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	Thrasymachus [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Plato attributes to Thrasymachus are indeed the views the historical person held, Thrasymachus' critique of justice has been of considerable importance, and seems to represent moral and political views that are representative of the Sophistic Enlightenment in late fifth century Athens.
		Thrasymachus therefore turns out to be an ethical egoist who stresses that justice is the good of another and thus incompatible with the pursuit of one's self-interest.
		Thrasymachus' insistence that justice is nothing but the advantage of the stronger seems to support the view that moral values are socially constructed and are nothing but the reflection of the interests of particular political communities.
	www.iep.utm.edu /t/thrasymachus.htm (1217 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Thrasymachus
		Thrasymachus was a citizen of Chalcedon, on the Bosphorus.
		Thrasymachus has made it clear that the unjust life is to be preferred to the just and that individuals in the society do act and should act so as to dupe their fellow neighbor.
		Thrasymachus' insistence that justice is nothing but the advantage of the stronger seems to support the view that moral values are socially constructed and are nothing but the reflection of the interests of particular political communities.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Thrasymachus (2076 words)

	20th WCP: The Double Life of Justice and Injustice in Thrasymachus' Account
		Thrasymachus’ examples of defrauders, kidnappers and those thieves who violate the commutative and distributive laws of justice confirm this to be the case.
		Thrasymachus has made it clear that the unjust life is to be preferred to the just and that individuals in the society do act and should act so as to dupe their fellow neighbor.
		Both Thrasymachus’ immoralism and the inconsistency in Thrasymachus’ position concerning the status of the tyrant as living the life of injustice give credence to my claim that there is this third type of individual in society, distinct from the tyrant and the many—namely, the stronger.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Anci/AnciArp.htm (5278 words)

	SparkNotes: The Republic: Book I
		Though Thrasymachus claims that this is his definition, it is not really meant as a definition of justice as much as it is a delegitimization of justice.
		On the first reading, Thrasymachus’ claim boils down to the basic Sophistic moral notion that the norms and mores we consider just are conventions that hamper those who adhere to them and benefit those who flout them.
		Regardless of how we interpret Thrasymachus’ statement, the challenge to Socrates is the same: he must prove that justice is something good and desirable, that it is more than convention, that it is connected to objective standards of morality, and that it is in our interest to adhere to it.
	www.sparknotes.com /philosophy/republic/section1.html (1811 words)

	Callicles and Thrasymachus (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		It comes as a bit of a surprise that Thrasymachus unhesitatingly rejects (3), which seems to be a matter of obvious fact, rather than (2): in the latter case, justice, instead of being ‘the advantage of the rulers', would have to be ‘what the rulers think is to their advantage’.
		Thrasymachus, it turns out, is passionately committed to this ideal of the rational ruler, construed as the intelligently exploitative tyrant, and Socrates' arguments against him soon zero in on it.
		Thrasymachus' cynical claims about the effects of just behavior (in terms of wealth and power yielded to others) are never really challenged, unless you count a strikingly perfunctory appendix to the argument in Book X (612a-3e).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/callicles-thrasymachus (0 words)

	Callicles and Thrasymachus (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		It comes as a bit of a surprise that Thrasymachus unhesitatingly rejects (3), which seems to be a matter of obvious fact, rather than (2): in the latter case, justice, instead of being ‘the advantage of the rulers', would have to be ‘what the rulers think is to their advantage’.
		Thrasymachus, it turns out, is passionately committed to this ideal of the rational ruler, construed as the intelligently exploitative tyrant, and Socrates' arguments against him soon zero in on it.
		Thrasymachus' cynical claims about the effects of just behavior (in terms of wealth and power yielded to others) are never really challenged, unless you count a strikingly perfunctory appendix to the argument in Book X (612a-3e).
	www.science.uva.nl /~seop/entries/callicles-thrasymachus (7810 words)

