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Topic: Thunking

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	Thunk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thunks are frequently used in strict languages as a means of simulating call-by-name evaluation; the thunk itself delays the computation of a function's argument, and the function forces the thunk to obtain the actual value.
		Similar thunking was required in many cases in OS/2 2.x—while most of the operating system was 32-bit, many parts of the kernel and device drivers were 16-bit for compatibility reasons.
		Dynamic library calls in the code jump to thunks in a jump table; the jump table is replaced (by a dynamic linker) with short functions that either load the applicable library (as needed) or jump to the appropriate point in an already-loaded library.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thunking (504 words)

	Thunk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The essence of a thunk is to use a place holder to stand as a proxy until the last possible moment before using an item with the executable code.
		To use a thunk, the compiler marks a spot for a reference to the named thing at runtime to achieve late binding.
		Thunks are frequently passed as arguments to functions.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/T/Thunk.htm (501 words)

	vbVision - Thunks and Thunking
		Thunking is a term used to describe calling cross platform code and can mean calling 16bit code from a 32bit platform or calling 32bit code from a 16bit platform.
		A flat thunk consists of a pair of dlls (one 32bit and one 16bit) that are used to translate calls from 32bit code to 16bit code.
		thunk script describes, in detail, the function calls in the 16bit thunking layer dll with information about which parameters are for input and which are for output.
	www.mvps.org /vbvision/thunks.htm (1446 words)

	thunk - Internetnews.com - Webopedia.com
		Thunking is necessary because Intel's older 16-bit microprocessors used an addressing scheme called segmented memory, whereas their 32-bit microprocessors use a flat address space.
		According to folklore, the term thunk was coined by the developers of the Algol-60 programming language, who realized late one night that the data type of parameters could be known with a little forethought by the compiler.
		That is, by the time the compiler processed the parameters, it had already thought of (thunked) the data types.
	inews.webopedia.com /TERM/T/thunk.html (184 words)

	Custom Windows Application Development - 16-bit Custom Control for Windows 95/98/Me : ActiveX Development : California ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Thunking is the key to this process and will dictate the whole approach of how exactly controls like this can be used by 16-bit applications.
		Thunking is the process of translation during a call between 16-bit and 32-bit code.
		Though generic thunking allows a 16-bit application to call a 32-bit DLL there are a few restrictions on the functionality that can be used in the 32-bit code.
	www.cswl.com /whiteppr/tech/customcontrol.html (2696 words)

	Win32s - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In addition, Microsoft made a long series of unexplained and apparently rather pointless changes to Win32s which are widely regarded as a highly successful attempt to make it impossible for any third-party to market a compatible platform.
		A technique named thunking is fundamental to the implementation of Win32s as well as Chicago-kernel operating systems, which are Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows Me.
		An OS which allows user-level thunking cannot reliably provide memory management or memory protection on a system-wide basis, neither can it offer any core or kernel security.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Win32s (582 words)

	What is "Thunking" and What Role Does It Play in CVI's 32-bit Environment, or in General? - KnowledgeBase - Support - ...
		This translation requires that you have a "thunking" DLL to perform the translation for you.
		Calling 16-bit DLLs from within 32-bit applications is not trivial and requires that you have a thunking DLL to convert the 32-bit calls to 16-bit calls.
		In general, creating a thunking DLL is a task that is best left to an experienced Windows programmer.
	digital.ni.com /public.nsf/websearch/f72a410523887c97862562bd007994c7?OpenDocument (467 words)

	Thunking semantics of :=
		It takes the expression in RHS and wraps it in an implicit closure, then give that closure a name to be triggered later.
		A12 has an example: $endpos := $string.chars; # thunk, changes as $string changes Now, those two semantics directly clash when the RHS can be interpreted both ways.
		One interpretation is that the RHS pad bindings are snapshotted, so future calls to $x always evaluates the bound "$y" at the RHS context, and hence give correct results.
	www.mail-archive.com /perl6-all@perl.org/msg48538.html (279 words)

	Pete Kruckenberg's Perfect World: IP Address Thunking: NAT=bad, Part 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Through a process called "thunking", they were able to access 4GB, by accessing 32-bit addresses with a 2-step addressing process.
		Phar Lap was a very popular 32-bit development environment for DOS-based applications, Windows 3.1 had "Win32s," and Windows95 used thunking to support many 16-bit functions that were retained from Windows3.1.
		NAT provides something like a 64-bit thunk, where an entire network can be addressed using "private" addresses, then a NAT gateway translates those to a few "public" addresses visible to the rest of the network.
	pete.kruckenberg.com /blog/archives/000211.php (707 words)

	Smart Computing Article - thunk to Timex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ingerman picked the term "thunk" after realizing that some of the information about the expression's name had been figured out ahead of time by the compiler.
		Thus, thunking can be required even when there is no obvious usage of 16-bit code.
		Thunking does slow down the operation of a program.
	www.smartcomputing.com /editorial/article.asp?article=articles/archive/r0604/46r04/46r04.asp&guid=ooylpkk0 (4242 words)

