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Topic: Threshold Test Ban Treaty

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	Threshold Test Ban Treaty
		The task of negotiating a comprehensive test ban remained on the agenda of the U.S. Government, and, in Article I, the parties to the Threshold Test Ban Treaty undertook an obligation to continue negotiations toward that goal.
		Agreement on the Threshold Test Ban Treaty was reached during the summit meeting in Moscow in July 1974.
		The TTBT verification protocol provides for the use of the hydrodynamic yield measurement method with respect to all tests having a planned yield exceeding 50 kilotons, as well as seismic monitoring and, with respect to all tests having a planned yield exceeding 35 kilotons, on-site inspection.
	www.fas.org /nuke/control/ttbt/intro.htm (1150 words)

	The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty: Stemming the Anarchy of Nuclear Proliferation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A testing moratorium was again endorsed in 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), the cornerstone of international efforts to prevent the further spread of nuclear weapons, as well as in the 1974 Threshold Test Ban Treaty.
		A test ban does not in itself end the nuclear threat, but once it is in place it will retard the likelihood in many countries of nuclear weapons development and substantially reduce the prospect that rogue countries or terrorist groups will be able to develop nuclear-tipped missiles capable of striking the United States.
		A comprehensive test ban and a ban on the development and stockpiling of chemical weapons may well be the best anti-anarchy initiatives that the world community can contemplate.
	www.house.gov /leach/banstm.htm (2684 words)

	China
		The Threshold Test Ban Treaty (TTBT) established a nuclear testing "threshold," by prohibiting tests having a yield exceeding 150 kilotons (equivalent to 150,000 tons of TNT).
		Agreement on the TTBT was reached during the summit meeting in Moscow in July 1974.
		The treaty included a protocol, which detailed the technical data that had to be exchanged and limited weapon testing to specific designated sites to assist verification.
	www.nti.org /db/china/ttbtorg.htm (419 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The term "hydrodynamic yield measurement method" means the method whereby the yield of a test is derived from on-site, direct measurement of the properties of the shock wave as a function of time during the hydrodynamic phase of the ground motion produced by the test.
		The term "reference test" means a test, identified by the Testing Party as a reference test, that meets the requirements of paragraph 8 of Section V of this Protocol.
		For each test for which notification has been provided in accordance with paragraph 4 of this Section, no less than 48 hours prior to the initial planned time of the test, the Testing Party shall notify the Verifying Party of the planned time of the test to the nearest one second.
	www.infomanage.com /nonproliferation/treaties/ttbt.html (5827 words)

	Info and facts on 'Nuclear physics' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		High-level waste from plutonium production was stored in large tanks with a design life of only a few decades and no plans for longer term storage, lower level waste was allowed to soak into the ground with little idea of its long-term movement.
		Many nuclear weapons were tested in the atmosphere (that is, above the surface of the earth), releasing enough radioactive material to raise the world's level of background radiation (Radiation coming from sources other than those being observed) very significantly.
		Nuclear power reactors were subsequently developed for use in submarine (A submersible warship usually armed with torpedoes) s, ship (A vessel that carries passengers or freight) s and for commercial power generation.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/n/nu/nuclear_physics.htm (1191 words)

	THRESHOLD TEST BAN TREATY
		In the case of testing areas where data are not available on two tests for calibration purposes, the data pertaining to one such test shall be exchanged, if available, and the data pertaining to the second test shall be exchanged as soon as possible after the second test having a yield in the above-mentioned range.
		Should a Party specify a new test site or testing area after the entry into force of the Treaty, the data called for by subparagraphs a and b of paragraph 1 shall be transmitted to the other Party in advance of use of that site or area.
		For the purposes of the Treaty, all underground nuclear explosions at the specified test sites shall be considered nuclear weapon tests and shall be subject to all the provisions of the Treaty relating to nuclear weapon tests.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /acda/treaties/ttbt1.htm (2378 words)

	92099: Nuclear Weapons: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and Nuclear Testing
		The number of tests is also uncertain; seismic evidence points clearly to only two tests on May 28, though the signals of smaller simultaneous tests might have been lost in the signals of larger tests.
		Pakistan claimed that the units tested were "ready-to-fire warheads," as opposed to experimental devices, and that they included a warhead for the Ghauri, a missile with a range of 900 miles, and various low-yield tactical weapons.
		If the treaty has not entered into force three years after being opened for signature, and if a majority of states that have deposited instruments of ratification so desire, a conference of these states shall be held to decide how to accelerate the ratification process.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/report/crs/crs92099.htm (6130 words)

	Threshold Test Ban Treaty
		Article II For the purpose of providing assurance of compliance with the provisions of this Treaty, each Party shall use national technical means of verification at its disposal in a manner consistent with the generally recognized principles of international law.
		Unless replaced earlier by an agreement in implementation of the objectives specified in paragraph 3 of Article I of this Treaty, it shall be extended for successive five-year periods unless either Party notifies the other of its termination no later than six months prior to the expiration of the Treaty.
		Before the expiration of this period the Parties may, as necessary, hold consultations to consider the situation relevant to the substance of this Treaty and to introduce possible amendments to the text of the Treaty.
	www.fas.org /nuke/control/ttbt/text/ttbt1.htm (679 words)

	Threshold Test Ban Treaty
		The yield of a test shall be the aggregate yield of all explosions in the test.
		The Testing Party shall immediately notify the Verifying Party of a change in the location of a test by more than one minute of latitude or longitude or of a change in the planned yield of a test from 50 kilotons or less to a planned yield exceeding 50 kilotons.
		(iii) if a test is conducted in a cavity, to measure the shape and volume of the cavity after excavation and once again immediately prior to placement of explosive canisters with explosives or placement of explosives into explosive canisters.
	www.state.gov /t/ac/trt/5204.htm (11488 words)

