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	Adhes Arach Thorotrast
		Biological retention of Thorotrast® in the body has been estimated to have a half-life of 400 years.
		Thorotrast® stands as only one of many examples of the medical community's chronic naiveté regarding toxic substances, particularly those of a radioactive nature.
		One of the many proofs of this was a study by the National Institute of Standards and Technology which found that the radium-tipped applicators routinely used to shrink tonsils and adenoids in children during the 1950-1960s (patient numbers estimated at 500,000 to 2.5 million) subjected the individuals to unexpectedly large doses of beta radiation.
	www.burtonreport.com /InfSpine/AdhesArachThorotrast.htm (263 words)

	Implanted depleted uranium fragments cause soft tissue
		Thorotrast, a 25% colloidal thorium dioxide ([sup.232]Th) radiographic contrast media, was used as a positive control for radioactive materials.
		Because the Thorotrast used in this study was produced during the 1950s and remained in sealed vials until its use in this study, it was reasonable to assume that [sup.232]Th and its progeny were essentially in equilibrium before use.
		The Thorotrast injections induced a high incidence of soft tissue sarcomas, indicating that rats are sensitive to carcinogenesis from radioactive materials implanted in the muscles.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-83445520.html (5542 words)

	Thorotrast (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Thorotrast is a suspension containing particles of the radioactive compound thorium dioxide, ThO
		The risk of getting liver cancer in former Thorotrast patients has been measured to be well above 100 times the risk of the rest of the population.
		Richard Malmros was deeply concerned about the persistence of Thorotrast in the body but was forced to use Thorotrast, because the only available alternative (per-abrodil) had serious immediate side-effects, suffered from image quality problems and was difficult to obtain during the Second World War.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/t/th/thorotrast.html (419 words)

	Thorotrast
		Thorotrast is a suspension containing particles of the radioactive compound thorium dioxide, ThO
		The risk of getting liver cancer in former Thorotrast patients has been measured to be well above 100 times the risk of the rest of the population.
		Richard Malmros was deeply concerned about the persistence of Thorotrast in the body but was forced to use Thorotrast, because the only available alternative (per-abrodil) had serious immediate side-effects, suffered from image quality problems and was difficult to obtain during the Second World War.
	www.ibpassociation.org /encyclopedia/Pharmacology/Thorotrast.php (0 words)

	Thorotrast and Umbrathor (1950s)
		Two examples of these thorium containing agents were Thorotrast which was produced by Testagar and Company, and Umbrathor produced by the Heyden Chemical Company.
		Umbrathor was similar to Thorotrast except that it was ingested and used for the visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.
		The expiration dates marked on the bottles were May 1953 for the Umbrathor and September 1962 for the Thorotrast.
	www.orau.org /ptp/collection/radiology/thorotrast.htm (0 words)

	Thorotrast Accumulation in the Upper Abdomen
		Thorotrast accumulation in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes of the upper abdomen.
		Thorotrast is a colloidal suspension of thorium dioxide that was used until the 1950s as an intravascular contrast agent.
		Thorotrast is no longer used because thorium is an alpha emitter and has a very long half-life (400 years).
	www.brighamrad.harvard.edu /Cases/bwh/hcache/161/full.html (0 words)

	Alpha-Particle Carcinogenesis in Thorotrast® Patients: Epidemiology, Dosimetry, Pathology, and Molecular Analysis - ...
		is 14 billion years and Thorotrast is hardly eliminated from the body, tissues in which it was deposited are irradiated by alpha-radiation for the entire lifetime of the subject.
		The dosimetry of Thorotrast patients is very complicated, but currently its reliability is quite high compared with other irradiated populations.
		Thorotrast patients exhaled a high concentration of radon (Rn-220), a progeny of Th-232, but no excesses of lung cancer in the patients of Japan, Germany, and Denmark were reported.
	www.begellhouse.com /journals/0ff459a57a4c08d0,2702b9a25a52a498,68ff0f580ef47c4a.html (295 words)

	THOROTRAST (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Thorotrast будет подвесом содержа частицы радиоактивной составной двуокиси тория, ThO
		richard Malmros глубоки было отнесен о персистировании Thorotrast в теле но принужден для использования Thorotrast, потому что единственная имеющяяся алтернатива имела серьезные немедленно side-effects, котор вытерпели от проблем качества изображения и был трудн для того чтобы получить во время Второй войны.
		It is licensed under the GNU free documentation license.
	www.faktoru.com /wiki/ru/th/Thorotrast.htm (308 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Thorotrast (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Even at the time of introduction, there was concern about the safety of Thorotrast.
		The significance of this exposure was not fully understood in 1931.
		Unfortunately, Thorotrast turned out to be extremely carcinogenic, because of these alpha particles.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Thorotrast (425 words)

