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Topic: Three pillars of the European Union

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	Origin and development of the European Union
		The European Union came into being with the adoption of the Treaty of Maastricht in 1992, and it brought together three organisations established in the 1950s to integrate activity in specific sectors (the European Communities), and two areas of intergovernmental cooperation (common foreign and security policy and justice and home affairs).
		The European Union is the first ‘general-purpose’ international organisation to derive, not from a coordination of its members’ national policies, but from the pooling of some of those policies under the umbrella of the European Communities.
		The European Union established by this new Treaty would thus be the successor to the European Union established by the Maastricht Treaty and to the European Community.
	www.ena.lu /europe/european-union/origin-development-european-union.htm (1539 words)

	European Union Law Policy Institutions EU Legal Blog
		The European Ombudsman is an intermediary between the EU and the complaints of its citizens.
		Laws of the European Union are initiated by the European Commission and approved by codecision (see glossary, step-by-step and law-making flow chart) of both the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament (Article 251 of the EC Treaty).
		One institution of the EU is the Council of the European Union.
	eulegal.blogspot.com (4356 words)

	European Union
		The European Union or EU is an international organisation of 25 European states, established by the Treaty on European Union (the Maastricht treaty).
		However, the Union is not organised federally but according to the subsidiarity principle (a term expressly created to describe the peculiar organisation of the Union's competencies).
		Agreement on a final draft of the European constitution was reached on the 18 June 2004 at an Intergovernmental Conference in Brussels and now awaits ratification by the EU member states.
	www.findthelinks.com /politics/European_union.htm (2722 words)

	Three pillars of the European Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the CFSP and PJCC pillars the powers of the European Parliament, the Commission and European Court of Justice with respect to the Council are significantly limited, without however being altogether eliminated.
		The draft European Constitution, if ratified by all member states, is meant to simplify and unify the operations of the European Union.
		As such the European Community is to be fully absorbed into the European Union and the three pillars of the EU are to be merged into a single structure.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Three_pillars_of_the_European_Union (624 words)

	Wikinfo \| European Union (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The European Union or EU is an international organisation of European states, established by the Treaty on European Union (the Maastricht treaty).
		The European Union is the most powerful international organisation so far in history, in some ways resembling a state; some legal scholars believe that it should not be considered as an international organisation at all, but rather as a sui generis entity.
		The original impetus for the founding of (what was later to become) the European Union was the desire to rebuild Europe after the disastrous events of World War II, and to prevent Europe from ever again falling victim to the scourge of war.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=European_Union (2325 words)

	EUROPA - Glossary - Pillars of the European Union
		The concept of "pillars" is generally used in connection with the Treaty on European Union.
		The three pillars function on the basis of different decision-making procedures: the Community procedure for the first pillar, and the intergovernmental procedure for the other two.
		In the case of the second and third pillars, this right of initiative is shared between the Commission and the Member States, and unanimity in the Council is generally necessary.
	europa.eu /scadplus/glossary/eu_pillars_en.htm (292 words)

	My Home Page
		The European Union is the framework for economic and political cooperation between 15 European countries.
		The European Union serves as an executive and legislative body that deals with environmental, transport and emplyment concerns, human rights and constituional freedoms and defence and foreign policy.
		It is designed to promote economic and social progress, to assert the autonomous identity of the European Union in the international community, to introduce and recognize European citizenship, to preserve and promote freedom, security and justice within the continent and to create, preserve and enforce established European Union principles and laws.
	www.angelfire.com /id/multicultural/euro.html (561 words)

	NATO Handbook: The Structure of the European Union
		All these three major components of the European Union are governed in part by a set of fundamental objectives and basic principles and in part by a single institutional framework.
		The major overriding internal objective of the European Union is to promote economic and social progress, notably through the creation of a border-free area, through the promotion of economic and social cohesion, and through the establishment of economic and monetary union, including a single currency.
		The Council of the European Union, known as the Council of Ministers, which acts on proposals from the Commission and is the Union's primary decision-making body.
	www.nato.int /docu/handbook/2001/hb150301.htm (939 words)

	European Union - Gurupedia
		Second World War, the impetus for the founding of (what was later to become) the European Union greatly increased, driven by the desire to rebuild Europe and to eliminate the possibility of another such war ever arising.
		European Union Law is increasingly present in the systems of the Member States.
		Council of the European Union agree to co-operate and co-ordinate their domestic policies.
	www.gurupedia.com /e/eu/european_union.htm (2570 words)

