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Topic: Threonine

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	Threonine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Threonine is one of the 20 natural amino acids.
		Nutritionally, in humans, threonine is an essential amino acid.
		Foods high in threonine are cottage cheese, poultry, fish, meat, lentils, and sesame seeds.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Threonine (127 words)

	threonine on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Although threonine participates in many reactions in bacteria, including the biosynthesis of vitamin B
		In spite of the fact that its side chain has a hydroxyl group similar to that of serine, there is no indication that it participates in the catalytic functions of any enzyme.
		Threonine was isolated from the protein fibrin in 1935 and synthesized in the same year.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/t1/threonin.asp (433 words)

	Smart Basics - Smart Basics Glossaries--Threonine: Smart Basics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		One researcher considers Threonine, along with B vitamins, magnesium, ascorbic acid, iodine, potassium, tryptophan, lysine, inositol and glutamic acid, as being essential in the treatment and prevention of mental illness.
		There are good levels of threonine in most meats, dairy foods and eggs and moderate levels in wheat germ, many nuts, beans and seeds and some vegetables.
		Threonine is an immune stimulant-it promotes thymus growth and activity.
	www.ehot.com /smartbasics/threonine_glos.html (246 words)

	Threonine metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes -- House et al. 281 (6): 1300 -- AJP - Endocrinology and Metabolism
		threonine aldolase, in the hepatic oxidation of the 1-carbon of
		the predominant pathway in the oxidation of the 1-carbon of threonine.
		Threonine dehydrogenase is a minor degradative pathway of threonine catabolism in adult humans.
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/281/6/E1300 (3843 words)

	Threonine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		THREONINE is an essential amino acid, serving as a carrier for phosphate in phosphoproteins.
		Threonine, as well as lysine, is deficient in most grains and requires legumes to obtain a complete protein meal.
		Threonine is used to treat indigestion and intestinal malfunctions, as well as in preventing excessive liver fat.
	www.innvista.com /HEALTH/nutrition/amino/threonin.htm (190 words)

	Threonine - Elson M. Haas M.D. - HealthWorld Online
		Threonine is somewhat low in corn and some grains, though it is not the limiting (that is, the lowest relative to making a complete protein) amino acid in these foods.
		Threonine is an important constituent in many body proteins and is necessary for the formation of tooth enamel protein, elastin, and collagen.
		Threonine also has a minor role (a greater one when choline is deficient) as a lipotropic in controlling fat buildup in the liver.
	www.healthy.net /scr/Article.asp?Id=1972 (322 words)

	Threonine biosynthesis - Branched chain amino acid and lysine biosynthesis - HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology - ...
		threonine synthase [EC 4.2.99.2] was isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana by functional complementation of an Escherichia coli mutant devoid of threonine synthase activity (Curien et al, 1996).
		It is believed that the enzymes threonine synthase (TS) and cystathionine gamma-synthase (CGS) actively compete for the O-phospho-L-homoserine (OPH) substrate for threonine and methionine biosynthesis, respectively (Bartlem et al, 2000).
		Thus, the mutation appears to result in decreased threonine biosynthesis and a channeling of OPH to methionine biosynthesis in young rosettes.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /rhodcv/hort640c/branch/br00002.htm (1177 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Threonine Need of Growing Female Broilers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Because threonine is typically the third limiting amino acid in broiler diets, research evaluating this amino acid has been relatively limited.
		Yet, understanding threonine in broiler feed formulation is critical in lowering dietary crude protein fed to broilers, and consequently, in reducing the amount of nitrogen excreted into the environment from broiler operations.
		The current experiments demonstrated that the threonine requirement estimates extrapolated from live performance and carcass measurements for birds from 30 to 42 days of age were equal to higher than previously reported in the 1994 National Research Council, Nutrient Requirements of Poultry.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=156708 (363 words)

	"Increasing Methionine in Soybeans" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This enzyme appears to be responsible for the control of general carbon flow through the pathway from aspartic acid to methionine, threonine and lysine.
		Although further study is necessary, our data suggest that the amounts of two forms of the enzyme, a threonine sensitive and lysine sensitive aspartokinase, are altered when the tissue is cultured.
		This enzyme is stimulated by K+ and is inhibited by threonine and cysteine.
	www.ag.uiuc.edu /~stratsoy/ispob_db/lor_html/152.html (1000 words)

	MoonDragon's Health & Wellness: Nutrition - Amino Acids: Threonine
		Threonine is present in high concentrations in the heart, central nervous system, and skeletal muscle, and helps to prevent fatty buildup in the liver.
		Threonine is another alcohol-containing amino acid that can not be produced by metabolism and must be taken in the diet.
		Threonine is incorporated into proteins and enzymes at a molar rate of 6 percent compared to the other amino acids.
	www.moondragon.org /health/nutritionbasics/aminoacids/threonine.html (456 words)

