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Topic: Thought reform

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	Apologetics research resources on religious cults and sects - Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: A Study ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Thought reform bears witness to its more malignant consequences: for by defining and manipulating the criteria of purity, and then by conducting an all-out war upon impurity, the ideological totalists create a narrow world of guilt and shame.
		In thought reform, for instance, the phrase "bourgeois mentality" is used to encompass and critically dismiss ordinarily troublesome concerns like the quest for individual expression, the exploration of alternative ideas, and the search for perspective and balance in political judgments.
		In thought reform, as in Chinese Communist practice generally, the world is divided into the "people" (defined as "the working class, the peasant class, the petite bourgeoisie, and the national bourgeoisie"), and the "reactionaries" or "lackeys of imperialism" (defined as "the landlord class, the bureaucratic capitalist class, and the KMT reactionaries and their henchmen").
	www.apologeticsindex.org /b07.html (7188 words)

	COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN THOUGHT REFORM
		Critics of research into cult dynamics assert that thought reform or brainwashing is a fictitious concept and they assert that it has never been subjected to scientific scrutiny in controlled, laboratory conditions (Barker 1995).
		Thought reform or “brainwashing” refers to a specific set of procedures or conditions this study alleges to be used by cults.
		Thought reform and the psychology of totalism, expressed his agreement, from his own study of cults that his dynamics could be applied to them.
	oak.cats.ohiou.edu /~rb267689 (6256 words)

	Thought Reform Programs and the Production of Psychiatric Casualties - Margaret Singer
		The term thought reform was introduced into the psychiatric literature by Lifton and the term coercive persuasion' by Schein.
		Second-generation thought reform programs expose participants to exercises and experiences that disrupt psychological defense systems, causing some individuals to be flooded with emotions and others to dissociate and split off parts of their awareness.
		Thus, most people leaving a thought reform program have a period in which they need to put together the split or doubled self they maintained while they were in the group and come to terms with their pre-group sense of self.
	www.factnet.org /Margaret_Thaler_Singer/Thought_Reform_Programs_and_the_Production_of_Psychiatric_Casualties.html (4322 words)

	Thought reform
		Thought reform is the alteration of a person's basic attitudes and beliefs by outside manipulation.
		Steven Hassan, who is influential in this field, wrote that one factor in thought reform can be the influence of sincere people who have been misled themselves.
		One of the first published uses of the term is in Robert Jay Lifton 's (a professor of psychology and psychiatry at John Jay College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York) book, ''Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: A Study of 'Brainwashing' in China'' (1961).
	www.nebulasearch.com /encyclopedia/article/Thought_reform.html (179 words)

	Brainwashing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Brainwashing, also known as thought reform or re-education, is the application of coercive techniques to change the beliefs or behavior of one or more people usually for political or religious purposes.
		The elements of thought reform as published in that book are sometimes used as a basis for cult checklists and are as follows.
		Thought Reform: A Brief History of the Model and Related Issues: Part I By Lawrence A. Pile Pile works for the Wellspring Retreat and Resource Center, a residential treatment facility for victims of thought reform and cultic abuse, located in the USA
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brainwashing (4725 words)

	Thought Reform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Most thought reform tactics are used by cultic groups to "brainwash" members.
		However, thought reform programs can be distinguished from other social influence efforts because of their totalistic scope and their sequenced phases aimed at destabilizing participants' sense of self, sense of reality, and values.
		Thought reform programs rely on organized peer pressure, the development of bonds between the leader or trainer and the followers, the control of communication, and the use of a variety of influence techniques.
	www.afromerica.com /knowledge/entertainment/television/thoughtreform.php (1542 words)

	Scientology --- Understanding Scientology Mind Control. Thought Reform Programs and the Production of Psychiatric ...
		Psychiatric Annals 20:4 April, 1990 The term thought reform was introduced into the psychiatric literature by Lifton and the term coercive persuasion by Schein.
		The full range of personality and situational factors that predispose individuals Second-generation thought reform programs expose participants to exercises and experiences that disrupt psychological defense systems, causing some individuals to be flooded with emotions and others to dissociate and split off parts of their awareness.
		The thought reform systems we have studied tend to use a variety of techniques and do not restrict A program relying heavily on meditation, trance, and dissociation techniques is likely to include elements of intense emotional arousal devices; the reverse also is true.
	www.holysmoke.org /cos/thought-reform2.htm (4027 words)

	Singet Margaret, Ph.D.: "Thought Reform Exists: Organized, Programmatic Influence"
		Thought reform is accomplished through the use of psychological and environmental control processes that do not depend on physical coercion.
		In sum, thought reform should be regarded as “situationally adaptive belief change that is not stable and is environment-dependent” (8, 10).
		The current effort by cult apologists to deny thought reform exists is linked to earlier protective stances toward cults in which apologists attempted to deny the cults' active and deceptive recruitment practices; deny the massive social, psychological, financial, spiritual, and other controls wielded by cult leaders; and thus dismiss their often destructive consequences.
	www.csj.org /infoserv_articles/singer_margaret_thoughtreform.htm (1376 words)

