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Topic: Thorium dioxide

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	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Cationic hydrous thorium dioxide colloids - a useful tool for staining negatively charged ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Later colloidal thorium dioxide was used as an efficient high contrast agent that was rather specific for acidic glycoaminoglycans of the reticulo-endothelial system and cartilage [25,6,29].
		The specificity of thorium dioxide as a cationic positively charged particle is a consequence of peptization, which is carried out primarily with acid thorium nitrate, leading to deflocculation and thus to cationisation of the colloid by acidification.
		Thorium dioxide labelled cells were adsorbed for 2 minutes at carbon-Formvar (thickness: 60 nm to 90 nm) coated 300 mesh Cu-grids and were intensely blotted with filter paper (grade 3 hw; Satorius, Göttingen, Germany) and air-dried.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2180/6/59 (4046 words)

	A Periodic Table of the Elements From Mineral Information Institute
		Thorium and its compounds have very high melting points and are used in several high temperature applications, such as incandescent gas mantles, tungsten filament coatings and high temperature lab equipment.
		Thorium is obtained from the minerals monazite and thorianite (thorium dioxide).
		Thorium occurs as a significant impurity in the minerals zircon, titanite, gadolinite and betafite.
	www.mii.org /periodic/Th.htm (266 words)

	Fe Fertilization: WHOI 1999 Ann. Rpt.
		Laboratory experiments and correlations between dust and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels in ancient ice core records suggested that the ocean would respond to natural changes in iron inputs by increasing carbon uptake and hence decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, thus altering the greenhouse gas balance and climate of the earth.
		Thorium is a naturally occurring element that by its chemical nature is "sticky," and, due to its natural radioactive properties, relatively easy to measure.
		We used the measured thorium decrease to quantify the increase in particulate organic carbon export as particles sank out of the surface layer (upper graph below), noting an interesting delay between the uptake of carbon by the plants and its export as sinking particulate organic carbon.
	cafethorium.whoi.edu /Fe/1999-Annualreport.html (700 words)

	Texas Lawyer - Burleson v. Texas Department of Criminal Justice
		Thorium dioxide is a naturally occurring radioactive compound that is distributed in the air during the welding and grinding processes.
		Although Dr. Carson presupposes that the thorium dioxide particles in the welding dust were inhaled by Burleson, lodged in his airways and caused a cancer risk, he could not cite any studies to confirm that this type of infection is possible.
		The magistrate judge also found that the mere fact that thorium dioxide has been classified by certain regulatory organizations as a carcinogen is not probative on whether Burleson's exposure to thoriated tungsten electrodes caused his lung and throat cancer.
	www.law.com /jsp/tx/LawDecisionTX.jsp?id=1102543087582 (4637 words)

	IEER: Science for Democratic Action vol. 9 no. 1 / Energy & Security No. 15: Forgotten Exposures
		Thorium is both radioactive and a chemical toxin.
		Thorium is found in nature and therefore may be present in air, food, and water.
		Thorium dioxide is classified by the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry as a "known carcinogen." Animal studies suggest that thorium may be absorbed through skin, but thorium poses little health hazard outside of the body.
	www.ieer.org /sdafiles/vol_9/9-1/uthtable.html (552 words)

	[No title]
		Thorium is a soft, ductile, lustrous, silver-white, radioactive metal.
		The activity of the residue from the filtrate in an experiment in which 10 grams of this nitrate had been employed was equivalent to 8.3 grams of thorium oxide.
		When pure, thorium is a silvery white metal that retains its lustre for several months.
	www.lycos.com /info/thorium--oxides.html (539 words)

	Overview of Material Types
		Thorium dioxide can be prepared by heating thorium metal or a wide variety of other thorium compounds in air.
		The development of the uranium fuel cycle preceded that of thorium because of the natural occurrence of a fissile isotope in natural uranium, uranium-235, which was capable of sustaining a nuclear chain reaction.
		The ease with which this property can be utilized depends on the impact of the nuclear characteristics of thorium on the various reactor systems in which it might be placed and also on the ability to fabricate thorium into suitable fuel elements and, after irradiation, to separate chemically the resultant uranium.
	www.tpub.com /doematerialsci/materialscience50.htm (2146 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Thorium occurs in the minerals thorite and monazite.
		The fact that thorium on precipitation from its solutions by ammonia leaves the major part of its activity in the filtrate does not of itself prove that a material constituent responsible for this activity has been chemically separated.
		It is possible that the matter constituting the non-thorium part of the solution is rendered temporarily radioactive by its association with thorium, and this property is retained through the processes of precipitation, evaporation, and ignition, and manifests itself finally on the residue remaining.
	www.lycos.com /info/thorium--materials.html (541 words)

