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Topic: Thoros I of Armenia

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Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia

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	Thoros I of Armenia - Biocrawler
		Thoros I was the ruler of the Armenian Cilicia or Armenia Minor between 1102 and 1129.
		Thoros continued and extended the alliances formed by Constantine I with the new Crusader states of Syria.
		Thoros was also a pious prince establishing churches and monasteries as the principality grew.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Thoros_I_of_Armenia (195 words)

	History of Armenia - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Western Armenia quickly became a province of the Roman Empire under the name of Armenia Minor; Eastern Armenia remained a kingdom within Persia until 428, when the local nobility overthrew the king, and the Sassanids installed a governor in his place.
		So ended Christian leadership of Armenia for the next millennium with the exception of a period of the late 12th-early 13th centuries, when the Muslim power in Greater Armenia was seriously troubled by the resurgent Georgian monarchy.
		Although the native dynasty of the Bagratids to which the Arabs gave the royal crown of Armenia, was founded under favourable circumstances, the feudal system gradually weakened the country by eroding loyalty to the central government.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/History_of_Armenia (2103 words)

	Cilicia - LoveToKnow 1911
		In the 7th century it was invaded by the Arabs, who held the country until it was reoccupied by Nicephorus II.
		The Seljuk invasion of Armenia was followed by an exodus of Armenians southwards, and in 1080 Rhupen, a relative of the last king of Ani, founded in the heart of the Cilician Taurus a small principality, which gradually expanded into the kingdom of Lesser Armenia.
		Thoros I. (1100-1123), in alliance with the Christian princes of Syria, waged successful war against Byzantines and Seljuks.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Cilicia (1115 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - History of Armenia
		Armenia's king Sarduri II Between 1500 - 1200 BC, a tribal confederation called Hayasa-Azzi existed in the western half of the Armenian Highland, often clashing with the Hittite Empire.
		Western Armenia was recognized as being part of the Republic of Armenia in the Treaty of Sevres in 1920.
		Armenia, a nation that was under foreign domination for hundreds of years, and was not ready for statehood in between hostile Turkish neighbors, was kept under control and put under Soviet protection from Kemalist Turkey, thanks to the Iron Curtain.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=History_of_Armenia (3872 words)

	Armenia and Georgia, Culmen Europae
		Armenia has thus traditionally been regarded as the first officially Christian country, though, with uncertainties in dating, Ethiopia may be able to challenge this.
		The Kingdom of Armenia in the Taurus Mountains of Cilicia is called "Lesser" Armenia in contrast to the "Greater Armenia" of the Armenian homeland to the northeast.
		The Kingdom of Lesser Armenia was the last independent Armenian state until the former Soviet Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991.
	www.friesian.com /armenia.htm (4282 words)

	Armenia, Armenian, Armenian History, Armenians, Armenian Cause, Armenian research, Armenian facts, Armenian people, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Armenia regained independence after the death of Alexander the Macedonian, when the monarchy of the latter was split into many parts.
		A referendum was organized in Armenia on September 21, 1991, the Armenian residents voting overwhelmingly for the secession from the USSR.
		In response to that, a joint session of deputies of Armenia and Artsakh adopted a document proclaiming the reunification of Armenia and Artsakh.
	www.ayfwest.org /Armenia_Armenian/Armenia/armenia_armenian.html (15280 words)

	Armenia History
		The name Armenia was given to the country by the surrounding states, as it was the name of the strongest tribe living in the historic Armenian lands, who called themselves Armens.
		Armenian Kingdom Kingdom of Armenia at its greatest extent under the Artaxiad Dynasty after the conquests of Tigranes the Great, 80 BC After the destruction of the Seleucid Empire, a Hellenistic Greek successor state of Alexander the Great 's short-lived empire, a Hellenistic Armenian state was founded in 190 BC.
		Although the native dynasty of the Bagratids to which the Arabs gave the royal crown of Armenia, was founded under favourable circumstances, the feudal system gradually weakened the country by eroding loyalty to the central government.
	www.world66.com /europe/armenia/history (1941 words)

