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Topic: Three generations of human rights

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	Human rights - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		These rights commonly include the right to life, the right to an adequate standard of living, freedom from torture and other mistreatment, freedom of religion and of expression, freedom of movement, the right to self-determination, the right to education, and the right to participation in cultural and political life.
		In the Western political tradition, human rights are held to be "inalienable" and to belong to all humans.
		Rights may also be non-derogable (not limited in times of national emergency); these often include the right to life, the right to be prosecuted only according to the laws that are in existence at the time of the offense, the right to be free from slavery, and the right to be free from torture.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Human_rights (2159 words)

	HUMAN RIGHTS/UNITED NATIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Two hundred experts, politicians and human rights activists from forty countries participated in the conference jointly organized by the International Institute for Non-Aligned Studies (New Delhi) and the NGO Co-ordinating Committee on Human Rights (Geneva).
		The main focus of the conference was on social and economic rights and on the right to development as basis for the meaningful exercise of civil and political rights.
		He delineated three generations of human rights – civil and political, social and economic, and the right to development – and drew the attention of the participants to gender concerns, the rights of the child and sectoral claims of caste, region and ethnicity.
	i-p-o.org /hr-un.htm (319 words)

	Human Rights [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Human rights originate as moral rights and their legitimacy is necessarily dependent upon the legitimacy of the concept of moral rights.
		Human rights may be divided into five different categories and the principal object of securing human rights is the creation of the conditions for all individuals to have the opportunity to lead a minimally good life.
		Human rights claim validity everywhere and for everyone, irrespective of whether they have received comprehensive legal recognition, and even irrespective of whether everyone is agreement with the claims and principles of human rights.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/h/hum-rts.htm (10683 words)

	20th WCP: Globalization and Multi-cultural Knowledge of Human Rights
		What human rights language refers to is the presence, absence, or violation of social protection against standard threats exemplifying some type of danger to humans.
		Three generations of human rights have been claimed, declared, or enacted since the founding of the United Nations.
		A full understanding and a complete set of human rights can be justified by moral discourse, so long as that discourse is not abused, and so long as it is open to two sorts of cognitive resources.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Huma/HumaDryd.htm (3929 words)

	Wikinfo \| Human rights
		Such rights are believed, by proponents, to be necessary for freedom and the maintenance of a "reasonable" quality of life.
		Positive human rights follow mainly from the Rousseauian Continental legal tradition, and are things to which every person is entitled and for which every state is obligated.
		Examples of such rights (not all are universally agreed upon) include: the rights to education, to a livelihood, and legal equality.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Human_rights (801 words)

	Book Review: Human Rights Fifty Years On: A reappraisal. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Her argument is that although human rights has become a kind of lingua franca of ethics talk in international relations, it overstates the scope of right as a moral concept.
		She maintains that to rely on the language of human rights as a means of articulating the ethical dimensions of international life is woefully inadequate.
		He questions the contemporary elevation of human rights in international relations; and, he feels that the human rights discourse today expresses a social process which is fundamentally eroding democratic rights and threatens to legitimize and institutionalize domestic and global inequalities.
	www.jha.ac /books/br016.htm (1155 words)

	Human Rights Education Library: Human Rights Album Methodology Handbook
		Human rights are rights that we acquire naturally, being born as human beings.
		Human rights are indivisible and interrelated which means that together they form a set which cannot be divided into smaller groups of rights without damaging the cornerstones and the internal equilibrium.
		The current understanding of human rights presupposes, that a minimum standard of human rights and freedoms is laid down in the state constitution which is supplemented by a set of internal state institutions responsible for their protection.
	erc.hrea.org /Library/hralbum_eng.html (5198 words)