	PlumbNet Interactive Plumbing Network - Discussion Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Whenever I use any of my faucets in the bathroom (Bath, Faucet, Toilet), I hear a very distinct thunking coming from what I believe is the PVC Drain line which is situated behind the wall behind the bathtub.
		The thunking is NOT caused by excess pressure from pipes when water is shut off.
		Greater amounts of water causes the thunking to be more rapid, then slows in frequency over 10-15 minutes or so.
	www.plumbnet.com /forum/create.php?replyto=13083 (432 words)

	Yves Dolce : Managed C++ or C++/CLI Double Thunking
		Double thunking refers to the loss of performance you can experience when a function call in a managed context calls a managed function and where program execution calls the function's native entry point in order to call the managed function.
		In effect, two calls are required to invoke the function (hence, double thunking).
		We are assuming that the main culprit is Double Thunking since we are seeing a lot of them in manual tracing (they show up in the call stack).
	blogs.msdn.com /yvesdolc/archive/2005/05/13/417342.aspx (650 words)

	thunk - a Whatis.com definition
		Thunk is programming that converts 16-bit memory address space into 32-bit memory address space and vice versa.
		Universal thunk, enabled by Win32s, is used by 16-bit applications running under Windows 3.x and Windows for Workgroups that need to call 32-bit DLL files.
		Flat thunk is used by Windows 95 and up and allows 32-bit applications to use 16-bit DLL files.
	whatis.techtarget.com /gDefinition/0,294236,sid44_gci860582,00.html (124 words)

	Win32 Implementations: A Comparative Look
		Thunking enables 16-bit applications to run in a 32-bit environment and vice versa.
		Universal thunking enables you to call a 32-bit function from 16-bit code, whereas generic thunking enables you to call a 16-bit function from 32-bit code.
		Various issues are involved in thunking, such as converting 16:16 far pointers in 16-bit code to flat 32-bit address and manipulating a stack for making a proper call from code running at one bitness to code running at a different bitness.
	www.windowsitlibrary.com /Content/356/03/2.html (1632 words)

	Hybrid Development Tricks for Windows NT
		Before we begin to discuss the actual solution, I would like to describe the steps necessary to thunk (that is, to translate addresses during a call) from a 16-bit application to a 32-bit DLL.
		Generic thunking is pretty simple to implement; the biggest hurdle to the programmer is the lack of documentation.
		When the thunking code converted the buffer from 32-bit back to 16-bit, all the string pointers in the user information buffer became invalid.
	www.developer.com /tech/article.php/614381 (2124 words)

	Win32 FAQ
		Thunking (in Windows) was designed to ease porting from 16 to 32 bit code by allowing 16 bit apps to call 32 bit DLLs; it's designed primarily for thunking upward (which isn't too difficult, actually).
		The same mechanisms can be used to call from 32 bit applications to 16 bit DLLs, but it isn't documented that way, and MS provides no samples or support.
		Flat thunks allow 32-bit code to call functions implemented in 16-bit code.
	home.att.net /~raffles1/win32_faq.htm (3045 words)

	Creating an IOPL segment in BC++ for OS/2 2.X (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The IOPL segment is required to be a 16 bit segment which adds yet another layer of complexity to the situation.
		Since the IOPL segment resides in a 16 bit segment, special thunking code must be created by the compiler to call from the 32 bit flat model segment to the 16 bit IOPL segment.
		The 32 bit to 16 bit thunking code makes extensive use of almost all the CPU registers.
	community.borland.com /article/0,1410,16451,0.html (458 words)

	Perl6 becoming like Algol98 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Thunking is basically allowing you to pass argument to a procedure WITHOUT any procedure type declarations.
		Algol68 did not have ANY thunking because it was just too tough.
		Python pains me because it is like Algol60 thunking all over again, but interpreted, not compiled.
	www.oreillynet.com /cs/user/view/cs_msg/42431?page=last&x-maxdepth=0 (626 words)

	ActiveX Control Fundamentals
		Now we need to define the actual thunk code that will be used to alter the stack of our main window procedure.
		Next, we need a way to populate the thunk with the correct pointer values relative to the class which is creating the window handle.
		The technique for mapping window procedure messages onto C++ class method invocation involves re-defining the window procedure using an assembly language thunk which alters the parameters on the call stack and forwards the call to the real window procedure.
	www.pluralsight.com /articlecontent/cpprep0399.htm (2662 words)

	Thunking noise when i turn RIGHT -- HELP! - Blazer - Automotive Forums .com Car Chat- A Message Board for Every Make ...
		Every once in a while when i turn right i hear a little thunk..
		Its not too big of a thunk and it only does it once in a while when the wheels is barley turned to the right.
		It doesn't do it much, its a thunk of the wheel i dont even think it has anything to do with my steering colum/joints etc..
	www.automotiveforums.com /t184678.html (1767 words)