	From Deprogramming to Thought Reform Consultation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Gradually, not only did the understanding of the process of thought reform grow, but the voluntary approach of exit counseling proved to be effective -- and less risky psychologically as well as legally.
		Enables the thought reform consulting team to observe how the family works together under pressure and who may or may not be appropriate for major roles in the intervention
		Thought reform consultation involves even more assessment, as you see -- and places much more responsibility on the family.
	home.aol.com /carol2180/deprogra.htm (1550 words)

	[No title]
		The term Athought reform@ was introduced into the psychiatric literature by Lifton and the term Acoercive persuasion@' by Schein.
		Thought reform programs were used in the Arevolutionary universities,@ other educational settings, and prison environments.
		Following the proclamation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, hundreds or thousands were exposed to thought reform programs to achieve Aideological remolding.@ AGroup struggle sessions@ convinced individuals to denounce their past political views and to adopt the new state-approved political outlook.
	www.caic.org.au /psyther/lgat/mental.htm (4518 words)

	Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism
		A discussion of what is most central in the thought reform environment can lead us to a more general consideration of the psychology of human zealotry.
		In [Chinese Communist] thought reform, for instance, the phrase "bourgeois mentality" is used to encompass and critically dismiss ordinarily troublesome concerns like the quest for individual expression, the exploration of alternative ideas, and the search for perspective and balance in political judgments.
		In [Chinese Communist] thought reform, "progress," "progressive," "liberation," "proletarian standpoints" and "the dialectic of history" fall into the former category; "capitalist," "imperialist," "exploiting classes," and "bourgeois" (mentality, liberalism, morality, superstition, greed) of course fall into the latter.
	www.rickross.com /reference/brainwashing/brainwashing19.html (4888 words)

	How Thought Reform works by Dr. Margaret Singer
		Coercive persuasion or thought reform as it is sometimes known, is best understood as a coordinated system of graduated coercive influence and behavior control designed to deceptively and surreptitiously manipulate and influence individuals, usually in a group setting, in order for the originators of the program to profit in some way, normally financially or politically.
		The individual is prepared for thought reform through increased suggestibility and/or "softening up," specifically through hypnotic or other suggestibility-increasing techniques such as: A. Extended audio, visual, verbal, or tactile fixation drills; B. Excessive exact repetition of routine activities; C. Decreased sleep; D. Nutritional restriction.
		When successful in inducing these changes, coercive thought reform programs also, among other things, create the potential forces necessary for exercising undue influence over a person's independent decision-making ability, and even for turning the individual into a deployable agent for the organization's benefit without the individual's meaningful knowledge or consent.
	www.freeminds.org /psych/thought_reform.htm (2125 words)

	Thought Reform And The Psychology of Homosexual Advocacy
		Thought Reform And The Psychology of Homosexual Advocacy
		I thought it would be a good idea today to begin with some brief comments on the eventful year of progress which has happened to our organization.
		The basic features of thought reform and the psychological currents upon which it depends are as follows: (1) The control of all human communication on the subject; (2) An extensive personal manipulation of the public.
	www.leaderu.com /orgs/narth/1995papers/socarides.html (3857 words)

	Reason magazine -- March 2000, Thought Reform 101 by Alan Charles Kors
		Orwell did not know that as he wrote, Mao's China was subjecting university students to "thought reform," known also as "re-education," that was not complete until children had denounced the lives and political morals of their parents and emerged as "progressive" in a manner satisfactory to their trainers.
		In short, what moves the film (and American thought reform) is a denial of individual identity and responsibility, an insistence on group victimization and rights, and the belief that America is an almost uniquely iniquitous place in the world, without opportunity, legal equality, or justice.
		Thought reform is making its way inexorably to an office near you.
	reason.com /0003/fe.ak.thought.shtml (4163 words)

	Intro to Cults 101
		Whatever its setting, thought reform consists of two basic elements: confession, the exposure and renunciation of past and present "evil"; and re-education, the remaking of a man in the Communist image.
		Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: A Study of "Brainwashing" in China, by Robert Jay Lifton, M.D.; W. Norton and Co., Inc., 1963, page 5.
		Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: A Study of "Brainwashing" in China, by Robert Jay Lifton, M.D.; W. Norton and Co., Inc., 1963.
	www.orange-papers.org /orange-cultinfo.html (2947 words)

	Lessons in Awareness - Training in Power - Thought Reform Programs and the Production of Psychiatric Casualties
		by Margaret Thaler Singer, Ph.D. and Richard Ofshe, Ph.D. The term "thought reform" was introduced into the psychiatric literature by Lifton and the term 'coercive persuasion' by Schein.
		Thought reform programs were used in the revolutionary universities, other educational settings, and prison environments.
		The second generation of interest is in thought reform programs either currently operating or that have been in existence during the last decade in the
	home.comcast.net /~dkmuir/thought.html (1268 words)