	Civil Service Systems in Comparative Perspective
		The Single European Act, the accession of Spain and Portugal, the Single Market programme, the Maastricht Treaties on Political Union and Economic and Monetary Union were followed by the accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden.
		The Single European Act and the 1992 Single Market programme brought a large number of economic and related topics within the scope of the European policy process and accelerated the integration process at the political level.
		A new approach to European governance is needed which takes account of the increased scale and complexity of the system and provides a robust framework for policy management.
	www.indiana.edu /~csrc/metcalf1.html (3192 words)

	ECONEMISIS.COM: Global Economy - European Union
		The European Union or the EU is an intergovernmental and supranational union of 25 democratic countries known as member states.
		The European Parliament (EP) is elected by the citizens of the European Union to represent their interests.
		Below is a table and three graphs showing, respectively, the GDP (PPP), the GDP (PPP) per capita and the GDP (nominal) per capita for the European Union and for each of its 25 member states.
	www.econemisis.com /gEconomy/eu.html (4907 words)

	The European Unification
		Pillar Three: establishes an asylum policy, rules on crossing state borders, an immigration policy, the combating of illegal activities, and includes customs, police and judicial cooperation.
		These are the three pillars upon which all the EU must abide.
		The European Union offers much for Europe: a common constitution, a single economy and currency, a common foreign policy, as well as common security and defense policies.
	www.freeessays.cc /db/24/gqc176.shtml (2223 words)

	European Union : EU
		European Union : EU The European Union or EU is an international organisation of European states, established by the Treaty on European Union (the Maastricht treaty).
		Major issues concerning the European Union at the moment are its projected enlargement (see below), the Convention regarding a proposed European constitution, as well as British participation in the euro.
		These three organisations used to have separate institutions; but in 1961 they were merged, though legally speaking they are still separate organisations.
	www.findword.org /eu/eu.html (2302 words)

	ERS/USDA Briefing Room - European Union: Policy
		Agriculture and transportation are the only two sectors of the European Union (EU) where there is a common policy.
		Agricultural policy is proposed by a supranational authority—the European Commission, agreed to or amended by agricultural ministers of EU member nations, and reviewed by the European Parliament.
		Hasha, Gene, The European Union's Common Agricultural Policy: Pressures for Change-An Overview, Europe-International Agricultural and Trade Report, USDA, ERS, WRS 99-2, October 1999.
	www.ers.usda.gov /briefing/EuropeanUnion/PolicyCommon.htm (3683 words)

	European Community - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For legal reasons the European Union is known as the European Communities in WTO matters.
		Seen as redundant, no effort had been made to retain it — its assets and liabilities were transferred to the EC, and coal and steel became subject to the EC treaty.
		The European Economic Community (EEC) was an organization established by the Treaty of Rome (25 March 1957) between the ECSC countries Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany, known informally as the Common Market (the Six).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_Communities (768 words)

	Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
		CFSP is formally one of the three 'pillars' of the European Union (the other two being the European Community and Justice and Home Affairs).
		CFSP formally covers "all questions related to the security of the Union, including the eventual framing of a common defence policy, which might in time lead to a common defence".
		The principal aim of the CFSP is to allow the European Union to "assert its identity on the international scene."
	www.unc.edu /depts/europe/conferences/eu/Cfsp/cfsp4.html (517 words)

	Salvatore Lombardo: European Union/Treaties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In this chapter the author addresses the issue of enlargement and states that "all four enlargements have inevitably affected and changed the Union in important ways." What does the author mean?
		What kinds of political actors were instrumental for the adoption of the Single European Act (SEA), according to Andrew Moravcsik?
		Why is the author's interpretation of what went on during the process of negotiation of the SEA a criticism of supranational interpretations of European integration?
	www.siena.edu /lombardo/neweb/europe/review/treaties.htm (187 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 2002030847 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Publisher description for The intergovernmental pillars of the European Union / Eileen Denza.
		The Three Pillars system of the European Union was intended to give flexibility to, and ultimately to extend the area over which the EU could exert its influence.
		Each of the pillars reflects a different level of integration and centralization, with the result that although the EU can't legislate in all areas, it can still have input into the more politically sensitive and complex policy areas.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/enhancements/fy0613/2002030847-d.html (153 words)

	Historical Archives of the European Union / CVCE - WWW-VL European Integration History - Maps
		The institutions of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
		The institutions of the European Union (simplified diagram)
		The three stages to Economic and Monetary Union
	vlib.iue.it /hist-eur-integration/Diagrams.html (173 words)

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