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Topic: Thrust fault

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	Thrust fault FAQ
		Thrust faults are formed by compressive stresses, and therefore often form where two tectonic plates collide, for example where an oceanic plate is subducted (such as along the Aleutian Islands) or where two continental plates collide and a mountain range is formed (such as the Himalayas).
		The claim that thrust faults could only have formed "when the strata were still relatively soft and plastic" is incorrect, and is easily refuted by the observation that there are many active thrust faults in rocks that are not "soft and plastic".
		While the thrust faults are active, material is eroded from the areas that are uplifted by the faulting, and a type of rock known as a conglomerate, which consists of clasts of rock broken off from preexisting rock, commonly forms during this process.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/lewis (5603 words)

	Thrust fault - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A thrust fault is a particular type of fault, or break in the fabric of the Earth's crust with resulting movement of each side against the other, in which a lower stratigraphic position is pushed up and over another.
		The Himalayas, the Alps, and the Appalachians are prominent examples of compressional orogenies with numerous overthrust faults.
		Thrusts and duplexes are also found in accretionary wedges in the ocean trench margin of subduction zones, where oceanic sediments are scraped off the subducted plate and accumulate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thrust_fault (522 words)

	Geologic fault - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Reverse faults are indicative of shortening of the crust.
		Thrust faults are responsible for forming nappes and klippen in the large thrust belts.
		The fault plane is the plane that represents the fracture surface of a fault.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geologic_fault (773 words)

	[No title]
		The thrust is exposed in a road-cut northwest of the town of Dunlap, Tennessee.
		The Cumberland Plateau Thrust sheet is dominated by thrust faults, having approximately 10 near the vicinity of Knoxville, Tennessee (Hatcher, et al, 1993).
		The Sequatchie Valley anticline is the westernmost fold in the southeastern Appalachians.
	www.geo.ua.edu /fieldtrips/dunlap.html (1288 words)

	Appalachian Structure Primer
		Thrust faults develop when one block of earth, the hinterland, collides with and compresses another block, the foreland.
		It is not unusual for the overturned anticline to be associated with a major thrust sheet, such as with the Blue Ridge anticlinorium, or the overturned anticline just east of the Allegheny Front, seen, for example, at Germany Valley.
		Faults: The blue fault is all the same fault; notice how it became folded as it moved up over the ramp and down into the flat toward the NW.
	csmres.jmu.edu /geollab/vageol/vahist/struprimer.html (2948 words)

	USGS Photo Glossary: fault
		Faults are fractures or fracture zones in the Earth's crust along which one side moves with respect to the other.
		A fault scarp is a cliff or steep slope that sometimes forms along the fault at the surface.
		There are many types of faults (for example, strike-slip, normal, reverse, and thrust faults) ranging in size from a few tens of meters to hundreds of kilometers in dimension.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Products/Pglossary/fault.html (140 words)

	Geology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut.
		Faults are younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than the fault, and the ones that are not cut must be younger than the fault.
		Finding the key bed in these situations may help determine whether the fault is a normal fault or a thrust fault.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geology (1524 words)

	Thrust Fault (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Another type of fault is the thrust fault where ground on one side of the fault moves up and over adjacent ground.
		Thrust faults occur in the Los Angeles area because the San Andreas Fault bends to the west causing some thrust faulting instead of strike-slip faulting.
		A third type of fault is a normal fault which occurs when ground on one side moves down the dip of the fault relative to the adjacent ground
	www.abag.ca.gov /bayarea/eqmaps/fixit/ch2/sld004.htm (95 words)

	CVO Website - Thrust Faults (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The thrust faults formed as rising magma forcefully ruptured the crater floor, shoving parts of it upward and outward from the vent toward the rigid crater walls.
		Thrust faults in the crater floor were first observed during the December 1980 dome-building episode (of Mount St. Helens).
		Thrust stations, established across the leading edge of the upper plate, were monitored in the same way as were the crack stations.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Glossary/CracksNThrusts/description_thrust_faults.html (333 words)

	Penn State News
		The San Andreas fault runs on the west, while the Hayward fault is on the east and shifts into the Rodgers Creek fault northeast of the city.
		Adding in the San Gregorio fault slip of about 3 millimeters a year, the slip rate on the northern San Andreas is still inconsistent with the southern portion of the fault by as much as 4 millimeters per year.
		Thrust faults occur when one piece of terrain rides up over another forming a characteristic uplift pattern with one side gradually sloping up and the other more precipitous.
	www.psu.edu /ur/2004/blindthrust.html (925 words)

	A FIELD INVESTIGATION OF THE CLARK MOUNTAIN FAULT COMPLEX, SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
		The fault plane dips gently to the west (10-30°) and is characterized by a lack of brecciation in both footwall and hanging wall rocks adjacent to the fault.
		The general character of rocks associated with this fault is markedly similar to that of the Keystone thrust in the Spring Mountains.
		She interpreted the eastern-most fault as a thrust and the western fault as a normal fault.
	geology.csupomona.edu /drjessey/research/clark.htm (2637 words)

