermediate in size between those in the cervical and those in the lumbar region, and increase in size from above downward, the upper vertebrae in this segment of the spine being much smaller than those in the lower part of the region.
		The dorsal vertebrae may be at once recognized by the presence on the sides of the body of one or more facets or half-facets for the heads of the ribs.
		The bodies of the thoracic vertebrae resemble those in the cervical and lumbar regions at the respective ends of this portion of the spine; but in the middle of the thoracic region their form is very characteristic, being heart-shaped, and as broad in the antero-posterior as in the lateral direction.
	www.globalspine.net /thoracic_vertebrae_advanced.html (694 words)

	MID BACK PAIN - ANATOMY
		Like the other spinal vertebrae, the thoracic vertebrae act as attachments for muscles and ligaments in the mid spine and also encase and protect the median aspect of the spinal cord and thoracic nerve roots.
		Because the thoracic vertebrae form relatively strong articulations with the ribs, the mobility of the thoracic spine is less than that of the cervical and lumbar spines.
		Common vertebral problems in the thoracic spine include vertebral subluxations, a condition where the vertebrae of the thoracic spine become statically misaligned and/or function abnormally resulting in pain, muscle spasm, and sometime nerve malfunction.
	www.dcdoctor.com /pages/rightpages_healthconditions/midbackpain/mbp_anatomy.html (623 words)

	SpineSource \| Thoracic Disc Herniation (Herniated Disc)
		At the top of the spine are seven cervical (neck) vertebrae, followed by 12 thoracic vertebrae from which the 12 pairs of ribs originate.
		Next are 5 lumbar vertebrae, followed by the 5 fused sacral bones (the back of the pelvis) and 4 fused bones of the coccyx (tailbone).
		The cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae are separated from each other by intervertebral discs which cushion and separate the vertebra, providing space for the nerves roots to exit the spinal canal.
	www.spinesource.com /Back-Pain-Disorders/thoracic-disc-herniation.html (928 words)

	IV. Myology. 6. The Fasciæ and Muscles of the Trunk. a. The Deep Muscles of the Back. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the thoracic region the lumbodorsal fascia is a thin fibrous lamina which serves to bind down the Extensor muscles of the vertebral column and to separate them from the muscles connecting the vertebral column to the upper extremity.
		389), and its prolongations in the thoracic and cervical regions, lie in the groove on the side of the vertebral column.
		In the thoracic region it is inserted, by rounded tendons, into the tips of the transverse processes of all the thoracic vertebræ, and by fleshy processes into the lower nine or ten ribs between their tubercles and angles.
	www.bartleby.com /107/115.html (1847 words)

	GlobalSpine - Advanced Anatomy - The Spinal Column
		The Spinal Column, formed by the junction of the vertebrae, is situated in the median line, at the posterior part of the trunk; its average length in the male 71 cm, measuring along the curved anterior surface of the column.
		The cervical curve commences at the apex of the odontoid process, and terminates at the middle of the second thoracic vertebra; it is convex in front, and is the least marked of all the curves.
		The thoracic and pelvic curves are the primary curves, and begin to be formed at an early period of foetal life, and are due to the shape of the bodies of the vertebrae.
	www.globalspine.net /spinal_column_advanced.html (1546 words)

	Spine - Ankylosing Spondylitis
		The anterior tubercles on the sixth cervical vertebra are particularly large and are known as the carotid tubercles.
		The atlas vertebra, in turn rests upon the axis vertebra, which is the second of the cervical vertebra in the spine, with the articulation between these two vertebra occurring at lateral articular surfaces and an unique juncture between a concave facet (on the atlas) and an upward-protruding structure on the axis called a dens.
		The lumbar vertebrae feature no facets on the body or transverse processes (as the thoracic vertebrae have) and the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae are much larger than those of the cervical or thoracic vertebrae.
	www.nass.co.uk /spine.htm (1372 words)

	Chapter 16 On the Vertebrae of the Thorax
		Because in the remaining three figures, which illustrate the posterior aspect of the vertebrae, the transverse processes are shown to be brought slightly downward, a large portion of the upper part is shown and the eye is not directed to the middle of the lower surface.
		The vertebrae beneath the one which is received on both sides receive the vertebra above them on their upper surface, and on their lower enter into the vertebra beneath; this is the way the first lumbar vertebra is received by the second.
		The course of the processes of the neck vertebrae is measured from a to b, of the thoracic from c to d.
	vesalius.northwestern.edu /chapters/FA.1.16.html (4543 words)

	[No title]
		The thoracic and sacral curvatures are the same in adult as they are in fetal life and they are known as primary curvatures.
		Its superior articular facets articulate with the occipital condyles of the skull and are oriented in a roughly parasagittal plane.
		It attaches to lumbar and inferior thoracic transverse processes (longissimus dorsi) and in the thoracic region to the adjacent ribs (longissimus thoracis).
	www.emory.edu /ANATOMY/AnatomyManual/back.html (2141 words)

	Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health: Vertebral column (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The vertebral column consists of seven cervical-or neck-vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, and five lumbar vertebrae, followed by the sacrum, composed of five fused vertebrae, and by four coccygeal vertebrae which are sometimes fused together and called the coccyx.
		Since the vertebrae are all stacked on top of one another, the foramina form the vertebral canal that houses the spinal cord from which the spinal nerves emerge.
		The body of a vertebra is a round, stocky part on the surface of which the intervertebral disk lies and it has two projections, called pedicles, that connect around the foramen to similar bony projections on the arch called facets.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_gGENH/is_/ai_2699003833 (1450 words)

	The Vertebral Column
		The first cervical vertebrae is called the atlas and the second is called the axis.
		Thoracic vertebrae are larger than cervical vertebrae and increase in size from top to bottom.
		These vertebrae support most of the body's weight and are attached to many of the back muscles.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/backbone/backbone.html (477 words)

	Bones of the Thoracic Wall (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Thoracic vertebrae are unique in that they have facets on their bodies and transverse processes for articulation with ribs (T11 and T12 are exceptions).
		This arrangement covers the small intervals between the laminae of adjacent vertebrae, thereby preventing sharp objects such as a knife from penetrating the vertebral canal and injuring the spinal cord.
		The ribs curve anteriorly and inferiorly from the thoracic vertebrae.
	www.geocities.com /medinotes/thc-wall.htm (1394 words)

	Early American Manual Therapy
		Spinal treatment or stimulation, given to the lower thoracic vertebrae, from the sixth to the tenth, affects the pneumogastric nerves, because of the connection of the spinal nerves from these segments with the terminal afferent fibers of the pneumogastric nerves.
		The eleventh thoracic vertebra is the center for dilation of the liver, and the phenomena of dilation of the vessels and tissues occurs when the centers of origin of the nerves of this segment is stimulated by the use of concussion, nerve pressure or the sinusoidal current.
		Stimulation of the thoracic segments, or the centers of spinal nerve origin contained therein, from the second to the eighth inclusive, by intermittent concussion, by the use of nerve pressure or by the use of the rapid sinusoidal current, will stimulate the entire area of the splanchnic portion of the abdominal cavity of the body.
	www.meridianinstitute.com /eamt/files/gregory/gregch2.htm (5360 words)

	Featured Topic - The Back: The Physical Therapy Web Space (Physiotherapy)
		Vertebrae in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar sections of the spine are separated by a structure called the "intervertebral disc".
		The joints between the vertebrae in the thoracic section of the spine allow flexion, extension, side-flexion and rotation to occur.
		There is no movement between the fused vertebrae in the sacrum but there is a small amount of movement in the joints that connect the sacrum to the left and right pelvic bones.
	automailer.com /tws/TopicBack.html (635 words)

	ZOO. 453 - AMNIOTE SKELETON PHOTOS, PART 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Cervical vertebrae - lower left are the atlas and axis (it's odontoid process is broken off, but note the large neural spine).
		Thoracic vertebrae - look for the rib attachments on the transverse processes and centrum (not always easily visible on these small vertebrae).
		Dolphin Vertebrae - The upper vertebra is from the lumbar region and the lower, narrow one is a cervical.
	courses.washington.edu /vertebra/453/photos/skeleton_photos/amniote_skeleton_photos2.htm (548 words)

	((+++ ASP LIFESTYLE +++)) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		At the end of the sacrum are two to four tiny, partially fused vertebrae known as the coccus or "tail bone." Each vertebra can be designated by using a letter and number; the letter reflects the region (C=cervical, T=thoracic, and L=lumbar) and the number signifies its location within that region.
		Vertebrae in the spinal column are separated from each other by small cushions of cartilage known as intervertebral discs.
		For example, a physician defines a certain case as right thoracic scoliosis if the apical vertebra is in the thoracic (upper back) region of the spin and the curve bends to the right.
	www.asptour.com /style/articles/tips9.asp (8767 words)

	MSN Encarta - Multimedia - Thoracic Vertebrae
		Twelve thoracic vertebrae are stacked in the chest, each with a shallow socket on either side where the ribs join the spine.
		Vertebrae are larger and sturdier in the lower back than in the upper back in order to support more weight.
		The ten uppermost vertebrae, those that support the neck and head, emphasize stability.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461516405/Thoracic_Vertebrae.html (71 words)

	High Prevalence of Thoracic Vertebral Deformities and Discal Wedging in Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients with ...
		To study the prevalence of deformities of vertebrae and intervertebral discs in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in relation to fixed hyperkyphosis of the spine.
		In the thoracic spine, the prevalence of vertebral deformities was higher in patients with hyperkyphosis (n = 38) compared to patients without hyperkyphosis (n = 12) (45% vs 8%; p = 0.01).
		In patients with AS and hyperkyphosis, deformities of the thoracic vertebrae occur frequently and, together with wedging of the thoracic discs, contribute significantly to fixed hyperkyphosis of the spine.
	www.jrheum.com /abstracts/abstracts01/1856.html (296 words)