	SI - readmsg.aspx msgid=22110221
		Thorium is more abundant, more efficient and safer to use as a reactor fuel than uranium.
		Thorium Power, Inc. was founded in 1992 to develop technology invented by Dr. Alvin Radkowsky, the first chief scientist of the U.S. Naval Reactors program under Admiral H.G. Rickover from 1950-1972 and head of the design team of the first commercial nuclear power plant in Shippingport, Pennsylvania.
		Thorium Power is dedicated to developing the most effective nuclear fuel technologies in the world for stopping the production of weapons-suitable materials in nuclear power plants, and for burning the existing stockpiles of these materials.
	www.siliconinvestor.com /readmsg.aspx?msgid=22110221 (1162 words)

	Mineral Information Institute - THORIUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Thorium and uranium are the only two actinide elements that are found in large enough quantities to mine.
		Thorium is found in the minerals monazite (rare earth-thorium phosphate) and thorianite (thorium dioxide).
		Thorium use is being studied as a non-prolific fuel source by the nuclear energy industry.
	www.mii.org /Minerals/photothorium.html (472 words)

	Thorium Nitrate and Dioxide: Exposure Limits and Assessment of Intake and Dose after Inhalation
		This report is concerned primarily with the optimisation of procedures for assessing intakes and doses to workers after acute and repeated exposure to thorium nitrate and dioxide of natural isotopic composition.
		It is concluded that for thorium nitrate and dioxide of natural composition, lung monitoring and urine assay are inappropriate for demonstrating compliance with a dose limit of 20 mSv after repeated exposure; urine assay is useful for assessing doses at the mSv level after acute exposure to thorium nitrate.
		For thorium dioxide, thoron in breath measurements are capable of assessing doses of less than 6 mSv from acute and repeated exposure.
	www.hpa.org.uk /radiation/publications/w_series_reports/2004/nrpb_w57.htm (301 words)

	Nuclear material in the environment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Thorium oxide coated gas lamp mantles used in ornamental gas lanterns and gas burning camping lamps are radioactive.
		Thorium is a natural alpha emitter with the potential for increasing lung tumors.
		Thorium oxide is a potent alpha particle emitter that poses a serious threat to internal organs if inhaled or ingested.
	www.oasisllc.com /abgx/environment.htm (2149 words)

	Thorium Lawsuit Information - Find Trial Lawyers and Attorneys with Experience in Thorium Personal Injury Law
		After these rocks are mined, thorium is usually concentrated and changed into thorium dioxide or other chemical forms.
		Thorium is used to make ceramics, gas lantern mantles, and metals used in the aerospace industry and in nuclear reactions.
		Thorium is a radioactive substance that occurs naturally in the environment.
	www.injuryboard.com /view.cfm/Topic=1114 (489 words)

	[No title]
		The thorium in the welding rods used by Burleson is present in the form of thorium dioxide.
		Under Dr. Carson's so-called "radiation hot spot" theory or "microscopic flux" theory, the primary risk factor for cancer is the local microscopic dose of radiation that is received by the one cell that transforms into cancer, not the total dose of radiation to the body.
		Burleson contends that Dr. Carson presented rebuttal evidence that it is generally accepted that thorium dioxide causes lung or throat cancer.
	www.law.com /jsp/tx/LawDecisionFriendlyTX.jsp?id=1102543087582 (4647 words)

	A mixture of thorium and uranium may provide cheaper, cleaner, safer nuclear power
		More often, a thorium nucleus absorbs a neutron and, through a process called beta decay, transforms itself into uranium-233, a type of uranium that will also undergo fission.
		Using thorium to breed uranium-233 was tried briefly in three light water reactors more than 15 years ago.
		That is, at the end of a run, the remaining uranium-233 was extracted from the thorium, purified, and used to make a fresh batch of fuel.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2000-02/INEE-Amot-0602100.php (910 words)

	Re: Thorium Reactor
		Finely divided thorium metal will burn in air, but the massive metal is stable in air at ordinary temperatures (although it will react With oxygen to form a surface tarnish after prolonged exposure).
		Since thorium is present in the Earth's crust in about three times the quantity of uranium, its fertile quality represents a virtually unlimited source of nuclear energy.
		Typically, 3 to 5 percent of the metal content of monazite is thorium (in the form of thorium dioxide, ThO2).
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/nov98/910325171.Eg.r.html (543 words)

	ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Thorium
		HIGHLIGHTS: Thorium is a radioactive substance that occurs naturally in the environment.
		Liver diseases and effects on the blood were found in people injected with thorotrast, a thorium compound injected into the body as a radiographic contrast medium between the years 1928 and 1955.
		People who had large amounts of thorium injected into their blood for special x-ray tests had more than the usual number of liver tumors, cancers of the blood, such as leukemia, and tumors of the bone, kidney, spleen, and pancreas.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /tfacts147.html (937 words)

	Untitled Document
		Thorium is a radio active alloy used in tungsten welding electrodes to assist in arc starting.
		It is an alpha emitter and, as such, its primary hazard lie in inhalation of dust/fumes." "Thorium dioxide has been identified as a carcinogen by the NTP and IARC." (These quotes are from Osram Sylvania MSDS sheets).
		Thorium dioxide has been identified as a carcinogen by the National Toxicology Program and International Agency for Research on Cancer.
	www.weldreality.com /tigData.htm (1793 words)