	Country Information, a world portal on countries, politics and governments
		The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (also known as Lesser Armenia; Armenian: Ô¿Õ«Õ¬Õ«Õ¯Õ«Õ¸Õµ ÕÕ¡ÕµÕ¯Õ¡Õ¯Õ¡Õ¶ Ô¹Õ¡Õ£Õ¡ÖÕ¸ÖÕ¸ÖÕ©Õ«ÖÕ¶, not to be confused with the Armenian Kingdom of Antiquity) was a state formed in the Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia.
		Cilicia was a strong ally of the European Crusaders, and saw itself as a bastion of Christendom in the East.
		To the north east was the principality of stantine_I_of_Armenia" title="Constantine I of Armenia">Constantine I of Armenia, the son of prince Roupen I.
	www.asiaiworld.com /wiki-Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia (942 words)

	Thoros III of Armenia - Definition, explanation
		He was the son of Leo III of Armenia and Kyranna de Lampron.
		Thoros was murdered on July 23, 1298 in Partzerpert by Oshin, Marshal of Armenia, on Sempad's orders.
		Thoros was married twice; his first marriage, to Marguerite de Lusignan (the daughter of King Hugh III of Cyprus), took place on January 9, 1288.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/t/th/thoros_iii_of_armenia.php (202 words)

	Armenians and Crusaders - HyeForum
		Armenia, under King Hethoum(i think) was one of the states which accepted their offer and hence supplied troops to the already large Mongol army.
		On January 6, 1198 Levon/Leon I is crowned as King of Lesser Armenia (Cilicia) by the new Armenian catholicos with a crown from the Hohenstaufen emperor.
		At Edessa Baldwin was adopted as the son of Thoros.
	www.hyeforum.com /index.php?showtopic=4653 (12838 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
		To the north east was the principality of Constantine I of Armenia, the son of Prince Rouben I.
		During his absence however, the Mamluks marched on Cilician Armenia, led by Mansur II and the Mamluk commander Qalawun, and defeated the Armenians at the Battle of Mari, causing great devastation to the country.
		In the summer of 1299, Hetoum I's grandson, King Hetoum II of Armenia, again facing threats of attack by the Mamluks, sent a message to the Mongol khan of Persia, Ghâzân to obtain his support.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia (2081 words)

	Armenian History, chapter 6: Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia
		Unable to subject Thoros, the Greeks even concluded a military alliance with Sultan of Konya, but the troops of the latter were also routed by Thoros.
		While the inhabitants of the Greater Armenia eye-witnessed the loss of their national statehood and numerous foreign invasions, the Cilician Armenians lived in wealth and prosperity.
		Meanwhile, the enormous Empire of Mongols expanded on the East, and the Turks were consecutively ousted from the Greater Armenia, Syria and Mesopotamia.
	www.armenianhistory.info /cilician.htm (1024 words)

	The Genealogy of the Kings and Queens of Armenia
		The descendants of Isabelle (Zabel), Princess of Armenia
		He was a brother of Peter I. In 1393 Leo VI died living no heir and the title revolved on James I. James I was proclaimed King of Armenia in 1396 in the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Nicosia and passed on the title to his successors.
		This was captured by the Moslems in 1458 and the crown of Armenia became only a nominal title and ended with the fall of the Lusignan Kingdom of Cyprus in 1489.
	freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com /~heicke/MEDIEVAL/armenia.htm (992 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		1194) to Alice, a niece of Leo II of Lesser Armenia, a vassal to Antioch.
		In 1254 the quarrel between Antioch and Lesser Armenia was at length put to rest with the marriage of Bohemond VI and Sibylla, daughter of Hethoum I of Lesser Armenia.
		By this time Lesser Armenia’s star was rising and in a reversal of the earlier relationship, Bohemond VI allowed himself to become a vassal of the Armenian kingdom.
	www.the-orb.net /textbooks/crusade/antioch.html (2650 words)

	Armenian Cilicia Leo IV Crusaders medieval Bas46 - (eBay item 120154173682 end time Aug-29-07 15:17:41 PDT)
		Leo (or Leon) IV of Armenia (1289-1307) was king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, ruling from 1303 to 1307, along with his uncle Hethum II.
		He was the son of Thoros III of Armenia and Margaret de Lusignan, daughter of King Hugh III of Cyprus.
		In 1303, he was crowned King of Armenia after the retirement of his uncle and Regent Hethum II.
	cgi.ebay.com /Armenian-Cilicia-Leo-IV-Crusaders-medieval-Bas45_W0QQitemZ120154173682QQihZ002QQcategoryZ3363QQcmdZViewItem (486 words)

