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Topic: Thrinaxodon

	Digimorph - Thrinaxodon liorhinus (fossil cynodont)
		Thrinaxodon lived during the early Triassic (240-245 million years ago) and was roughly the size of a house cat.
		Thrinaxodon is a basal member of Cynodontia, a lineage that includes mammals and their closest extinct relatives.
		Thrinaxodon preserves a combination of primitive and derived characters, showing an early stage in the evolution of the characteristics that distinguish modern mammals from other living species.
	www.digimorph.org /specimens/Thrinaxodon_liorhinus (0 words)

	Thrinaxodon - Wikipedia
		Dit zoogdierreptiel was ongeveer zo groot als een kat, stevig gebouwd en waarschijnlijk een omnivoor met een voorkeur voor vlees.
		Thrinaxodon is het eerste dier in het fossielenbestand waarvan de ribben gereduceerd zijn tot de borst.
		Thrinaxodon had ook nog veel reptielachtige eigenschappen, waaronder een typisch reptielachtige rug.
	nl.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thrinaxodon (281 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 410.150 Cynodontia : Basal Cynodonts : Epicynodontia
		An animal like Thrinaxodon, in its cranial anatomy and dental morphology must be close to the ancestry of the earliest mammals.
		The teeth on either side were set into a single bone, the dentary, which had become larger at the expense of the smaller bones at the back of the jaw.
		The division was marked by the extent of the ribs; only the thoracic vertebrae bore ribs, and these formed a distinct cage, which housed the vital organs such as the heart and lungs.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/410Cynodontia/410.150.html (1169 words)

	Estes, R., 1961
		In Thrinaxodon liorhinus the contact between prootic and basioccipital-basisphenoid is mostly unossified in both adults and juveniles.
		This is apparently a variable character in the juveniles of Thrinaxodon liorhinus, disappearing in the adults owing to further growth of nasals and frontals.
		The similarity of bone vascularization in Thrinaxodon and Tupinambis suggests, then, that these foramina in themselves may not be sufficient evidence to indicate the presence of associated extensive secretory, sensory, or muscular structures in Thrinaxodon or indeed in any other theriodont.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /synapsids/rowe/estes.html (0 words)

	R2 Series - Thrinaxodon 1999
		Thrinaxodon was a "mammal-like" carnivore of the Triassic Cynodont group.
		Thrinaxodon had a bony plate that separated the nasal passages from the mouth to allow the animal to breath while eating - unlike the lizards.
		The legs were also drawn in under the body, again unlike the wide-sprawling stature of the lizards.
	www.investgold.co.za /R2_thrinaxodon_tech.htm (0 words)

	STANDING THERE AT A TURNING POINT IN EVOLUTION; IS A REPTILE ON THE VERGE OF BEING A MAMMAL - New York Times
		This was one species, Thrinaxodon liorhinus, of the therapsids that dominated terrestrial life for millions of years before the rise of dinosaurs.
		Thrinaxodon, though a revealing example of the evolutionary process, apparently died off before crossing the boundary from reptile to mammal.
		According to recent findings, the therapsid that seems to be closest to the direct ancestry of the mammals is a small, advanced carnivore known as probai@no@g@nathus, fossils of which are dated from 190 million to 195 million years.
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E4DE103BF931A35752C1A964948260 (0 words)

	Thrinaxodon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Many scientists suggest that the pits on the skull indicate that Thrinaxodon had whiskers and, therefore, probably had a covering of fur.
		A low-slung, sharp-toothed carnivore, Thrinaxodon lived in burrows, and ate small creatures.
		In the television series Walking with Dinosaurs, Thrinaxodon (identified as a cynodont) was shown looking after and protecting its young.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thrinaxodon (185 words)

	InfoHub - Thrinaxodon liorhinus - A Mammal-Like Reptile
		Thrinaxodon liorhinus was a mammal-like reptile of the Triassic.
		The latter may be explained by the greater relative growth of the snout in the adult and the greater number of anterior teeth in the juveniles.
		The temperature was cool in the region that Thrinaxodon inhabited.
	www.infohub.com /forums/printthread.php?t=5380 (0 words)