	Virgil Web - Portfolio - Papers - Thrasymachus' Conception of Justice
		Instead, Thrasymachus maintains his initial argument with a statement that while incorrect, is still accepted by Socrates, most likely because it is to his advantage.
		Perhaps the rulers Thrasymachus is familiar with are this way, thus biasing his opinion; however, he still presents a convincing argument.
		Thrasymachus is no longer interested in what Socrates has to say and is allowing Socrates to lead the argument to his end.
	illinois.online.uillinois.edu /Varvel/virgilweb/Portfolio/Papers/phil1.html (1840 words)

	Virgil Web - Portfolio - Papers - Thrasymachus' Conception of Justice
		Instead, Thrasymachus maintains his initial argument with a statement that while incorrect, is still accepted by Socrates, most likely because it is to his advantage.
		Perhaps the rulers Thrasymachus is familiar with are this way, thus biasing his opinion; however, he still presents a convincing argument.
		Thrasymachus is no longer interested in what Socrates has to say and is allowing Socrates to lead the argument to his end.
	www.ion.uillinois.edu /varvel/virgilweb/Portfolio/Papers/phil1.html (1840 words)

	repcommBkOne2
		Thrasymachus' notion of justice is descriptive in that it does not consist of a recommendation of behavior at all but rather offers us several fundamental facts ABOUT justice, viz., it is an invention of governments/rulers and it is to the advantage of the government/rulers.
		Thrasymachus insists that the just (the rule followers) are always at a disadvantage against the unjust (the one who either makes the rules or refuses to follow them when it is not to his advantage), including partnerships, paying taxes, holding public office.
		Thrasymachus says he regards being unjust as "good judgment", wise and virtuous, especially so for those "who are able to carry injustice through to the end, who can bring cities and communities of men under their power." (348d).
	krypton.mnsu.edu /~witt/repcommbkone2.htm (7273 words)

	Ethics Study Guide: Republic I
		If so, then the condemnation of the anti-moralist Thrasymachus is implictly a condemnation of the first interlocutor; and this might seem implausible, since Cephalus is represented as likable and harmless.
		Thrasymachus defines justice as the advantage of the stronger; what he means is that injustice always involves acting so as to benefit whoever is in power.
		Thrasymachus sings the praises of the art of rulership, which Thrasymachus sees as an expertise in advancing its possessor’s self-interest at the expense of the ruled.
	praxeology.net /sqrepublic.htm (1305 words)

	Thrasymachus
		Thrasymachus was a sophist of Ancient Greece best known as a character in Plato's Republic.
		Thrasymachus' importance thus derives entirely from his being a character in Plato's dialogue.
		In Leo Strauss's interpretation, Thrasymachus and his definition of justice represent the city and its laws, and thus are in a sense opposed to Socrates and to philosophy in general.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Bios/Thrasymachus.html (328 words)

	INTRODUCTION TO ANCIENT GREEK WITH THRASYMACHUS
		In our experience, we have found that Thrasymachus by Peckett and Munday (initially published in 1965; published by Bristol Classical Press in 1984 and reprinted in 1990) is a superb introduction to ancient Greek because it requires students to learn grammar and vocabulary in context.
		Forms are then presented, and exercises based closely on the Thrasymachus readings or on passages from Greek authors which appear at the end of the textbook.
		Thrasymachus and our supplement are directed toward the learning of grammar, syntax, and vocabulary in context for an effective reading of Greek, which in turn will foster a growing understanding of this remarkably rich ancient culture.
	www.vroma.org /~abarker/tsintro.html (1630 words)

	[No title]
		The "Chalcedonian giant," Thrasymachus, of whom we have already heard in the Phaedrus, is the personification of the Sophists, according to Plato's conception of them, in some of their worst characteristics.
		Thrasymachus made all these admissions, not fluently, as I repeat them, but with extreme reluctance; it was a hot summer's day, and the perspiration poured from him in torrents; and then I saw what I had never seen before, Thrasymachus blushing.
		For Thrasymachus seems to me, like a snake, to have been charmed by your voice sooner than he ought to have been; but to my mind the nature of justice and injustice have not yet been made clear.
	www.constitution.org /pla/republic.txt (18307 words)