	Speaker: Some See Human Rights as Western Notion - October 1, 2001
		Human rights, which many Americans see as a strong symbol of freedom for people everywhere, may be viewed as just the opposite in some countries, according to a noted sociology professor and human rights advocate from McMaster University in Ontario, Canada.
		Such issues as freedom of religion, freedom of speech, women's rights and gay rights may be seen in these countries mostly as causes of social disorder and the breakdown of public morality.
		Howard-Hassmann, the Marsha Lilien Gladstein Visiting Professor in Human Rights, is a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and associate director of McMaster University's Research Institute on Globalization and the Human Condition.
	www.advance.uconn.edu /2001/011001/01100102.htm (401 words)

	The Human Rights Discourse: A Bahá'í Perspective (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Because human rights proponents are confronted with a variety of obstacles in their efforts to preserve individual freedoms, including claims of state sovereignty, cultural autonomy, and collective rights, to have a clear theoretical foundation for human rights would be extremely helpful in overcoming such obstacles and implementing concrete legal instruments.
		Human rights founded on materialistic criteria alone, no matter how logically compelling, are ultimately limited in their power to transform--to fuse diverse and contending peoples into a universal community.
		Although it is logically possible to reject the idea that human rights have philosophical foundations, in light of widespread anthropological realities and a deepening global political consensus it cannot be plausibly argued that the concept of universal human rights is an arbitrary construct.
	www.bahai.org /article-1-8-3-2.html (8468 words)

	Human Rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A human should be able to manage and run his/her life as he/she sees fit, as long as no other person’s rights are violated.
		Human rights can be grouped into several kinds: political, social, economic and group rights.
		Human rights doesn't grant a person to live, but rather to live well.
	www.trincoll.edu /~jcabral2/_private/human.htm (621 words)

	Jamaica Gleaner - The nature of human rights - Sunday \| January 6, 2002
		In addition, bearing in mind that numerous rights have been classified as human rights in various treaties, the UNDP very correctly asked me to confine my analysis to five specific rights, namely, the right to life, freedom from cruel and inhuman conditions, and the rights to employment, education and health.
		The second generation rights, economic and social rights, were given greater emphasis by communist countries during the Cold War era.
		The third generation of rights has evolved largely at the insistence of developing countries, and it includes for sure the right to self-determination, and more arguably as a matter of law, the right to development.
	www.jamaica-gleaner.com /gleaner/20020106/focus/focus3.html (1518 words)

	36
		The emphasis in the context of human rights will be the concept of communication as a human right, also known as the right to communicate.
		Three generations of human rights have been recognized in this context: civil and political rights; economic, social and cultural rights; and the emerging area of collective rights (Hamelink 1994, Marks 1981).
		The basis for the modern conception of the right to communicate derives from the rights set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations 1993), adopted in 1948, and more recent developments, which account for advances in communication technologies and an evolving understanding of their impacts.
	www.albany.edu /wwwres/edemocracy/abstractindex/Nijmegen/36.htm (495 words)

	Fraternite: Solidarity rights (from human rights) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Finally, the third generation of solidarity rights, while drawing upon and reconceptualizing the demands associated with the first two generations of rights, is best understood as a product of both the rise and the decline of the nation-state in the last half of the 20th century.
		Natural rights are those rights that any person can claim by virtue of his or her humanity; the right to life is most basic of these.
		The cerebrum's halves, or hemispheres, control different functions: the right side controls the left side of the body and the perception of spatial relationships, and the left side controls the right side of the body and speech.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-219329 (886 words)

	Publication Profiles: Human Rights Thesaurus, 1st edition (1993) - INTRODUCTION
		It is important to note, however, that, in constructing it, we have taken a human rights approach to relationships among concepts and situations, to the point that the hierarchical and associative linkages between terms may occasionally appear unorthodox.
		All three generations of human rights are included: (1) civil and political rights, (2) economic, social and cultural rights and (3) collective rights.
		This reflects the affirmation that human rights are indivisible.
	www.hri.ca /publications/thesaur/intro.shtml (873 words)