	Carcinogen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		CERCLA identifies all radionuclides as carcinogens, although the nature of the emitted radiation (alpha, beta, or gamma, and the energy), its consequent capacity to cause ionization in tissues, and the magnitude of radiation exposure, determine the potential hazard.
		For example, Thorotrast, an (incidentally-radioactive) suspension previously used as a contrast medium in x-ray diagnostics, is thought by some to be the most potent human carcinogen known because of its retention within various organs and persistent emission of alpha particles.
		Both Wilhelm Röntgen and Marie Curie died of cancer caused by radiation exposure during their experiments.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carcinogenic (621 words)

	Thorotrast Article, Thorotrast Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Following injection, the drug isdistributed to the liver, spleen and lymph nodes, where it is absorbed.
		These observations have ledsome to characterize Thorotrast as the most potent human carcinogen known.
		Richard Malmros was deeply concerned about the persistence of Thorotrast in thebody but was forced to use Thorotrast, because the only available alternative (per-abrodil) had serious immediateside-effects, suffered from image quality problems and was difficult to obtain during the Second World War.
	www.anoca.org /patients/available/thorotrast.html (471 words)

	THOROTRAST (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Dieser Effekt bildete Thorotrast ein ausgezeichnetes Kontrastmittel in der Röntgenstrahldiagnose.
		Einige Patienten weltweit sind mit Thorotrast bestimmt worden.
		Der Gebrauch Thorotrast in Dänemark beendete 1947, als sicherere Alternativen vorhanden wurden.
	www.faktedon.com /wiki/de/th/Thorotrast.htm (327 words)

	nicheflix
		The use of Thorotrast proved effective and a number of patients were relieved from their illnesses.
		Thorotrast contained radioactive ingredients that upon insertion in the patient’s head were able to provide doctors with a clear view of the exact location of the tumor.
		A news-reporter was tipped about the damaging effect of Thorotrast and the fact that an alternative, innocuous, medicament could have been used to diagnose brain tumors.
	www.nicheflix.com /reviews/facingthetruth.html (743 words)

	Redistribution of thorotrast into a liver allograft several years following transplantation: a case report. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Thorotrast was used as a radiographic contrast agent in the United States from about 1930 to the mid-1950 s.
		To revisit the mechanism of carcinogenesis by Thorotrast (THR), we examined the tissue distribution of THR granules and two-dimensional distribution of radioactivity in the organs of Thorotrastosis patients and studied their spatial relationship to histopathological changes.
		Caution is needed in interpreting the excess risks observed for site-specific cancers, however, because of the potential bias associated with the selection of cohort participants, noncomparability with respect to the internal or external comparison groups, and confounding by indication.
	lib.bioinfo.pl /pmid:14631374 (3250 words)

	THOROTRAST (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Questo effetto ha reso a Thorotrast un mezzo di contrasto eccellente nel sistema diagnostico dei raggi X. Poiché la sospensione offerta l'alta qualità di immagine e non ha avuta virtualmente effetti secondari immediati confrontati allora alle alternative disponibili, Thorotrast è stato ampiamente usata dopo la relativa introduzione in 1931.
		Il rischio di leucemia sembra essere 20 volte più su nei pazienti di Thorotrast.
		L'uso di Thorotrast in Danimarca si è concluso in 1947 in cui le alternative più sicuri sono diventato disponibili.
	www.facteri.com /wiki/it/th/Thorotrast.htm (421 words)

	Carcinogenicity of Depleted Uranium Fragments
		A slightly increased incidence was noted in rats implanted with the 2.5 X 2.5 mm DU squares and with 5.0 X 5.0mm squares of Ta.
		However, it may be prudent to follow wounded individual with radiography to determine the integrity of the embedded DU fragments and the tissue reactions to the fragments.
		Thorotrast was used as a positive control radioactive material.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /medsearch/Cancer/DoD7B.shtml (540 words)

	Safe Science! X-ray drug causes cancer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Although activists then responded in much the same way they now do to BST (bovine somatotrophin), it was not until 1947 that the first confirmed case of Thorotrast-induced cancer in humans was reported.
		By contrast, Thorotrast was used directly on the individuals involved to diagnose potentially life-threatening diseases.
		Therefore, the risk from Thorotrast could be balanced against the risk of death from not using it.
	www.unsafescience.com /thorotra.html (288 words)

	Thorotrast Pharmacology
		Image:Thorotrast.jpg Thorotrast is a suspensioncontaining particles of the radioactivecompound thorium dioxide, ThO
		Following injection, the drug is distributed to the liver, spleenand lymph nodes, where it is absorbed.
		The risk of getting liver cancerin former Thorotrast patients has been measured to be well above 100 times the risk of the rest of the population.
	www.lumrix.com /medical/pharmacology/thorotrast.html (0 words)

	Mesothelioma Cancer, Mesothelioma Lawyers
		The following may increase chances of developing mesothelioma:
		Radiation - There have been a few published reports of pleural and peritoneal mesotheliomas that developed following exposure to thorium dioxide (Thorotrast).
		Zeolite - This is a silicate mineral, chemically related to asbestos, common in the soil of the Anatoli region of Turkey.
	www.mesotheliomacancers.com (0 words)

	p.p.107-116
		Thorotrast gives rise to malignant tumors by delayed effect of deposition, and especially liver cancer is highly associated with thorotrastosis.
		Deposition of thorotrast as an exogenous substance inhibits phagocytosis by suppressing the reticuloendothelial system (RES) as well and bringing about a Shwartzman preparatory state (pre-shock state) in patients.
		This short natural history of thorotrastosis is thought to have some relation to RES suppression by long-term thorotrast deposition resulting in vulnerability to shock and infection.
	wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp /jbf/journal/BM/Vol19_2/p_p19-2_5.htm (174 words)