	Wikinfo \| Kingdom of Armenia
		Ruben (or Rupen) I, Prince of Armenia (1080-1095)
		Charlotte, Queen of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia (1458-1464)
		Images, some of which are used under the doctrine of Fair use or used with permission, may not be available.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Kingdom_of_Armenia (169 words)

	Baldwin I of Jerusalem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Another invitation came from Thoros of Edessa, where Baldwin was adopted as Thoros' son and successor.
		When Thoros was assassinated in March of 1098, Baldwin became the first count of Edessa, although it is unknown if he played any role in the assassination.
		He ruled the county until 1100, marrying Arda, the daughter of Thoros I of Armenia, and acting as an ambassador between the crusaders and Armenians.
	baldwin-i-of-jerusalem.iqnaut.net (936 words)

	[No title]
		In \par its mountains were the many large castles which controlled \par the mountain passes, including the famous Cilician Gates, \par through which pilgrims and Crusaders travelled to the \par Holy Land and luxury goods from the east travelled to \par Europe.
		\par Thoros' brother Stephen is lured by the Greeks into the castle \par of Hamus and boiled alive.
		Permission is given to use these articles in any \par educational publication as long as you credit me for the authorship of the article and send me a copy of the publication.
	www.florilegium.org /files/CULTURES/Armenia-TL-art.rtf (1143 words)

	Aghtamar - Church of the Holy Cross
		On the collapse of Greater Armenia many Armenians emigrated to Georgia, Poland, and Galicia, while others crossed into Cilicia (present day Turkey), where some colonies had already settled at the end of the 10th century.
		The barons Constantine I (1092-1100), Thoros I (1100-29), and Levon I (1129-39) enlarged their domains at the expense of the Byzantines, and by 1132 Vahka, Sis, Anazarbus, Mamistra, Adana, and Tarsus were under Rubenid rule.
		Levon I the Great (1199-1219), an ally of the German emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, received the royal crown from Frederick's son Henry VI and Pope Celestine III and was crowned king of Armenia in Tarsus in 1199 by the cardinal Conrad von Wittelsbach.
	www.ling.umd.edu /~ninaka/grace/aghtamar/main/pages/armhistory10.htm (227 words)

	The Rupenids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Thoros I (Taphnuz), Prince of Armenia (1100-29), +1129
		Ruben III, Prince of Armenia (1174-86), +1185/86; m.Isabella of Toron
		Isabella (Zabel), Queen of Armenia (1219-52), 1212/13, +1252; 1m: 1222 King Philip of Armenia, Prince of Antioch (+1226); 2m: Hethum I de Barbaron, King of Armenia* (*1215 +1270)
	genealogy.euweb.cz /crus/armenia1.html (259 words)

	Hethum II of Armenia - Term Explanation on IndexSuche.Com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		(died 1307) was king of Armenia, ruling from 1289 to 1292, 1294 to 1297 and 1299 to 1307.
		After Thoros's death in 1298 at the hands of their brother Sempad, Hethum managed to regain the crown with the help of a fourth brother Constantine.
		Hethum's son Thoros, Crown Prince of Armenia, was murdered in 1296 by his brother Sempad.
	www.indexsuche.com /Hethum_II_of_Armenia.html (191 words)

	Impearls: 2004-06-20
		From 387 to 428 the Arsacid kings of Armenia were vassals of Persia, while the westernmost part of their kingdom was incorporated in the Roman Empire and ruled by a count.
		During this second period Armenia was ruled from Transcaucasia by the national dynasty of the Bagratuni.
		Like Ashot himself, his descendants tried at first to control the whole of Armenia, but from 928 onwards they were obliged to content themselves with real dominion in their hereditary lands and moral supremacy over the other princes.
	impearls.blogspot.com /2004_06_20_impearls_archive.html (3824 words)

