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	Edessa, Mesopotamia - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It was at Edessa that Caracalla, who made it a military colony under the style of Colonia Marcia Edessenorum, spent the winter of 216-217, and near there that he was murdered.
		A few years later Jacob Baradaeus, with Edessa as centre of his bishopric, was carrying on the propaganda of Monophysitism which won for the adherents of that creed the name of Jacobites.
		In the first decade of the next century Edessa was taken by Chosroes II., and a large part of the population transported to eastern Persia.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Edessa%2C_Mesopotamia (3900 words)

	County of Edessa
		The County of Edessa was one of the Crusader states in the 12th century.
		Thoros was Greek Orthodox, and was disliked by his Armenian subjects; he was soon assassinated, although it is unknown if Baldwin had any part in this.
		Edessa was one of the largest of the Crusader states in terms of territory.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/co/County_of_Edessa.html (666 words)

	Baldwin I of Edessa - LoveToKnow 1911
		BALDWIN I., prince of Edessa (1098-1100), and first king of Jerusalem (Iloo - I118), was the brother of Godfrey of Bouillon.
		Another invitation followed from Thoros of Edessa; and to Edessa Baldwin came, first as protector, and then, when Thoros was assassinated, as his successor (March 1098).
		In the north he had to compose the dissensions of the Christian princes in Tripoli, Antioch and Edessa (1109-1110), and to help them to maintain their ground against the Mahommedan princes of N.E. Syria, especially Maudud and Aksunk-ur, amirs of Mosul.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Baldwin_I_of_Edessa (723 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > First Crusade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In Edessa he was adopted as heir by King Thoros[?], a Greek Orthodox ruler who was disliked by his Armenian subjects.
		Thoros was soon assassinated and Baldwin became the new ruler; the city became the County of Edessa, the first of the Crusader states.
		Godfrey died in July, 1100, and was succeeded by his brother, Baldwin of Edessa, who took the title of "King of Jerusalem".
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/fi/First_Crusade (1144 words)

	Thoros of Edessa - Definition, explanation
		Thoros (or Theodoros, died March 9, 1098) was the ruler of Edessa at the time of the First Crusade.
		Thoros immediately tried to take control of the city for himself; when Yaghi-Siyan, emir of Antioch, and Ridwan, emir of Aleppo, took refuge in Edessa after being defeated by Malik Shah I, Thoros tried to take them captive and ransom them.
		Thoros agreed to let him have the city and made plans to flee with his family to Melitene, but shortly afterwards, on March 9, Thoros was assassinated by the Armenian inhabitants of the city, possibly at Baldwin's command, and Baldwin became the first count of Edessa.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/t/th/thoros_of_edessa.php (346 words)

	edessa
		On the Euphrates, the population was comprised of the Armenian faction (Separated Church) of the Eastern Church.
		Edessa was restored to Baldwin ll by the fall of 1108.
		Baldwin ll took control of Edessa and made Geoffrey the Monk, commander of the Garrison, protector of the city till the fate of Joscelin could be determined.
	www.medievalcrusades.com /edessa.htm (909 words)

	Baldwin I of Jerusalem
		Baldwin I (died 1118), count of Edessa (1098—1100), and first king of Jerusalem (1100—1118), was the brother of Godfrey of Bouillon.
		For two years he ruled in the County of Edessa (1098—1100), marrying an Armenian wife, and acting generally as the intermediary between the crusaders and the Armenians.
		In the north he had to compose the dissensions of the Christian princes in Tripoli, Antioch and Edessa (1109—1110), and to help them to maintain their ground against the Muslin princes of northeastern Syria, especially Mawdud[?] and Aksunk-ur, emirs of Mosul.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ba/Baldwin_I_of_Edessa.html (573 words)