	Threonine levels for 10 Kg pigs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The purpose of the experiment was to assess the response of 10-kg pigs to increasing levels of dietary threonine when fed as part of an ideal protein for 28 days.
		The basal diet contained 10 g lysine, 3.6 Mcal DE and 3.6 g threonine per kilogram; to which 0,.8, 1.6, 2.4, 3.2 or 4.0 g of threonine was supplemented per kilogram of diet.
		Increasing threonine levels resulted in linear (P<.05) improvements in biological value and net protein utilization with a linear (P<.05) decrease in urinary nitrogen.
	www.ansc.purdue.edu /swine/porkpage/nutrient/pubs/threo.htm (243 words)

	Threonine
		Threonine is an essential amino acid, meaning it is not produced in the body and must be obtained from the diet or supplementation.
		Threonine is an important component in the formation of protein, collagen, elastin and tooth enamel.
		There are high levels of threonine in most meats, dairy foods and eggs, and moderate levels in wheat germ, many nuts, beans, and seeds, as well as some vegetables.
	content.nhiondemand.com /psv/monoAll-style.asp?objID=100035&ctype=ds&mtyp=4 (469 words)

	Summary Project 20-14
		Effects of dietary insoluble fiber (cellulose) on standardized ileal lysine and threonine digestibility, as well as on the utilization of ileal digestible lysine and threonine for body protein deposition, were either insignificant or much smaller than effects of soluble fiber.
		Since the analyzed threonine and lysine contents, in all the threonine and lysine limiting diets respectively, were within 3% of calculated values, the calculated contents were used to estimate aspects of threonine and lysine utilization.
		In contrast, effects of dietary cellulose on standardized ileal lysine and threonine digestibility, as well as on the utilization of ileal digestible lysine and threonine for body protein deposition, were small or not significant.
	www.ontariopork.on.ca /issues/research/results/20-14.htm (1308 words)

	Threonine Description (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Since the commercial introduction of feed grade threonine, it is becoming increasingly evident that more attention needs to be paid to this amino acid.
		In addition to its role in lean tissue growth, threonine forms one of the major amino acid components of the gamma globulin fraction (antibodies) of blood plasma.
		Growth studies have shown that the concentration of threonine required for maximum rate of lean tissue deposition in swine, is greater than that required for maximum rate of gain.
	www.lysine.com /products/thr_desc.htm (179 words)

	New Page 1
		The first enzyme in the pathway of threonine biosynthsis is Aspartate kinase (aspartokinase) (AK) [EC 2.7.2.4].
		Interconversion by threonine between a threonine-sensitive trimeric form of HSD and a threonine-insensitive dimeric form has been demonstrated for the enzyme from carrot(Galili, 1995), but it is not clear whether such mechanisms operate in other plants or in vivo.
		Threonine synthase [EC 4.2.99.2] from Arabidopsis thaliana has been identified by using a cDNA to functionally complement an Escherichia coli mutant devoid of threonine synthase activity (Curien et al, 1996).
	www.auburn.edu /~locyrob/teaching/biol7240/aspfam/thr.html (921 words)

	L - THREONINE USP Pure Montiff Amino Acids, Vitamins, Nutritional Supplements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Threonine Amino Acid Formula is a USP and Pure Grade L-Crystalline singular amino acids.
		Threonine is an essential amino acid and must be obtained through food source or
		Threonine to Glycine, Pyridoxal 5'Phospate is suggested, and a B complex in a
	www.beautynhealth.com /montiff/threonine (861 words)

	InterPro: IPR000634 Serine/threonine dehydratase, pyridoxal-phosphate-binding site
		Serine and threonine dehydratases [ 1, 2 ] are functionally and structurally related pyridoxal-phosphate dependent enzymes.
		Threonine dehydratase (4.3.1.19) (TDH) catalyzes the dehydratation of threonine into alpha-ketobutarate and ammonia.
		Threonine synthase (4.2.3.1) is also a pyridoxal-phosphate enzyme, it catalyzes the transformation of homoserine-phosphate into threonine.
	www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR000634 (2787 words)

	Schmidt et al., 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Activation requires the phosphorylation of a conserved threonine residue in the activation loop of the catalytic subunit.
		Using this reagent, we show that phosphorylation of threonine 210 correlates with Snf1 activity since it is detected in cells subjected to glucose limitation but not in cells grown in abundant glucose.
		A Snf1 mutant completely lacking kinase activity was phosphorylated normally on threonine 210 in glucose starved cells, eliminating the possibility that the threonine 210 modification is due to an auto-phosphorylation event.
	www.pitt.edu /~mcs2/lab/ref8.html (263 words)