	► people who where injected with thorotrast
		the blood were found in people injected with thorotrast, a thorium compound injected into the body...
		Thorotrast was at one time given to people undergoing X-ray...
		Thorotrast is a chemical that in the past was injected into some...
	www.faq-site.com /faqs/209/people-who-where-injected-with-thorotrast.html (415 words)

	Dissertations from Karolinska Institutet - Published by Karolinska Institutet Karolinska Institutet - ki.se
		Studies of patients exposed to Thorotrast provide valuable information, since the administration of this radioactive contrast medium resulted in lifelong exposure to alpha particles at a low dose rate.
		Thorotrast was used worldwide for visualization of vascular structures from about 1930 to the beginning of 1950.
		Patients exposed to Thorotrast had a significant three-fold increase in overall mortality compared to the general population (standardized mortality ratio=SMR 2.8), with similar excesses for men and women.
	diss.kib.ki.se /2002/91-7349-310-4 (723 words)

	Texas Lawyer - Burleson v. Texas Department of Criminal Justice
		Although Dr. Carson presupposes that the thorium dioxide particles in the welding dust were inhaled by Burleson, lodged in his airways and caused a cancer risk, he could not cite any studies to confirm that this type of infection is possible.
		It is undisputed that Thorotrast patients and the Japanese nuclear victims had a higher level of general radiat ion exposure than people exposed to thoriated tungsten welding electrodes.
		Thorotrast had a significantly higher concentration of thorium dioxide than the 2% thoriated welding electrodes at issue here, and, as the defendants observe, was injected directly into the body or administered orally.
	www.law.com /jsp/tx/LawDecisionTX.jsp?id=1102543087582 (4637 words)

	Thorotrast Accumulation in the Upper Abdomen
		Thorotrast accumulation in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes of the upper abdomen.
		Thorotrast is a colloidal suspension of thorium dioxide that was used until the 1950s as an intravascular contrast agent.
		Thorotrast is no longer used because thorium is an alpha emitter and has a very long half-life (400 years).
	brighamrad.harvard.edu /Cases/bwh/hcache/161/full.html (339 words)

	[No title]
		Thorotrast was composed of thorium dioxide (Th02) and Th-232, a naturally occurring radionuclide.
		Because the physical half-life of Th02 is 14 billion years and Thorotrast is hardly eliminated from the body, tissues in which it was deposited are irradiated by alpha-radiation for the entire lifetime of the subject.
		Abstract Thorotrast recipients who developed cancer, mostly of hepatic bile duct and blood vessel origin.
	www.cerrie.org /committee_papers/INFO_3-A.doc (683 words)

	dreddyclinic.com - Liver Cancer
		Thorotrast was at one time given to people undergoing X-ray tests.
		Both chemicals are known to play a role in the development of rare cancers that begin in the liver's blood vessels (angiosarcomas or hemangiosarcomas).
		Medical use of Thorotrast was discontinued nearly 50 years ago, and workers are now better protected from exposure to carcinogenic chemicals.
	www.dreddyclinic.com /findinformation/cc/livercancer.htm (2934 words)

	Website Nederlandse Vereniging Slachtoffers Medische Contrastmiddelen - Thorotrast (1930)
		Thorotrast heeft een halveringstijd van 1.4 miljard jaar.
		Een recent literatuuronderzoek beschrijft een aantal gevallen van beginnende osteosarcoma en soortgelijke tumoren in patiënten met een gemiddelde latente periode van 26 jaar na het onderzoek; daarbij bleek dat de latente periode omgekeerd evenredig gerelateerd was aan de dosis.
		Nadat Thorotrast 'in onbruik raakte' mocht het middel aanvankelijk nog als contrastmiddel toegepast worden bij patiënten met een beperkte levensverwachting, totdat in 1980 de autorisatie voor gebruik voor medische doeleinden, zowel uit- als inwendig, geheel teruggenomen werd.
	www.nvsmc.nl /content/view/38/46 (373 words)

	Implanted Depleted Uranium Fragments Cause Soft Tissue Sarcomas in the Muscles of Rats
		Because the Thorotrast used in this study was produced during the 1950s and remained in sealed vials until its use in this study, it was reasonable to assume that
		For example, assuming that the Thorotrast deposit spread out uniformly as a 50-µm-thick square plate in the muscle tissue, we can calculate that the dose rate becomes 10.9 rad/day, compared to 10.6 rad/day in the spherical geometry.
		Incidence of soft tissue tumors in rats implanted with DU, Ta, or Thorotrast.
	www.ehponline.org /members/2002/110p51-59hahn/hahn-full.html (6487 words)

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