	Geology and Mineral Resources
		The Champlain Thrust Fault, exposed in western Vermont, extends from Canada south to the Catskill Plateau in New York, a distance of approximately 199 miles.
		The thrust is a Middle Ordovician, east-dipping fault along which older Cambrian rocks have been placed on top of younger Ordovician rocks, with an estimated throw of 8,850 feet at Lone Rock Point.
		The fault zone between the upper and lower plates is marked by a breccia made of fragments and crushed rock from the plates as they moved against eachother.
	www.anr.state.vt.us /dec/geo/chthrust.htm (243 words)

	Structural geology and regional geology
		In fold-and-thrust belts, anticlines that have steep to overturned forelimbs and are underlain by thrust faults are commonly interpreted to be fault-propagation folds.
		Workers in fold-and-thrust belts commonly presume that anticlines with steep to overturned forelimbs that are underlain by thrust faults are fault-propagation folds.
		The basal thrust of the allochthonous rocks cuts down section in the hanging wall from Lower Cretaceous strata in the north to beneath Upper Devonian rocks on the northern limb of the Mt. Doonerak fenster (Amawk thrust) in the south.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /TSRG/People/Wallace/WKWabstracts.html (4155 words)

	[No title]
		The exposed rocks of the Ocoee Supergroup within the hanging wall of the Great Smoky fault were deposited in deep water on an ancient continental slope and rise to the outer continental platform on a passive margin of the Iapetus Ocean (Rast and Kohles, 1986).
		This indicates one of these things: an insignificant amount of frontal thrust material in the hanging wall, a high angle thrust, or a high erosion rate of the thrust material due to lack of burial of the footwall.
		The Ocoee Supergroup is exposed to the east of the brittle fault zone.
	www.geo.ua.edu /fieldtrips/ocoee.html (1913 words)

	WWRC 88-04 : Chapter 4 : Structural Obstruction of Recharge to the Paleozoic Aquifer in the Denver Paleozoic Aquifer in ...
		Berg's (1962) model, shown on Figure 7, is an asymmetric anticline-syncline pair cored by a thrust fault in the basement under the anticlinal hinge.
		Increasing displacement along the fault results in increased asymmetry within the overlying anticline as well as the development of a new reverse fault parallel to the original fault, but nearer to the synclinal hinge.
		The springs along the trace of the eastern most thrust shown on Plate III, and the water gained by the reach of the North Fork of Horse Creek which flows over the fault located west of the hogbacks in Plate II are a result of these barriers.
	library.wrds.uwyo.edu /wrp/88-04/ch-04.html (1065 words)

	EarthStructure - Chapter 17
		This movement involved slip on a series of low-angle reverse or thrust faults, which in turn led to the development of spectacular panels of tilted rocks and complex folds.
		Thrust faults were first recognized in 1826 near Dresden, Germany, where Precambrian granites overlie Cretaceous strata across a fault contact.
		This proposal was so radical, in fact, that it was not until careful mapping and documentation of the Moine thrust in northwestern Scotland forty years later, that geologists came to accept the concept of detachments and regional-scale thrust faults.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~vdpluijm/book17.htm (556 words)

	WEEK 2 summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Faulting is a common mechanism for deformation of the upper part of the continental crust, which behaves brittlely, under typical conditions of temperature T<300°C. Faults are grouped according to the motion they accommodate, into three main categories: Normal, reverse/thrust, and strike-slip faults.
		Normal faults accommodate down-dip motion of the hanging wall (note that oblique slip is common too).
		Strike-slip faults are also associated with subsidiary faults at an angle to the main, throughgoing fault.
	www.geo.umn.edu /courses/4501/fall2003/faulting.html (1062 words)

	Big Bend: Structural Features
		Faulting, folding, and jointing are the three different kinds of common structural features that can be found within the park.
		Thrust Fault -- Thrust faults are a result of compressional forces in the Earth's crust.
		If the resulting faults are at a near horizontal (typically less than 20 degrees) angle, continued compressional forces can sometimes thrust the layers of rock on one side of the fault up onto the corresponding layers of rock on the other side of the fault.
	geoexplorer.tamu.edu /bigbend/struct (737 words)

	USGS Photo Glossary: More photos of faults
		Scientists measure the distance between two benchmarks spanning the fault scarp of a thrust fault on the crater floor of Mount St. Helens.
		Scientist measures the vertical offset along a fault that moved as a consequence of a 7.2 magnitude earthquake on the south flank of Kilauea on November 29, 1975.
		In contrast, the northern flank of Kilauea is relatively stable because it is buttressed by the mass of Mauna Loa Volcano.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Products/Pglossary/fault_more.html (403 words)

	Amateur Geologist Geological Glossary - T
		The study of the movements and deformation of the crust on a large scale, including epeirogeny, metamorphism, folding, faulting, and plate tectonics.
		A dip-slip fault in which the upper block above the fault plane moves up and over the lower block, so that older strata are placed over younger.
		A rise in sea level relative to the land which causes areas to be submerged and marine deposition to begin in that region.
	www.amateurgeologist.com /content/glossary/glossary_t.html (1501 words)