	News \| Gainesville.com \| The Gainesville Sun \| Gainesville, Fla. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Thrasymachus (Θρασύμαχος) (c 459-400 BCE) was a sophist of Ancient Greece best known as a character in Plato's Republic.
		He is credited with an increase in the rhythmic character of Greek oratory, especially the use of the paeonic rhythm in prose; also a greater appeal to the emotions through gesture.
		They themselves suggest a lacuna in the text, wherein Thrasymachus is declared the pupil of another, and a rival of Plato and Isocrates.
	www.gainesville.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Thrasymachus (1107 words)

	Untimely Meditations II
		It was obvious that Thrasymachus thought he had a fine answer and that he wanted to earn their admiration by giving it, but he pretended that he wanted to indulge his love of victory by forcing me to answer.
		So, then, Thrasymachus, no one in any position of rule, insofar as he is a ruler, seeks or orders what is advantageous to himself, but what is advantageous to his subjects; the ones of whom he is himself the craftsman.
		Thrasymachus agreed to all this, not easily as I’m telling it, but reluctantly, with toil, trouble, and—since it was summer—a quantity of sweat that was a wonder to behold.
	coen.boisestate.edu /DHaws/module_1_plato.htm (6842 words)

	thrasdoc.html
		In most people’s eyes, justice in the eyes of Thrasymachus would seem to be different and irrelevant to justice in the eyes of today’s society, however despite the differences in the time period in which justice is being viewed, similar contexts can be drawn between the two.
		By looking at justice in the early days of Thrasymachus, Socrates, and modern society and the aspects that impact justice, such as, politics, society, and those who teach it, we will achieve a clearer picture of how similar justice is in the eyes of Thrasymachus and modern society.
		Thrasymachus was a sophist who taught philosophy and politics to wealthy young men in ancient Greece and was known to use reasoning and inquiry to question truth.
	web.bsu.edu /amkoons/thrasdoc.html (1130 words)

	[No title]
		Then now, Thrasymachus, there is no longer any doubt that neither arts nor governments provide for their own interests; but, as we were before saying, they rule and provide for the interests of their subjects who are the weaker and not the stronger--to their good they attend and not to the good of the superior.
		Thrasymachus made all these admissions, not fluently, as I repeat them, but with extreme reluctance; it was a hot sum- mer's day, and the perspiration poured from him in torrents; and then I saw what I had never seen before, Thrasymachus blushing.
		For Thrasymachus seems to me, like a snake, to have been charmed by your voice sooner than he ought to have been; but to my mind the nature of justice and injustice has not yet been made clear.
	www.fordham.edu /HALSALL/ancient/plato-republic.txt (18380 words)

	GoldenEssays - Philosophy - Free Essays, Free Research Papers, Free Term Papers, Free Cliff Notes, Essays, Free Book ...
		Thrasymachus, who is upset at Socrates' rhetoric interrupts, suggests that justice is what is in the interest of the stronger.
		Thrasymachus explains this by expressing that the government makes rules to its own advantage and so it is declared just for their people.
		Thrasymachus agrees with Socrates that rulers often do act against what is in their own interest and that sometimes the stronger orders the weaker, their subject, to do what is disadvantageous to themselves.
	www.goldenessays.com /free_essays/3/philosophy/justice1.shtml (551 words)

	SOCRATES - THRASYMACHUS
		And thus, as I have shown, Socrates, injustice, when on a sufficient scale, has more strength and freedom and mastery than justice; and, as I said at first, justice is the interest of the stronger, whereas injustice is a man's own profit and interest.
		Thrasymachus, when he had thus spoken, having, like a bathman, deluged our ears with his words, had a mind to go away.
		And this is the reason, my dear Thrasymachus, why, as I was just now saying, no one is willing to govern; because no one likes to take in hand the reformation of evils which are not his concern without remuneration.
	www.sacred-texts.com /cla/plato/rep/rep0108.htm (1966 words)