	TARZI: Edessa in the Era of Patriarch Michael The Syrian
		As of the seventh century and until the beginning of the thirteenth century, Edessa was ruled predominantly by men of alien stock, professing a faith alien to that of most of its inhabitants.
		The Crusaders, who had managed to maintain their hold on the immediate neighborhood of Edessa, met with the Atabeg of Mosul, Imad ul-din Zangi, an exponent of skill, resourcefulness and determination at the time when the ruler of Edessa was the ineffective Jocelyn the younger.
		A census published in 1908 by Ottoman authorities puts the population of Edessa and surroundings (the County of Edessa consisting of Edessa, Birejik, Qal‘at Rrum and Harran) in the vicinity of 72,000.
	syrcom.cua.edu /Hugoye/Vol3No2/HV3N2Tarzi.html (6140 words)

	Edessa, Countship of
		Its demise is linked to Edessa being without coast and surrounded only by Muslim-ruled states, the Seljuqs to the north and Zangids to the south, with whom Edessa never managed to form stable relations.
		— Edessa is attacked by the rulers of Mosul, and at the Battle of Harran, and Baldwin 2 is taken prisoner.
		1144: Edessa is besieged by Zengi, the ruler of Aleppo and Mosul.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/edessa_crusades.htm (474 words)

	Arda of Armenia - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		She was the daughter of a minor Armenian noble named Thathoul (or Thoros), lord of Marash.
		In reality, Thoros had paid very little of the dowry, Arda had produced no children, and an Armenian wife was less useful in Jerusalem than in Edessa.
		In 1112 Baldwin sought to marry Adelaide del Vasto, widow of Roger I of Sicily and regent for Roger II.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Arda_of_Armenia (387 words)

	County of Edessa Information
		The County of Edessa was one of the Crusader states in the 12th century, based around a city with an ancient history and an early tradition of Christianity (see Edessa).
		Thoros was a Greek Orthodox, and was disliked by his Armenian Orthodox subjects; he was soon assassinated, although it is unknown if Baldwin had any part in this.
		Later in 1104, Edessa was attacked by Mosul, and both Baldwin and Joscelin were taken prisoner when they were defeated at the Battle of Harran.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/County_of_Edessa (923 words)

	County of Edessa - Japan
		The County of Edessa was one of the Crusader states in the 12th century, based around a city with an ancient history and an early tradition of Christianity (see Edessa).
		Thoros was a Greek Orthodox, and was disliked by his Armenian Orthodox subjects; he was soon assassinated, although it is unknown if Baldwin had any part in this.
		Edessa was one of the largest of the Crusader states in terms of territory.
	county-of-edessa.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/County_of_Edessa (1304 words)

	ipedia.com: Thoros Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Thoros was a mighty god-king of the Armenianss.
		Thoros was also the ruler of Edessa at the time of the First crusade.
		Shortly afterwards, Thoros was assassinated and Baldwin became the first count of Edessa.
	www.ipedia.com /thoros.html (163 words)

	radio SAW - Superhits für Sachsen-Anhalt
		März 1098 bis 1100 Graf von Edessa und von 1100 bis 1118 König von Jerusalem.
		Eine zweite Einladung kam von Thoros von Edessa, der Balduin als seinen Sohn und Nachfolger adoptierte.
		Er heiratete Orianta (Arda) aus Melitene, eine Tochter des Thoros I. von Armenien, und agierte in der Folgezeit als Vermittler zwischen den Kreuzrittern und den Armeniern.
	www.radiosaw.de /start.php?wikipedia,wiki/Balduin_I._%28Jerusalem%29 (1163 words)

	Policies of Manuel I and the Second Crusade - by Al. Vasilief
		The inhabitants of Edessa went to redeem their captives, and the city was repopulated.
		It was a heavy blow to the Christian cause in the east, because the county of Edessa, because of its geographical position, was a buffer state of the crusaders which had to receive the first attacks of Muslim assaults.
		The fall of Edessa produced a deep impression upon the west and evoked renewed interest in the cause of the Holy Land.
	www.ellopos.net /elpenor/vasilief/manuel-i-second-crusade.asp (5541 words)