	The Hethumids
		Thoros III, King of Armenia (1293-94), *1271, +strangled to death 23.7.1298; 1m: 9.1.1288 Marguerite de Lusignan (+1296); 2m: 1297 N, mother of Ghazan, Ilkhan of Iran
		Alice of Korikos, +1329; m.King Leo V of Armenia (*1310 +1341)
		Maria of Korikos, Queen of Armenia (1363-65), +1365; m.King Constantine IV of Armenia (+1363)
	www.genealogy.euweb.cz /crus/armenia2.html (508 words)

	Illuminated Manuscripts of Armenia - Associated Content
		The history of Armenia is a story of survival.
		The record of Armenian illumination can be studied to a large extent through the examination of manuscripts at the Library of St. Thoros in the Monastery of St James, Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem.
		The collection of Armenian illuminated manuscripts in the Library of St. Thoros in the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem is one of the largest and most important in the world, second only to the Matenadaran Collection in Yerevan, Armenia.
	www.associatedcontent.com /article/311942/illuminated_manuscripts_of_armenia.html (507 words)

	"Medieval Armenia and Cilicia Timeline" by Keran R - HyeForum
		WHERE - Greater Armenia was east and south of the Black Sea.
		Thoros' brother Stephen is lured by the Greeks into the castle
		The principality of Cilicia became, the Kingdom of Cilician Armenia or Lesser Armenia as it was know to the European historians.
	hyeforum.com /index.php?showtopic=4636 (4183 words)

	LebaneseBooks.com: Books from Lebanon in Arabic, English and French.
		This "coffee table" book essentially shines a light on the history of Armenia and Armenians through references to periods dating to early biblical times.
		The book, however, focuses on the and art of those western travelers in the XVIIIth and XIXth centuries who documented their journeys in Armenia and areas of the Ottoman Empire, through text and drawings.
		Armenia was the first nation as such to convert to Christianity (301 AD), and the invention of the Armenian Alphabet in 405 was followed in the translation of the bible only 10 years later.
	www.lebanesebooks.com /books/armenian/armenia_engraving.htm (371 words)

	edessa
		Edessa, located in Armenia, in Celicia, was the most important of the Armenian cities.
		On the Euphrates, the population was comprised of the Armenian faction (Separated Church) of the Eastern Church.
		The first of the Crusader Conquests became the first to be lost.
	www.medievalcrusades.com /edessa.htm (909 words)

	HyeEtch - The Armenians - History p3
		The treaty of Turkmencay - Eastern Armenia annexed by Russia under the rule of Czar Paul I. Tanzimat movement, promoted by Sultan Mahmud II as a stimulus and program for an approach by the Ottoman Empire to the Western culture.
		Heavy taxes were imposed, hundreds of Armenian civilians were cast into Turkish prisons, stripped of their clothes and tortured in the most diabolical manner.
		Robert Kocharyan was elected the second President of the Republic of Armenia
	www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au /armenians/history_p3.html (424 words)

	SCC Forums > 5th Units Preview: Cilician Armenia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Seljuk invasion of Armenia was followed by an exodus of Armenians southwards, and in 1080, Rhupen, a relative of the last king of Ani, founded in the heart of the Cilician Taurus a small principality, which gradually expanded into the kingdom of Lesser Armenia or Armenia Minor.
		Gosdantin (1095-1100) assisted the crusaders on their march to Antioch, and was created knight and marquis.
		Thoros I (1100-1123), in alliance with the Christian princes of Syria, waged successful war against the Byzantines and Seljuk Turks.
	www.stratcommandcenter.com /forums/lofiversion/index.php/t15192.html (636 words)

	IGN Boards - Chivalry Total War Preview! The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia [56K WARNING]
		In AD 301, Armenia became the first state to adopt Christianity as its official state religion, twelve years before the Roman Empire granted Christianity official toleration.
		When the Armenian Naxarars (lords) fled Armenia from the onslaught of the Seljuk turks, they bought their retinues and warriors with them.
		When Armenia was governed by the Byzantines, large numbers were drafted into the Byzantine army, and many posts in Asia Minor were manned by Armenian troops.
	boards.ign.com /rome_total_war/b7251/101283846/p1 (1374 words)

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