	[No title]
		Thrasymachus, when he had thus spoken, having, like a bathman, deluged our ears with his words, had a mind to go away.
		This latter question need not be further discussed at present; but when Thrasymachus says that the life of the unjust is more advantageous than that of the just, his new statement appears to me to be of a far more serious character.
		Thrasymachus made all these admissions, not fluently, as I repeat them, but with extreme reluctance; it was a hot summer's day, and the perspiration
	www.faculty.fairfield.edu /rosivach/cl131/republic.htm (7072 words)

	Free Speech and Democracy in Ancient Athens - Cambridge University Press
		At last, he brings Thrasymachus through assorted twists and turns in the argument to the point where Thrasymachus must agree that the just man is good and wise and the unjust man unlearned and bad.
		Thrasymachus, so cocksure and daring, so eager to recruit the young men gathered in the Piraeus as students in the art that will give them the tools by which they can become the “stronger,” persuading the many to serve their own interests, reveals his weaknesses under the piercing questioning of a persistent Socrates.
		Thrasymachus is aware that others are gazing at him, those from whom he wants praise and applause – and employment.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0511137915&ss=exc (3568 words)

	Republic 1
		Thrasymachus then proceeds to insult Socrates, claiming that Socrates’ wet-nurse never taught him the difference between a shepherd and a sheep.
		At this point, Thrasymachus drops the pretense of seeking to define justice, and now claims that, although justice is virtuous and beneficial to others, no intelligent person would adopt it because of the superior advantages of the unjust life, especially in the political arena.
		Thrasymachus, in a speech demonstrative of his rhetorical prowess, praises the tyrant who is unjust in a grand way.
	www.molloy.edu /sophia/plato/republic/rep1b_comm.htm (1764 words)

	Phaedrus III; Republic Book I
		Thrasymachus prefers the next definition, which lets him not have to change his original formulation.
		Thrasymachus disagrees: Consider the shepherd who is raising sheep for slaughter.
		Does Thrasymachus actually need to disagree? Why can’t he just say: “Yes, the art of ruling is there for the benefit of the people. But the tyrant practices the art of ruling for an ulterior motive, in order to become happy at the expense of others.”
	www.georgetown.edu /faculty/ap85/173/RepublicI.html (1054 words)

	Thrasymachus’ View of Justice essays (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Thrasymachus begins his argument by defining justice, he then defines the role of a ruler by likening him to a craftsman, and finally, he attempts to identify the disadvantages that come with a man being just versus being unjust.
		In his final argument on the subject, Thrasymachus attempts to break down justice further by examining the just man versus the unjust man. He says that justice, or right is simply what is in the best interest of the stronger (338c).
		Applying Thrasymachus’ definition of self-interest, it is in the best interest of the governments of the world to possess, and utilize nuclear weapons in order to assert themselves as the global leader, yet such activity is discouraged throughout the world because it is considered immoral.
	www.megaessays.com /viewpaper/29111.html (521 words)

	The Internet Classics Archive \| The Republic by Plato
		But there is no need of any witness, said Polemarchus, for Thrasymachus himself acknowledges that rulers may sometimes command what is not for their own interest, and that for subjects to obey them is justice.
		And this is the reason, my dear Thrasymachus, why, as I was just now saying, no one is willing to govern; because no one likes to take in hand the reformation of evils which are not his concern without remuneration.
		Thrasymachus made all these admissions, not fluently, as I repeat them, but with extreme reluctance; it was a hot summer's day, and the perspiration poured from him in torrents; and then I saw what I had never seen before, Thrasymachus blushing.
	classics.mit.edu /Plato/republic.2.i.html (9039 words)

	[No title]
		Obviously, neither Thrasymachus nor Socrates would have had those later examples in history available to them in their debate, but those situations serve to illustrate the truth behind Thrasymachus's ideas.
		Ultimately, the problem facing Socrates is that Thrasymachus and Socrates are debating two different constructions of the word "justice." Socrates is trying to establish what justice means as an intangible moral, philosophical, or ethical concept.
		Thrasymachus, however, is discussing the unfortunate reality of how justice is defined in practice.
	www.law.indiana.edu /instruction/scanlan/3111/papers/1A_LP.DOC (637 words)

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