	WINE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		While most Win32 functions are documented, there are areas such as file formats and protocols where an official Microsoft specification does not exist, as well as undocumented low-level functions and obscure bugs that must be duplicated precisely for some applications to work properly.
		Consequently, the Wine team have had to reverse engineer many function calls and file formats, in such areas as thunking.
		The involvement of Corel for a time assisted the project, chiefly by employing Julliard and others to work on it.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/w/wi/wine_1.html (712 words)

	Why Thunking Is Necessary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Kernel-mode drivers must validate the size of any I/O buffer passed in from a user-mode application.
		If a 32-bit application passes a buffer containing pointer-precision data types to a 64-bit driver, and no thunking takes place, the driver will expect the buffer to be larger than it actually is. This is because pointer precision is 32 bits on 32-bit Microsoft® Windows® and 64 bits on 64-bit Windows.
		To prevent this, the driver must detect whether a DRIVER_DATA structure was sent by a 32-bit application, and if so, thunk it appropriately before performing the validation.
	www.osronline.com /ddkx/kmarch/other_8c9z.htm (213 words)

	Trumpet Software International Products: Winsock 3.0 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It includes the normal 16-bit winsock.dll as well as the final release of the Windows 95 thunking layer.
		This layer converts or "thunks" the 32-bit winsock calls down to 16-bits.
		It will work with other operating systems, such as Windows NT, but you will only be able to use 16-bit winsock applications with it.
	www.trumpet.com /winsock/winsoc3.html (107 words)

	PicLan 32-bit Performance Issues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A thunk refers to a segment of code that transitions from the 16-bit segmented environment of old-style Windows 3.x to the newer flat-model 32-bit environment of Windows 95 and Windows NT.
		Because PLTW32 is a real Win32 application, the thunking layers are no longer necessary.
		Originally a 32-bit version of PL-DSGW was scheduled for the PicLan version 2 release, but testing indicates that DSG performance is not nearly as visually demanding as terminal emulation echo delay.
	www.modsoft.com /piclan/speed32.htm (444 words)

	Calling CMSPTR over Thunking DLLs Causes Access Violation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		When a 16-bit CPI-C application calls uses the Set_Prepare_To_Receive_Type(cmsptr) application programming interface (API) while running over the 16-bit-to-32-bit CPIC thunking interface, the application terminates abnormally with an application error.
		The CPIC thunking interface was not handling this call correctly.
		Microsoft has confirmed this to be a problem in SNA Server 2.11, 2.11 Service Pack 1 (SP1).
	support.microsoft.com /kb/162511/EN-US (170 words)

	DDJ>SP 96: Direct Thunking in Windows 95 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		One of the most difficult areas of Windows 95 programming is thunking.
		Windows 95 handles both types of thunks (32- to 16-bit, and 16- to 32-bit) seamlessly.
		Unfortunately, if you need to call from 32-bit code to 16-bit code (or vice versa) you're supposed to write what are called "flat thunks," which require the use of a special compiler (THUNK.EXE), an assembler, and several hours (or days) of trial and error.
	www.ddj.com /documents/s=952/ddj9614c/9614c.htm (767 words)

	[No title]
		There is a process called thunking that can be used on Win95 (but not NT!) but it requires MS tools (thunk compiler) if done the official way and is version dependent if done the inofficial way (via an undocumented Win95 function named QT_Thunk).
		The only portable method is to write a small 16-bit program that calls the DLL for the 32-bit side and communicates with that via Windows messages, DDE or acts as an OLE automation server.
		Subject: Re: 32 to 16 bit thunking examples Date: Mon, 23 Mar 1998 15:12:57 -0800 Newsgroup: microsoft.public.win32.programmer.kernel Did a quick surf of the Jan 98 Devnet CD.
	www.geocities.com /~franzglaser/tpsrc/thunking.txt (568 words)

	Club Cobra - Drivetrain Thunking - SPF (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		I'd noticed the thunking occasionally before, perhaps the new park brake setup they're using, but had never heard it this violently before.
		I have the thunking in the same place, when I am starting in 1st from a standstill.
		Really have to go easy on the gas when letting in the clutch to get a smooth takeoff, almost letting the engine stall before I give it easy gas, or she bucks like a bronco.
	www.clubcobra.com /t52130.html (1981 words)

	F150online Forums - Thunking sound
		I have a Thunk sound coming from what sounds like the front end when I stop and first take off.
		The thunk occurs when you accelerate around 15-20 MPH right.
		I think almost everyone has the 2nd to 1st downshift thunk and we mostly belive it's the transmission that is thunking.
	www.f150online.com /forums/showthread.php?t=99738 (281 words)

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