	Biologie - Mleh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Thoros befreundete sich mit dem Franken Simon von Raban und heiratete dessen Tochter.
		Während Thoros und Mleh entkommen konnten, wurden Bohemund III., Raimund von Tripolis, Konstantin Koloman und Hugo von Lusignan gefangen genommen und in Ketten nach Aleppo gebracht.
		Aus unbekannten Gründen überwarf sich Mleh mit Thoros und versuchte ihn mit einigen Genossen auf der Jagd zwischen Mamista and Adana zu ermorden.
	www.biologie.de /biowiki/Mleh (874 words)

	Baldwin I of Jerusalem
		Another invitation came from Thoros of Edessa, where Baldwin was adopted as Thoros' son and successor.
		When Thoros was assassinated in March of 1098, Baldwin became the first count of Edessa, although it is unknown if he played any role in the assassination.
		To the north, he limited Damascene access to the Mediterranean coast by capturing Arsuf and Caesarea in 1101, Acre in 1104, and Beirut and Sidon in 1110 (the latter with the aid of the Venetians, and Norwegians under King Sigurd I).
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/b/ba/baldwin_i_of_jerusalem.html (917 words)

	Crusaders, Greeks, and Muslims by Sanderson Beck
		At Edessa Baldwin was adopted as the son of Thoros.
		Tancred was reconciled with Baldwin II of Edessa, and the Toulouse inheritance was divided as Bertram pledged fealty to King Baldwin.
		In 1122 Edessa count Joscelin and sixty men were captured by Belek, one of the successors to the realms of the dying Il Ghazi.
	san.beck.org /AB18-Crusaders.html (21728 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		Two further consequences of the defeat were that Tancred, who had not returned to Tiberias in the meantime, was named regent of Edessa, and the Byzantines were emboldened to recapture Cilicia and the harbor and lower town of Lattakieh.
		The upshot of these events was that Baldwin I of Jerusalem (formerly Count Baldwin I of Edessa), in alliance with Bertrand, Baldwin of Bourcq and Joscelin of Courtenay, faced down Tancred and William-Jordan.
		With the king’s death in 1131 his daughter Alice, widow of Bohemond II and mother of Constance, contrived, with the aide of both Tripoli and Edessa (both of which wished to abolish the overlordship of Jerusalem) to ascend to power.
	www.the-orb.net /textbooks/crusade/antioch.html (2650 words)

	Kingdoms of Canaan - Outremer
		The County of Edessa was different from the other Crusader states in that it was landlocked.
		Half of the county, including its capital, was located to the east of the Euphrates and therefore was positioned far to the east of the other states.
		Thoros was a Greek Orthodox, and was disliked by his Armenian Orthodox subjects.
	www.history.kessler-web.co.uk /KingListsMiddEast/CanaanOutremer.htm (550 words)

	Crusaders, Greeks, and Muslims by Sanderson Beck
		The Orthodox Christian Thoros was so unpopular with the Armenians for his high taxes and poor protection that a mob broke in and murdered him.
		Edessa count Baldwin of Le Bourg married an Armenian princess and got 30,000 bezants from her father by threatening to shave off his beard, an important symbol of masculinity to Armenians.
		While Raymond of Antioch threatened Aleppo, Joscelin regained Edessa; but after a siege by Nur-ad-Din's army, the Frankish army fled, leaving the native Christian men to be massacred while the women and children were enslaved.
	www.san.beck.org /AB18-Crusaders.html (21728 words)