	Title of Invention: Transgenic plants overproducing threonine and lysine
		The level of free threonine in the leaves of each transgenic genotype (average of three measurements for each transgenic genotype) was plotted relative to the average level of free threonine in seven control plants (Con.) which was given the value of 1.
		The level of free threonine in each transgenic genotype (average of three measurements for each transgenic genotype) is plotted relative to the average level of free threonine in seven control plants (Con), which was given the value of 1.
		The level of free threonine in each transgenic plant as well as in nontransformed control plant is plotted relatively to the level of free threonine in the control plants, which was given the value of 1.
	www.nal.usda.gov /bic/Biotech_Patents/1994patents/05367110.html (8365 words)

	Threonine
		Threonine is one of the amino acids considered "essential" because they cannot be manufactured in the body and must be obtained through diet.
		The body must have supplies of all the amino acids, including threonine, on hand in order to manufacture human proteins.
		There is no official recommended allowance for threonine.
	www.pdrhealth.com /drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/herbaldrugs/300870.shtml (154 words)

	Dietary Protein and Amino Acid Levels Alter Threonine Dehydrogenase Activity in Hepatic Mitochondria of Gallus ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The present investigation was performed to determine the influence of dietary protein and threonine on TDH activity.
		a threonine imbalance and a significant increase in hepatic TDH
		Davis A. Austic R. Dietary threonine imbalance alters threonine dehydrogenase activity in isolated hepatic mitochondria of chicks and rats.
	www.nutrition.org /cgi/content/full/127/5/738 (4380 words)

	Threonine requirement of healthy adults, derived with a 24-h indicator amino acid balance technique -- Borgonha et al. ...
		Threonine requirement of healthy adults, derived with a 24-h indicator amino acid balance technique -- Borgonha et al.
		at threonine intakes of 15 and 46 mg·kg
		Threonine requirement of neonatal piglets receiving parenteral nutrition is considerably lower than that of piglets receiving an identical diet intragastrically.
	www.ajcn.org /cgi/content/full/75/4/698 (3960 words)

	Journal Paper Article Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Two experiments were conducted to determine the efficiency of dietary lysine and threonine retention for carcass protein accretion in pigs within a body weight range of 10 to 20 kg.
		Linear regression of daily carcass threonine accretion on daily threonine intake resulted in extra-maintenance efficiency of threonine retention of 60%.
		The efficiencies of dietary lysine and threonine utilization for carcass growth in pigs within the live weight range of 10 and 20 kg are 72% and 60%, respectively.
	www.ansc.purdue.edu /swine/porkpage/nutrient/pubs/lys-thr.htm (314 words)

	Threonine requirement of young men determined by indicator amino acid oxidation with use of L-[1-13C]phenylalanine1 -- ...
		decreased as threonine intake increased from 5 to 20 mg•kg
		Threonine metabolism in vivo: effect of threonine intake and prior induction of threonine dehydratase in rats.
		Threonine kinetics in preterm infants fed their mother's milk or formula with various ratios of whey:casein.
	www.ajcn.org /cgi/content/full/71/3/757 (4601 words)

	Involvement of Protein Serine and Threonine Phosphorylation in Human Sperm Capacitation -- Naz 60 (6): 1402 -- Biology ...
		on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues [6, 7].
		the serine and threonine residues in the in vitro kinase assay
		Induction of serine and threonine protein phosphorylation by endotoxin-associated protein in murine resident peritoneal macrophages.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/60/6/1402 (5024 words)

	Requirement for a Negative Charge at Threonine 60 of the FcRgamma for Complete Activation of Syk -- Swann et al. 274 ...
		that threonine 60 was phosphorylated in vitro and in vivo.
		In addition, the Fc is also phosphorylated on serine residues, whereas the Fc is phosphorylated on threonine residues (10).
		RI ITAM is phosphorylated on threonine 60 in vitro by PKC
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/274/33/23068 (5275 words)

	L-Threonine for Your Health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It is important for the formation of collagen, elastin, and tooth enamel, and aids liver and lipotropic function when combined with aspartic acid and methionine.
		A precursor of to glycine and serine, threonine is present in the heart, central nervous system, and skeletal muscle, and helps to prevent fatty buildup in the liver.
		Because threonine content of grains is low, vegetarians are more likely than others to have deficiencies, and are advised to take supplemental L-threonine.
	www.healthcatalog.com /l-threonine.htm (231 words)

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