	CNN - Major nuclear powers sign test ban treaty - Sept. 24, 1996
		India, whose signature is necessary, has vowed never to sign "this unequal treaty, not now, not later" until the atomic powers devise a timetable for destroying their nuclear arsenals.
		India, which conducted its only test blast in 1974, is worried about the nuclear capacity of its rival neighbor Pakistan which some suspect of having a covert nuclear program supplied by China.
		The treaty means "the era of nuclear tests is over," John Holum, the chief U.S. arms control negotiator said Monday.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/9609/24/nuclear.treaty (534 words)

	COMPREHENSIVE TEST BAN TREATY
		The 1974 U.S.-Soviet Threshold Test Ban treaty limited the size of the tests to 150 kilotons.
		treaty be withdrawn and (b) that the CTBT not be considered for the duration of
		to the UN Secretary-General, the depository for the treaty.
	www.csuohio.edu /polisci/courses/PSC422/ctbt.htm (5731 words)

	Nuclear Arms Treaties and Negotiations
		The treaty imposed a 5-year freeze on testing and deployment of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs).
		July 3, 1974 -- ABM Treaty Revision (protocol on antiballistic missile systems) and Threshold Test Ban Treaty on limiting underground testing of nuclear weapons to 150 kilotons were signed by U.S. and USSR in Moscow.
		The treaty was approved by the U.S. Senate Oct. 1, 1992.
	www.cold-war.info /treaties.html (591 words)

	WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The task of our Institute is to conduct research on questions of conflict and cooperation of importance for international peace and security, with the aim of contributing to an understanding of the conditions for peaceful solutions of international conflicts and for a stable peace.
		Treaty of Rarotonga (South Pacific Nuclear-Free Zone Treaty), 1985.
		Treaty of Tlatelolco (Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America), 1967.
	www.findthelinks.com /politics/weapons_of_mass_destruction.htm (805 words)

	Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		also called Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, agreement of July 1, 1968, signed by the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, and 59 other states, under which the 3 major signatories agreed not to assist states not possessing nuclear explosives in obtaining or producing them.
		The treaty became effective in March 1970 and was to remain so for a 25-year period.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9056063 (102 words)

	Arms Control Association:
		Sole control over the triggering of these devices shall be transferred to the Testing Party at the time of departure of all personnel from the test location prior to the test;
		(l) the Testing Party shall have the right to install, at a distance of no less than 50 meters from each hydrodynamic recording facility, a facility containing instrumentation for monitoring and recording the timing reference signal, for controlling and monitoring the operation of the anti-intrusiveness devices, and for the transmission of control and trigger signals.
		The signal-to-noise ratio shall be defined as one-half of the maximum peak amplitude of the Lg-wave signal divided by the root-mean-square value of the seismic noise in the recording segment immediately preceding the arrival of the P-wave signal and having a duration of no less than one minute.
	www.armscontrol.org /documents/ttbt.asp (12945 words)

	Find in a Library: Threshold Test Ban Treaty and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty : hearings before the Committee on ...
		Find in a Library: Threshold Test Ban Treaty and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty : hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One hundredth Congress, first session, January 13 and 15, 1987.
		Threshold Test Ban Treaty and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty : hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One hundredth Congress, first session, January 13 and 15, 1987.
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/737545e230679a0ba19afeb4da09e526.html (158 words)

	Search Tuna Report for nuclear proliferation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Treaty On The Non-Proliferation Of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)...
		General Statements And Documents On Behalf Of The New Agenda Coalition On Behalf Of The Non-Aligned Movement Arabic On Behalf Of The Pacific Island Group On Behalf Of The European Union Reports On Of The NPT : Implementation Of Additional Measures Apr....
		REDUCING THE NUCLEAR THREAT The NPT Treaty Was Ratified In 1970 Russia, The US, Britain, France And China Are Designated Nuclear Armed States There Are 187 Signatories India, Pakistan And Israel Have Not Signed Treaty Theres Still An Opportunity For Diplomacy....
	www.searchtuna.com /ftlive2/2594.html (3366 words)

	Nukes Nuclear bombs Missile Defense ICBMs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The many suggestions for a rail mobile system, superhard silos, densely located silos, air-mobile, and even the "shell game" of numerous empty multiple protective shelters were all shelved in favor of this cheaper, conventional deployment.
		As a multiple warhead missile, the MX must be eliminated under START II, but the U.S. will likely avoid destroying its most accurate ballistic missile until the treaty nears entrance into force in 2003.
		The U.S. will probably use the removed W87 warheads, the safest in the U.S. arsenal, to arm the Minuteman III missiles that will be retained under START II.
	www.danshistory.com /nuke.shtml (5640 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Energy Citations Database (ECD) Document #6732213 - Alternative interpretations of TTBT (Threshold Test-Ban Treaty) monitoring effectiveness
		Availability information may be found in the Availability, Publisher, Research Organization, Resource Relation and/or Author (affiliation information) fields and/or via the "Full-text Availability" link.
		Alternative interpretations of TTBT (Threshold Test-Ban Treaty) monitoring effectiveness
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=6732213 (104 words)

	Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		formally Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water treaty that banned all tests of nuclear weapons except those conducted underground.
		The origins of the treaty lay in worldwide public concern over the danger posed by atmospheric radioactive fallout produced by the above-ground testing of nuclear weapons.
		This problem had become an important public issue by 1955, but the first negotiations to ban nuclear tests foundered…
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9056449 (82 words)

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