	First Crusade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Baldwin of Bourg, the ambassador between Antioch and Edessa, becomes the Count of Edessa in Frankish Syria.
		The crown was offered to the king's elder brother Eustace III who was in France and did not want the job, and Joscelin of Courtnay insisted that the crown pass to Baldwin of Bourcq.
		She allied with Pons of Tripoli and Joscelin II of Edessa to prevent Fulk from marching north, they fought and make peace, she is exiled, again.
	www.packrat-pro.com /crusade1.htm (5262 words)

	edessa_grafschaft
		Nach diesen wechselvollen Ereignissen wurde Gottfried der Mönch Regent in Edessa.
		Die Grafschaft Edessa geriet in immer schwieirgerer und gespanntere Beziehungen zu ihren christlichen Nachbarn Antiochien und Byzanz, besonders aber zu den islamischen Mächten, vor allem Aleppo und Mosul.
		Die Nachricht vom Fall Edessas fand einen unerwarteten Widerhall: In der islamischwen Welt faßte man neue Hoffnung angesichts der Vernichtung einer einstmals mächtigen christlichen Herrschaft, der Beschränkung der Kreuzfahrerstaaten auf einen Küstenstreifen und der Beseitigung des Keils zwischen den Türken des Iran und Anatoliens.
	www.mittelalter-genealogie.de /courtenay_grafen_von_edessa/edessa_grafschaft.html (544 words)

	First Crusade - Free net encyclopedia
		In Edessa early in 1098, he was adopted as heir by King Thoros, a Greek Orthodox ruler who was disliked by his Armenian subjects.
		Thoros was soon assassinated and Baldwin became the new ruler, thus creating the County of Edessa, the first of the crusader states.
		Godfrey died in July, 1100, and was succeeded by his brother, Baldwin of Edessa, who took the title of "King of Jerusalem".
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/First_Crusade (4815 words)

	Baldwin I of Jerusalem - Japan
		When Thoros was assassinated in March of 1098, Baldwin became the first count of Edessa, although it is unknown if he played any role in the assassination.
		After returning to Edessa, Baldwin aided in relieving the siege of Melitene, at which Bohemund was captured by the Danishmends.
		He granted Edessa to a cousin, Baldwin of Bourcq, and on the way to Jerusalem he was ambushed by Duqaq of Damascus near Beirut.
	baldwin-i-of-jerusalem.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem (2448 words)

	Baldwin I of Jerusalem - Definition, explanation
		Baldwin of Boulogne (died 1118), count of Edessa (1098—1100), then the second monarch and first titled king of Jerusalem (1100—1118), was the brother of Godfrey of Bouillon, son of Eustace II of Boulogne.
		After rejoining the main army at Marash, and learning that Godvera had died in the meantime, Baldwin received an invitation from an Armenian named Pakrad, and moved eastwards towards the Euphrates where he occupied Turbessel.
		He ruled the county until 1100, marrying Arda, the daughter of Thoros I of Armenia, and acting as an ambassador between the crusaders and Armenians.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/b/ba/baldwin_i_of_jerusalem.php (937 words)

	JERUSALEM
		THOROS II Lord of the Mountains, son of LEO I Lord of the Mountains and his wife --- (-6 Feb 1169).]
		[121]. Thoros attacked the Byzantine garrisons at Mamistra, Anazarba and Vahka after accusing the Governor of Cilicia, Andronikos Komnenos, of complicity in the murder of his half-brother Stephané. His revolt was suppressed by Konstantinos Dukas Kalamános whom Emperor Manuel appointed as Governor of Cilicia in 1160
		ISABELLE de Courtenay, daughter of JOSCELIN II de Courtenay Count of Edessa and his wife Béatrice (after 1133-[1150/59]). William of Tyre names her as daughter of Joscelin sent by his father as a hostage to the emperor in 1142
	fmg.ac /Projects/MedLands/ARMENIA.htm (4292 words)

	Armenians and Crusaders - HyeForum
		It had long been apparent that Edessa was vulnerable, but its loss came as a shock to Christians both East and West.
		The four principalities established by the crusaders--three after the loss of Edessa in 1144--were loosely connected, and such limited suzerainty as the king of Jerusalem exercised over the others became largely nominal after the midcentury.
		Hetum II abdicates in favor of his brother Thoros (who was strangled by their brother Smbat).
	www.hyeforum.com /index.php?showtopic=4653 (12838 words)

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