	Copper Creek Thrust
		The Copper Creek thrust fault is part of the Pine Mountain Thrust sheet, situated in the Valley and Ridge Fold and Thrust belt.
		The Pine Mountain thrust system is the westernmost major structure in the southern Appalachian Valley and Ridge in Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky.
		Thrust faults develop in response to shortening due to compressional forces, and result in crustal thickening.
	www.uwm.edu /Course/geosci697-tectonic/GroupA/CopperCreek/coppercreek.html (307 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Rapid post-earthquake fault slip along the Foothills thrust belt located northeast of the San Andreas may be a precursory phenomenon to impending rupture, and could influence the timing of future earthquakes on nearby faults affected by the associated stress field.
		The deep slip rate on the southern Calaveras fault appears too high and may be related to the effects of the Coyote Lake and Morgan Hill earthquakes that occurred on the fault during the measurement period.
		The inversion favors a fault of maximum permitted width (20 km) with 4 cm/yr of thrusting, 5 cm/yr of strike-slip, and 3 cm/yr of fault-zone compaction.
	www.geophys.washington.edu /NEHRP/Reports/FINAL/g2447fnl.htm (9732 words)

	New Study Reveals the Behavior of the Puente Hills Thrust Fault
		Found in the April 4 edition of the journal Science, these results show that the Puente Hills thrust fault has experienced four major earthquakes in the past 11,000 years, and will almost certainly produce another major earthquake at some point in the future.
		The Puente Hills thrust fault is "blind" because it never breaks through at the surface, instead producing folds in the rocks above it, which may sometimes be expressed as chain of low hills, raised up by successive earthquakes along the fault below.
		This squeezing is accommodated by the many faults in and around the basin, which shift to release the energy of this compression as earthquakes.
	www.scec.org /research/030404dolan.html (1078 words)

	Cades Cove Bedrock
		Within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the Great Smoky fault is a regional thrust fault that juxtaposed Precambrian (770-545 my) metamorphosed sandstone and siltstone of the Ocoee Supergroup onto the nonmetamorphosed limestone of the Knox Group with tens to hundreds of miles of displacement.
		Since the fault places younger rocks on top of older rocks, the Greenbriar fault is interpreted to be a normal fault that formed in the Neoproterozoic extensional rift basin (Robinson and others, 1992).
		The folded and faulted metamorphosed rocks were uplifted and transported westward tens to hundreds of miles along the low-angle Great Smoky fault.
	geology.er.usgs.gov /eespteam/smoky/ResearchAreas/smokys/cadesCove/Geol/Bedrock/bedrock.htm (824 words)

	Seismicity and Geometry of a 110-km-Long Blind Thrust Fault 2. Synthesis of the 1982–1985 California Earthquake ...
		Identification of active blind thrust faults is hindered by the absence of a fault trace but may be revealed by the presence of growing folds at the surface and by earthquakes at depth.
		The aftershock zones abut at echelon offsets in the fold axes, and the mainshocks display reverse slip perpendicular to the axes, suggesting that the folds conceal a contiguous, segmented thrust fault.
		Seismic reflection profiles reveal thrust and reverse faults dipping toward the San Andreas fault at depths of 5–10 km with several kilometers of cumulative slip and high-angle reverse faults in the anticlines with several hundred meters cumulative slip.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/1992.../91JB02847.shtml (466 words)

	The San Andreas fault and the Bay Area
		San Andreas Lake (from which the fault takes its name) is a ``sag pond'' that naturally formed in the valley of the San Andreas fault.
		Strike slip faults are good places for lakes; the fault both creates a low spot to collect the water, and grinds up the rock underneath making an impermeable layer to hold the water in.
		The fault changes orientation at Black Mountain by about 9 degrees, and the land on either side is being crumpled and uplifted as it gets dragged around the corner.
	sepwww.stanford.edu /oldsep/joe/fault_images/BayAreaSanAndreasFault.html (1639 words)

	CRUSTAL FLUID FLOW ON A GRAND SCALE: THE ORIGIN OF THRUST FAULT FLUIDS, NORTHERN UTAH
		Therefore, by analyzing the isotopic and chemical composition of vein minerals in thrust faults, it should be possible to identify the origin and pathways of thrust fault fluids.
		REE concentrations in the basement rocks are considerably higher than in Paleozoic sediments and Precambrian metasediments of the Willard thrust sheet, and can therefore be used as a tracer for thrust fault fluid flow.
		O values in veins of the Ogden thrust indicate a different path for fluid flow or higher deformation temperatures in the Ogden fault zone than in the Willard fault zone.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_64486.htm (465 words)

	Quake: Gurvan Bulag Thrust Fault, Mongolia
		We studied a total of five exposures (hand-dug trenches and cleaned stream cuts) along the main Gurvan Bulag thrust, and one exposure across a subsidiary fault (one of several backthrusts discovered earlier this year by A. Bayasgalan and J. Jackson north of the main thrust fault).
		Faults dip north (left) and juxtapose well bedded alluvial units (upper left) over massive colluvial wedge units (lower right).
		Colluvial units formed in response to earlier fault displacement and were faulted in 1957.
	quake.wr.usgs.gov /research/geology/mongolia97/investigation.html (750 words)

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