	Munson Healthcare Orthopedics: Scoliosis Treatment
		The column is grouped into three sections of vertebrae: the cervical vertebrae are the five spinal bones that support the neck; the thoracic vertebrae are the twelve spinal bones that connect to the rib cage; and the lumbar vertebrae are the five lowest and largest bones of the spinal column.
		At the end of the sacrum are two to four tiny partially fused vertebrae known as the coccus or "tail bone".
		Scoliosis may occur only in the upper back (the thoracic area) or lower back (lumbar), but most commonly it develops in the area between the thoracic and lumbar area Scoliosis is often categorized as structural or nonstructural.
	www.healthyfuturesonline.org /clinical_svcs/orthopedics/services/ortho_scoliosis.php (1838 words)

	Cervical Vertebrae Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The next 12 are the thoracic vertebrae which articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs.
		The last 5 vertebrae are the lumbar vertebrae.
		The vertebra on the right (C7) has a prominent nonbifid spinous process that can be felt at the base of the neck.
	www.gwc.maricopa.edu /class/bio201/vert/cerv.htm (120 words)

	Disk Disease
		In most chondrodystrophic breeds it is the thoracolumbar area, the junction of the last few thoracic vertebrae and the first few lumbar vertebrae, that are involved.
		The cervical (neck) vertebrae tend to have larger spinal canals for the spinal cord to pass through than do the vertebrae of the mid and lower back.
		When IVD occurs at the junction of the thoracic and lumbar (thoracolumbar) vertebrae, symptoms might be different than in the cervical version.
	www.lbah.com /canine/ivd.htm (3519 words)

	The Thoracic Cage
		In common with the other vertebrae, the thoracic vertebrae have a body which bears the weight of the column above, a spinal canal formed by the pedicles and laminae, a spinous process and two transverse processes.
		During respiration the thoracic inlet is fixed, in part by muscles such as scalenus anterior anchoring it to the cervical column.
		This joint is in the same plane as the bottom of the fourth thoracic vertebra.
	www.med.mun.ca /anatomyts/thorax/cage.htm (462 words)

	NASS - Anatomical Functions
		Cervical vertebrae are the smallest of the vertebrae.
		There are 12 thoracic vertebrae with one rib attached on each side, to create a thoracic cage, which protects the internal organs of the chest.
		The thoracic spine is less mobile than the cervical and lumbar spine because of the thoracic cage.
	www.spine.org /fsp/anatomy-functions.cfm (2330 words)

	Virtual Hospital: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus V: Skeletal System: ThoracicVertebrae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The body of the second thoracic vertebra usually exhibits an identifying tubercle marking the attachment of a fasciculus of the medial portion of the longus colli muscle (Krmpotic).
		The twelfth thoracic vertebra, in the absence of the twelfth pair of ribs, commonly conforms to the lumbar type.
		In addition, the transition from the thoracic to the lumbar type of articular process may occur in the eleventh thoracic instead of in the twelfth thoracic vertebra.
	www.vh.org /adult/provider/anatomy/AnatomicVariants/SkeletalSystem/Text/ThoracicVertebrae.html (757 words)

	Vertebra Models
		Consisting of, occipital plate, the 7 cervical vertebrae with intervertebral discs, cervical nerves, vertebral arteries and spinal cord.
		Consisting of the 12 thoracic vertebrae with intervertebral discs, thoracic nerves and spinal cord.
		Consisting of the 5 lumbar vertebrae with intervertebral discs, sacrum with flap, coccyx, spinal nerves and spinal cord.
	www.kappamedical.com /vertebra_models.htm (197 words)

	thoracic vertebrae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In addition the transverse processes become reduced and are completely absent in the last three thoracic vertebrae.
		The thoracic vertebrae are characterized by their association with ribs.
		Therefore, before examining representative vertebrae you should examine the structure of the ribs.
	biology.kenyon.edu /heithausp/cat-tutorial/vertebrae/thcol.htm (70 words)

	Unit IV
		It is formed by the 12 pairs of ribs, the sternum (breast bone), costal cartilages, and the 12 thoracic vertebrae.
		The 12 thoracic vertebrae have the same bony components as the lumbar vertebrae discussed in Unit III.
		The tubercle is a bony prominence for articulation with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae and for attachment of ligaments.
	www.courses.vcu.edu /DANC291-003/unit_4.htm (2470 words)

	Vertebra : Vertebrae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The vertebrae (singular: vertebra) are the bones that compose the spine.
		There are 33 of them including the five that are fused to form the sacrum, and the four coccygeal bones.
		A diagram of a thoracic vertebra, notice the articulations for the ribs.
	www.explainthat.info /ve/vertebrae.html (362 words)

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