	Eight Characteristics of a Thought Reform Environment
		Through this milieu control the totalist environment seeks to establish domain over not only the individual's communication with the outside (all that he sees and hears, reads and writes, experiences, and expresses), but also—in its penetration of his inner life—over what we may speak of as his communication with himself.
		But whatever his response—whether he is cheerful in the face of being manipulated, deeply resentful, or feels a combination of both —he has been deprived of the opportunity to exercise his capacities for self-expression and independent action.
		Indeed, Mao's words suggest that all of thought reform can be viewed as a way to eradicate such allegedly false modes of existence—not only among the nonpeople, within whom they supposedly originate, but also among legitimate people allegedly contaminated by them.
	www.barnabasministry.com /lifton3.htm (5149 words)

	Lifton's Eight Criteria of Thought Reform
		Thought Reform refers to the means by which a person can be brought to think, act, and believe in ways contrary to his original personality.
		We find that descriptions of thought reform shed the most light on our experience with Feroze.
		Robert Jay Lifton's seminal work on thought reform, Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism (1961), lays out eight criteria by which any group can be judged to use thought reform.
	www.ferozegolwalla.com /id14.html (190 words)

	mind control, brainwashing
		Mind control is the successful control of the thoughts and actions of another without his or her consent.
		Controlling one's thoughts and actions, whether by self-discipline or with the help of others, is an interesting and important topic, but it is not the same as brainwashing or programming people without their consent.
		Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: A Study of Brainwashing in China (University of North Carolina Press, 1989).
	www.skepdic.com /mindcont.html (3933 words)

	The Twelve Psychological Steps of Thought Reform and Christian Conversion
		The relationship between thought reform, as discussed by Lifton, and Christian conversion is important.
		However, the differences between the thought reform process and the Christian conversion process are far more weighty and significant than the similarities.
		By constrast, subjects of thought reform were in a completely controlled environment, with no possibility of outside influence, for three years.
	www.barnabasministry.com /lifton6.htm (2447 words)

	Thought reform
		The term usually relates closely to brainwashing and mind control.
		Steven Hassan, a controversial anti-cultist, has suggested that the influence of sincere but misled people can provide a significant factor in the process of thought reform.
		However, many scholars in the field of new religious movements do not accept Hassan's Bite model for understanding cults.
	www.datamass.net /th/thought-reform.html (153 words)

	WHAT IS A CULT?
		It will not be our objective here to draw a conclusion on the issue of whether Jehovah's Witnesses qualify as a bonafide 'cult,' but rather to present information and allow readers to make their own determination.
		Another key aspect of thought control involves training members to block out any information which is critical of the group.
		Every person in a cult has been programmed to stop all "negative" thoughts about the leader, the doctrine, or the organization, and has also been indoctrinated to believe that this group is superior to all other groups and different from all other groups.
	www.xjw.com /whatcult.html (4051 words)

	What is Thought Reform?
		Keep the person unaware of what is going on and how she or he is being changed a step at a time.
		This jargon consists of thought-terminating clichés which serve to alter members' thought processes to conform to the group's way of thinking.
		Member's personal experiences are subordinated to the sacred science and any contrary experiences must be denied or reinterpreted to fit the ideology of the group.
	hometown.aol.com /carol2180/treform.htm (728 words)

	"Thought Reform: A Brief History of the Modeland Related Issues: Part I," Lawrence A. Pile, Wellspring Journal
		"Thought Reform: A Brief History of the Modeland Related Issues: Part I," Lawrence A. Pile, Wellspring Journal
		However, in first-generation programs, primary attack was made on the political aspects of an individual's self-concept a peripheral aspect ofmost people's sense of self.
		In the newer thought reform programs, attacks appear to be designed to destabilize the subject's most central aspects of the experience of the self.
	www.royblakeley.name /larry_blakeley/articles/thought_reform_lawrence_pile_abstract.htm (130 words)

	Eric Kettunen - Recovery from Mormonism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A better way to rephrase this would be by discussing the manipulation of a member's thoughts and the type of information members are given and it's constant repetition.
		I have used their list (CAN) and modified it and reworded some phrases to soften the blow to a Mormon who may be reading this.
		THOUGHT REFORM - The change of an individual's behavior, thought, and emotional patterns through deliberate, unethical and coercive means; independent thought and free access to information is stifled for better control of the individual.
	www.exmormon.org /thought.htm (603 words)

	Lifton's Thought Reform
		He called the method used thought reform, and offered the following eight methods that are used to change people's minds.
		Whether it is a monastery or a behind-closed-doors cult, isolation from the ideas, examples and distractions of the outside world turns the individuals attention to the only remaining form of stimulation, which is the ideology that is being inculcated in them.
		This even works at the intrapersonal level, and individuals are discouraged from thinking incorrect thoughts, which may be termed evil, selfish, immoral and so on.
	changingminds.org /techniques/conversion/lifton_thought_reform.htm (972 words)

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