	Psc 124, 15 November 2004
		there are three "generations" of human rights: first (UN Declaration of Human Rights), second (social and economic rights derived from those in the Declaration), and third (rights of communities or groups, as contrasted with rights of individuals which is the Liberal attitude).
		First, leaders of some states object that the "first generation" rights in, for example, the Universal Declaration are more extensive than, less extensive than, or just plain different from (given the legal procedures and philosophy) those guaranteed by a particular state.
		Recall the chapters on nationalism and the "clash of civilization." Even many Liberals concede that the concept of human rights is a relatively new idea in the West.
	www.maxwell.syr.edu /maxpages/faculty/jbennett/124f04/Lec33-041115.html (1945 words)

	U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Along with the political prisoners, up to three generations of their families also are banished without trial—usually for lifetime sentences.
		The U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, working with satellite photography obtained from two high-tech satellite firms, DigitalGlobe and Space Imaging, was able to obtain high-resolution photos of prison camps and facilities inside the DPRK.
		The Committee is a 501c3 nonprofit organization and was founded in 2001 to address the pressing human rights situation in North Korea by conducting comprehensive research on three major areas of concern: the prison camp system, the unequal access to food problem, and refugees.
	www.hrnk.org /pr-oct2103.html (1349 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		If the organizations are defending social, economic, and cultural rights, it is because the state has withdrawn from its obligations.
		If the organizations are defending the rights of the third generation, going forward with a vision, and imagining new rights, we will probably be confronting a country which respects the other two levels.
		When I ask for the commitment of everyone, and obviously of the politicians, I ask, I think, as the president of the World Bank himself said, that children that are born everyday are born with the right to achieve happiness.
	www.developmentgap.org /saprin/lau6grac.html (1328 words)

	Introduction to Human Rights Jack Donnelly
		This course seeks to introduce you to the academic study of international human rights.
		Special, and roughly equal, emphasis will be given to a) theories of human rights, and b) the global human rights regime (and associated issues of implementation).
		Instead of a traditional research paper, however, you may choose to work with a human rights lawyer, Bob Golten, on a case that he is researching.
	www.du.edu /~jdonnell/syllabi/4940_f98.htm (684 words)

	Liberte: Civil and political rights (from human rights) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The first generation of civil and political rights derives primarily from the 17th- and 18th-century reformist theories noted above (i.e., those associated with the English, American, and French revolutions).
		More results on "Liberte: Civil and political rights (from human rights)" when you join.
		Governmental rights granted to individual states in a country by a federal constitution are called states' rights.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-219327 (966 words)

	Soul Beat Africa: Communication for Change - Materials - Human Rights Handbook For Ghanaian Journalists
		This handbook discusses the concept of human rights.
		What are the limits of human rights?These are the questions asked and answered in this handbook.
		History of human rights in the developing world
	www.comminit.com /africa/materials/ma2005/materials-2089.html (119 words)

	Equals Drummond » Constitutional Amendment Recognizing Digital Identity
		On May 9, ten Costa Rican Congresswomen/men presented a Constitutional amendment to add a new human right to the Bill of Rights (derechos fundamentales): the right of having or not having a Digital Identity (Personalidad Virtual.)
		Human Rights specialists commented today at the Forum that virtual rights (the right of not having or having a Digital Identity) are a fifth generation of human rights (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_generations_of_human_rights).
		This also means the creation an additional legal fiction, called Virtual Personality/Digital Identity, that people can use to manage/maximize the advantages that a Digital Identity offers.
	www.equalsdrummond.name /index.php?p=28 (207 words)

	Paper 1 Human Rights Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Philosophy of Human Rights: Theoretical Foundation and Historical Development - Magna Carta, the British Bill of Rights and the French and American declarations.
		Concept of Legal Rights - Constitutional and Fundamental Rights
		Genesis and Evolution, distinction between Individual and Group Rights
	www.rlek.org /paper1.html (41 words)

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