	ISGS: Thrinaxodon
		Thrinaxodon's teeth were varied with canines, incisors and molars which are mammalian features.
		These were similar to Thrinaxodon's but suggested a much larger animal.
		A small, solidly built carnivore, with a long body showing for the first time the division into chest and lower back.
	www.isgs.uiuc.edu /faq/fossils/pdq264.html (456 words)

	CD-ROM OF THRINAXODON
		Thrinaxodon was an ideal test of ultra high resolution CT scanning for imaging small fossils because it is already comparatively well known.
		Thrinaxodon has been studied in great detail from mechanically sectioned specimens by Everett Olson (1944) and Steve Fourie (1974), and from acid and mechanically prepared whole specimens that represent a range of ontogenetic stages by F. Rex Parrington (1946), Richard Estes (1961), and A.
		Cranial anatomy of the cynodont reptile Thrinaxodon liorhinus.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /synapsids/rowe/rowe.html (0 words)

	Rowe et al., Thrinaxodon, University of Texas Press
		Thrinaxodon liorhinus is an extinct, distant relative of mammals that is know from 225-million-year-old fossils found in Africa, Antarctica, and China.
		Thrinaxodon, though not itself a mammal, has played a central role in understanding the early history of mammals because it records many anatomical details of the primitive structure from which mammals ultimately descended.
		Also included are digitally reprinted studies on Thrinaxodon, which provide a library of the major technical work on its anatomy and importance.
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/books/rowtrc.html (0 words)

	FarShores.org CryptoDimension Article: CHUPACABRA What could it Be? By Clyde Lewis
		Is the Chupacabra a relative of the primitive Thrinaxodon?
		Also the another trait that Thrinaxodon shares with the alleged Chupacabra remains is the skull with large eye sockets and huge jaw bone.
		Although the Thrinaxodon is closely associated with South Africa there are theories that support the idea that most living Dinosaurs could have migrated when the earth was in a state of Pangea.
	farshores.org /chupa02.htm (0 words)

	Traces of burrows
		The discovery of a Thrinaxodon burrow from the Lower Triassic of South Africa suggests that burrowing was present in the group of therapsid reptiles from which the mammals evolved.
		Thrinaxodon belongs to cynodonts, a group considered ancestral to mammals.
		According to some reconstructions, Thrinaxodon possessed hair and was capable of thermoregulation.
	hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca /Burrowsite/palaeo3.htm (0 words)

	KidsDinos.com - Dinosaurs For Kids
		Thrinaxodon would have been about the size as a modern day pet cat.
		Thrinaxodon''s teeth, likely fur, leg configuration, and skull shape make it one of the most mammal like Synapsidas to have roamed the Earth.
		A Synapsida is neither a reptile nor a mammal, but an intermediate and unique group of animals from which mammals probably evolved.
	www.kidsdinos.com /dinosaur-games/dinosaur-voting.php?dinoIDSent=40 (0 words)

	Zoogdierachtige reptielen
		Thrinaxodon is het eerste dier in het fossielenbestand wiens ribben tot de borst zijn gereduceerd, alle voorgaande Therapsiden hebben de lange buikribben zoals reptielen die hebben.
		Ook een opmerkelijke eigenschap van dit dier is dat het kon eten en ademen tegelijk.
		Een typische vertegenwoordiger van de Cynodonten is Thrinaxodon, een dier dat al dicht bij de zoogdieren staat, en een belangrijke aanwijzing daarvoor zijn kleine putjes in de snuit, die de aanwezigheid van snorharen suggereren.
	www.nadarwin.nl /FB/synapsiden.html (0 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Many scientists suggest that the pits on the skull indicate that Thrinaxodon had whiskers and, therefore, probably had a covering of fur.
		Its chest and lower back regions were probably separated by a diaphragm - a muscular sheet that contracted to fill lungs, and would have enabled Thrinaxodon to breathe more efficiently than its ancestors.
		In the television series Walking with Dinosaurs, Thrinaxodon (identified as a cynodont) was shown looking after and protecting its young and eating its own young.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Thrinaxodon (176 words)

	goldcoin
		The Thrinaxodon coin is the third in the limited-edition palaeontological series.
		"Now with Thrinaxodon we are reinforcing the leading role South Africa has played in the science of palaeontology," Van Niekerk said.
		BPI's Marion Duncan said the mammal-like Thrinaxodon was an exciting indication that the Triassic period was the ''dawn'' of mammals.
	www.dispatch.co.za /1999/03/19/easterncape/GOLDCOIN.HTM (259 words)