	Thorotrast and Umbrathor (1950s)
		However, between 1930 and 1955, contrast agents containing thorium dioxide were popular - thorium has a very high atomic number (Z=90) and it produced excellent images.
		Two examples of these thorium containing agents were Thorotrast which was produced by Testagar and Company, and Umbrathor produced by the Heyden Chemical Company.
		Unfortunately, thorium is radioactive and it tends to remain in the body long after injection.
	www.orau.org /ptp/collection/Radiology/thorotrast.htm (307 words)

	The Complete Thorium Website - Perma-Fix Environmental Services - Introduction
		...source material (thorium and uranium or any combination of both) that is, by weight, less than one-twentieth of 1 percent (0.05%).
		HPPOS-133 stated that "any finished product or part fabricated of or containing magnesium-thorium alloy with a thorium content not exceeding 4% by weight is exempt from the regulations in Part 40, except that the exemption does not extend to the chemical, physical or metallurgical treatment or processing of any such product or part.
		HPPOS-255 was a response to whether there are any NRC regulatory requirements that apply to airborne thorium caused by grinding the tips and using welding rods containing thorium.
	www.thorium-waste.com /Gov.html (857 words)

	Medicine & Global Survival (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		An analysis done by a Kenyan expert, Dr. Robert Mugo, underscored the existence of uranium and thorium in the mines and their toxicity as radioactive elements.
		Thorium dioxide is classified by the US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) as a “known cancer causing agent.” Though the element poses little health hazard outside the body, studies indicate that thorium may be absorbed through the skin.
		Workers exposed to thorium have increased chances for developing lung disease, lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer.
	www.ippnw.org /MGS/V7N1Letter.html (501 words)

	Adhes Arach Intro
		It appeared to be ideal for the purpose of myelography (and other diagnostic studies) and were it not for the fact that it was radioactive it would have been.
		Thorium dioxide turned out to be a highly toxic radioactive substance.
		It was only 20-30 years after its introduction that the medical profession began to suspect that the sudden and unusually high incidence of malignancies involving the brain and spinal cord (as well as adhesive arachnoiditis) might be related to thorium dioxide's radioactivity.
	www.burtonreport.com /InfSpine/AdhesArachIntro.htm (1644 words)

	C&EN: BOOKS - PITFALLS OF SELF-GUIDED SCIENCE
		He crudely extracted thorium from the thorium dioxide in the lantern mantles by heating the dioxide with lithium he'd removed from lithium batteries.
		But the increases were very likely due to the fact that he had purified the thorium from its radioactive daughters, which were just growing back in.
		After tests confirmed the presence of thorium, David confessed his activities, and government officials and radiologists descended on the backyard lab.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/books/8232/8232books.html (1428 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Thorium Toxicity Thorium Dioxide emits alpha particles which can be breathed in and swallowed.
		Because Thorium Dioxide gives off very dangerous radiation, it has the potential for causing reproductive damage in humans.
		After exposure, some Thorium Dioxide is retained in the bones, lymph system, lungs and other body organs for many years.
	www.swcp.com /~tanman/ho/ThoriumToxicity.txt (342 words)

	THORIUM Articles Thorium is a chemical element in th
		THORIUM Articles Thorium is a chemical element in th
		Thorium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Th and atomic number 90.
		As a naturally occurring, slightly radioactive metal, it has been considered as an alternative nuclear fuel to uranium.
	www.amazines.com /Thorium_related.html (372 words)

	Thorium Poised To Meet World's Energy Needs
		Thorium, which is plentiful in North America, can produce fewer environmental and human health hazards in its fuel production than the conventional uranium fuel cycle.
		Addressing the environmental benefits of thorium, nuclear engineer Dr. Jeffery Latkowski discussed how thorium fuel cycles produce much less land disruption, chemical and radiological hazards, and chemical toxicity than the conventional uranium fuel cycle.
		The forum concluded with participants urging the federal government to play a more aggressive role in the development of thorium by funding thorium research and helping companies that have commercial applications to bring their research to the marketplace.
	www.energy-daily.com /reports/Thorium_Poised_To_Meet_World_Energy_Needs_999.html (1014 words)

	Radioactive Products and Other Sources Of Radiation
		Thoriated Tungsten Electrodes used in TIG (tungsten inert gas) welding usually contain 2 percent thorium oxide (ThO2 so technically it is thorium dioxide).
		Thorium was used to help strike and maintain a better arc stability under DC welding vs. AC welding which uses pure tungsten electrodes.
		The Coleman package had no warnings about Thorium on the bag, while the other one did mention it contained a radioactive material, although thorium was not specifically mentioned.
	www.blackcatsystems.com /science/radprod.html (1516 words)

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