	Walking with Dinosaurs - Fact File
		Thrinaxodon lived a little earlier and was about the size of a cat.
		The teeth from the Petrified Forest were similar to Thrinaxodon's but suggested a much larger animal.
		Thrinaxodon's teeth were varied with canines, incisors and molars which are mammalian features.
	www.abc.net.au /dinosaurs/fact_files/dried/cynodont_print.htm (0 words)

	McLean v. Arkansas - Plaintiff's transcript, testimony of Stephen Jay Gould
		Now, Thrinaxodon is a cynodont; that is, it is a member of the group that gave rise to mammals within the therapsids, but it is, in fact, a primitive cynodont.
		Thrinaxodon is an advanced mammal-like reptile because all the cynodonts represent an advanced group.
		He discusses only the genus Thrinaxodon, which as I have stated, is a primitive member of the cynodonts.
	www.antievolution.org /projects/mclean/new_site/pf_trans/mva_tt_p_gould.html (0 words)

	Family Galesauridae
		The Galesaurids, represented by a number of genera, the best known of which is Thrinaxodon, were similiar to but even more mammal-like than their ancestors the Permian Procynosuchids.
		An animal like Thrinaxodon, in its cranial anatomy and dental morphology is an ideal ancestor for the earliest mammals.
		Nythosaurus larvatus Owen 1876, Ictidopsis elegans Broom 1912a; Ictidopsis formosa van Lloepen 1916; Thrinaxodon putterilli Broom 1932; Notictosaurus luckhoffl Broom 1936; Micrictodon marionac Broom 1937.
	www.kheper.net /evolution/therapsida/Galesauridae.htm (0 words)

	Trinax2
		Thrinaxodon - A late Permian mammal-like reptile that was coming very close to being a mammal.
		It has been suggested that Thrinaxodon was an insect-eater as well as a scavenger and a hunter of smaller animals.
		This interesting animal was a burrower; many fossils have been found of Thrinaxodon that died in their sleep when their tunnels obviously collapsed on them.
	myweb.absa.co.za /rudolfs/case_studies/fossil/trinax/Trinax.html (0 words)

	thrin kryp possum braincase and cochlea
		CT reconstructions through the braincase of Thrinaxodon (top) show a small passageway that housed a simple, tubular brain.
		In an extinct Cretaceous mammal, the multituberculate Kryptobataar (middle), the brain is greatly inflated compared to Thrinaxodon, equaling or exceeding the level reached by modern opossums (the least-encephalized of living mammals), illustrated here by Monodelphis (bottom).
		Compared to Thrinaxodon, the mammalian ear is sensitive to a much wider range of frequencies, particularly high frequencies.
	www.ctlab.geo.utexas.edu /imagefolio/paleo/mammals/stills/tkpB.html (0 words)

	Dimetrodon
		Thrinaxodon fossils, 240 to 230 million years old, have been unearthed in Antarctica and South Africa.
		Thrinaxodon -- This early synapsid, about the same size as a modern weasel, lived 230 million years ago in South Africa.
		Diagram showing common ancestry and evolution of Dimetrodon, Thrinaxodon, and mammals from organisms with a single opening in skull behind eye.
	www.ccsf.edu /Departments/History_of_Time_and_Life/content/Dimetrodon.htm (0 words)

	Thrinaxodon Information
		Many scientists suggest that the pits on the skull indicate that thrinaxodons had whiskers and, therefore, probably had a covering of fur.
		A low-slung, sharp-toothed carnivore, Thrinaxodon lived in burrows, and ate small creatures.
		In the television series Walking with Dinosaurs, the Thrinaxodon (identified as a cynodont) was shown looking after and protecting its young.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Thrinaxodon (0 words)

	Basal cynodonts, an internet directory
		Thrinaxodon was a smallish, meateating cynodont of the Lower Triassic.
		Thrinaxodon might have used this simultaneous intake of food and air as a party trick, but it more plausibly reflects a need to process both fuels efficiently, which points to a high metabolic rate.
		Thrinaxodon has no obvious adaptations for a fossorial (digging) way of life, but you don't have to be that specialised to dig a burrow, (p.1750).
	home.arcor.de /ktdykes/cynodonts.htm (0 words)

	SICB - 2001 meeting- Abstract Details (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Galesaurus and Thrinaxodon have broadened ribs in both thoracic and lumbar regions, though the details of morphology vary along the trunk.
		The lumbar ribs of Thrinaxodon are less elongated cranio-caudally, with a roughly square shape in lateral view.
		The presence of distinct variation in rib morphology between these two genera indicates that among non-mammalian cynodonts, ribs may be of use in (1) identification of skeletons when the skull is incomplete or missing, (2) phylogenetic analyses, and (3) functional interpretation of axial skeleton evolution.
	www.sicb.org /meetings/2001/schedule/abstractdetails.php3?id=116 (216 words)

	Chupacabras
		Its victims (usually goats, or other animals of the same size) are found completely drained of blood, with small puncture marks on their body.
		Namely, the Thrinaxodon or a relative of it.
		The average chupacabra is around 3 feet tall, and about the size of a goat.
	jasonfinch.tripod.com /cryptozoology/crypchupa.html (0 words)

	InfoHub - Artwork of Thrinaxodon
		Thrinaxodon's fossils played a greater role that just discovering of new species, it as well lead to some geographical discoveries.:)
		Thrinaxodon was not built for long distance swimming.
		Thrinaxodon's prey would have included small reptiles, small mammals, amphibians, and possibly fish from lakes, ponds, or rivers.
	www.infohub.com /forums/printthread.php?t=5382 (0 words)

	Marine and terrestrial geology and geophysics
		Lystrosaurus was the dominant taxon of a cosmopolitan fauna of low diversity that survived the great extinctions at the end of the Permian (Cosgriff, Hammer, and Ryan 1982; Retallack 1995).
		Also transported were skeletons of Thrinaxodon liorhinus in the flaggy upper portion of a paleochannel on Thrinaxodon col near the confluence of the Shackleton and McGregor Glaciers (locality described by Collinson and Elliot 1984; and visited by us).
		In contrast, discovery of a skeleton of Lystrosaurus on the buried soil on which it died allows a clearer idea of the paleoenvironment of this ancient reptile.
	www.nsf.gov /od/opp/antarct/ajus/nsf9828/9828html/a15.htm (721 words)

	Traces of burrows
		Cross-section of a Thrinaxodon burrow cast showing the central ridge, a feature only found in burrows of cynodonts, a group of therapsid reptiles.
		Because of this ridge, some fossil burrows were initially described as trilobite furrows.
		The early disputes over the origin of devil's corkscrew established the three components of the systematic study of fossil vertebrate burrows: geometry (shape, size), surface markings, and the infill.
	hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca /Burrowsite/fossil2.htm (0 words)

	Palaeos Time > Mesozoic > Triassic > Induan
		The herbivores were squat quadrupedal forms, belonging to the genus Lystrosaurus, an animal a little over a meter in length (above, and left on the drawing on the right).
		The small (about 50 cm) carnivorous and insectivorous cynodont Thrinaxodon represents a more mammalian form; one is shown here about to feed on a dead temnospondyl amphibian.
		In this earliest Triassic landscape, Thrinaxodon, the direct ancestor of mammals, and Proterosuchus, the direct ancestor of crocs, dinosaurs and birds, lived side by side, although one was terrestrial, the other semi-aquatic.
	www.palaeos.com /Mesozoic/Triassic/Induan.html (0 words)

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