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Topic: Thurstone scale

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	UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA MCHPE: CANCER NURSING RESEARCH GROUP (DEGNER - Thurstone)
		Thurstone scores have an infinite range, although scores outside the range of -3 to +3 are unlikely (this would represent a "voter unanimity" of 99.9%).
		Thurstone recommended that any item that had a support level of more than 98% or less than 2% be scored as if it had achieved the 2% or 98% level.
		Thurstone scores are produced by estimating each item's measure of variability and multiplying the individual z-scores by these estimates before calculating the average.
	www.umanitoba.ca /centres/mchp/concept/thurstone/analyses_score.shtml (940 words)

	L. L. Thurstone: Equally Often Noticed Differences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Quality scales such as Thorndike's scales for handwriting and for children's drawings are constructed on the principle that equally often noticed differences are equal.
		It is the object of this paper to examine this principle of scale construction and to show that the principle is valid only when the stimuli or specimens are uniform in the degree of ambiguity or dispersion of excellence that is perceived in them.
		The weights may be allocated on a physical scale in grams and the same weights may be allocated on a psychological scale in accordance with the principle that equally often noticed differences are equal.
	spartan.ac.brocku.ca /~lward/Thurstone/Thurstone_1927b.html (1217 words)

	Thurstone scale - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In psychology, the Thurstone scale was the first formal technique for measuring an attitude.
		It was developed by Louis Leon Thurstone in 1928, as a means of measuring attitudes towards religion.
		The scale is then obtained as a left-adjusted column marginal average of this standard score matrix (Thurstone, 1927b).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thurstone_scale (500 words)

	Thurstone Scales (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Thurstone, on the other hand, thought that Spearman’s method of tetrad differences artificially rendered a general factor because Spearman did not rotate the factorial axes that were obtained in the initial solution.
		Thurstone’s contribution to factor-analysis consisted of the centroid method for extracting factors, and of obtaining ‘simple structure’ through orthogonal rotation of the axes.
		Therefore, Thurstone argued that an individual’s intellectual ability should not be represented as a single IQ index, but rather be described in terms of a profile of scores on the primary mental abilities (which idea was assimilated later on in Guilford’s Structure of Intellect model).
	www.apnet.com /refer/measure/Outlines/thurstone_scales.htm (412 words)

	Louis Leon Thurstone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thurstone originally received a masters in Mechanical Engineering from Cornell University in 1912, before undertaking a PhD in Psychology at the University of Chicago, which he completed in 1917.
		Nonetheless, Thurstone's contributions to methods of factor analysis have proved invaluable in establishing and verifying later psychometric factor structures, and has influenced the hierarchical models of intelligence in use in intelligence tests such as WAIS and the modern Stanford-Binet IQ test.
		Thurstone (1929) also articulated what he referred to as the additivity criterion for scale differences, a criterion which must be satisfied in order to obtain interval-level measurements.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Louis_Leon_Thurstone (662 words)

	L.L. Thurstone: Attitudes Can Be Measured (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		A scale or linear continuum is implied when we say that a man has more education than another, or that a woman is more beautiful than another, even though, if pressed, we admit that perhaps the pair involved in each of the comparisons have little if anything in common.
		The unit of measurement for the scale of attitudes is the standard deviation of the dispersion projected on the psychophysical scale of attitudes by a statement of opinion, chosen as a standard.
		In scaling the statements whose scale values fall outside the ten divisions of the scale, it will be necessary to make some assumption regarding the nature of the curve, and it will probably be found that for most situations the phi-gamma function will constitute a fairly close approximation to truth.
	spartan.ac.brocku.ca /~lward/Thurstone/Thurstone_1928.html (9393 words)

	Research Design & Measurement
		For example, on a five-point rating scale measuring attitudes toward gun control, the difference between a rating of 2 and a rating of 3 may not represent the same difference as the difference between a rating of 4 and a rating of 5.
		For example, if anxiety were measured on an interval scale, then a difference between a score of 10 and a score of 11 would represent the same difference in anxiety as would a difference between a score of 50 and a score of 51.
		For the anxiety scale, it would not be valid to say that a person with a score of 30 was twice as anxious as a person with a score of 15.
	www.utmem.edu /~rarreola/researchdesign.html (2664 words)

	[No title]
		To construct the Thurstone scale, a large number of statements are collected which express various possible opinions about the issue or object, the attitudes regarding which one wants to study.
		For the Likert scale, various opinion statements are collected, edited and then given to a group of subjects to rate the statements on a five-point continuum: 1=strongly agree; 2=agree; 3=undecided; 4=disagree; and 5=strongly disagree.
		In the Thurstone scale, the respondent checks only those items with which he agrees, whereas in the Likert scale he indicates his degree of agreement or disagreement for all the items in the scale.
	members.tripod.com /arulmj/atti2-b.html (2545 words)

	Louis Leon Thurstone - Psychology Wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Thurstone's approach to measurement was termed the law of comparative judgment.
		Thurstone anticipated a key epistemological requirement of measurement later articulated by Rasch, which is that relative scale locations must 'transcend' the group measured; i.e.
		Thurstone (1929) also articulated what he referred to as the additivity criterion for scale differences, a criterion which must be satisfied in order to obtain interval-level measurments.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/L._L._Thurstone (679 words)

	Censorship Data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Beside each statement is the Thurstone scale value published with the original scale, followed by the new Thurstone scale value and associated standard deviation calculated by Roberts (1995).
		The new scale values were developed using a variant of the successive intervals procedure which allowed scale value standard deviations to differ across items (Torgerson, 1958).
		Scale values were based on favorability judgments from 76 college students who rated each statement on a 9-point scale.
	www.education.umd.edu /Depts/EDMS/tutorials/censdesc.html (240 words)

	The value of Likert Scales in measuring attitudes of online learners
		Thurstone scaling is considered a method to evaluate the stimuli with respect to some designated attributes.
		Thurstone scales typically present the reader with a number of statements to which they have to respond, usually by ticking a true/false box, or agree/disagree, i.e.
		A form of scale that is frequently used is the 'graphic scale', the respondent indicates his/her rating by placing a mark at the appropriate point on a line that runs from one extreme of the attribute to the other.
	www.hkadesigns.co.uk /websites/msc/reme/likert.htm (3822 words)

	attitude scales
		Although attitude scales bear a superficial resemblance to questionnaires, they are actually closer to standardised tests, and as such will have undergone more rigorous development and evaluation of reliability and validity.
		There are several types of attitude scales but the two most common are the Thurstone, and Likert scales, named after their authors.
		scales typically present the reader with a number of statements to which they have to respond, usually by ticking a "true" or "false" box, or "agree","disagree", i.e.
	www.chssc.salford.ac.uk /healthSci/resmeth2000/resmeth/attitude.htm (695 words)

	[No title]
		The original scale of this type was developed by Rensis Likert and is explained in his article, "A Technique for the Measurement of Attitudes," in Achieves of Psychology (1932).
		In addition, Likert reported that results obtained from his scales compared favorably with those obtained by the "granddaddy" of the attitude scales--the Thurstone scale.
		In an earlier Today's Speech article, the writers suggested four areas of research in which the semantic differential could be used: (1) to measure the credibility of speakers, (2) to measure listener attitudes, (3) for classroom evaluation of speakers and speeches, and (4) to assess the worth of speech courses to the students.
	www.jamescmccroskey.com /publications/25.htm (1052 words)

	Capital Punishment Data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Scale values were based on favorability judgments from 90 college students who rated each statement on a 9-point scale.
		Eight of the original items could not be adequately scaled due to their ambiguity or their failure to fit the Thurstone model.
		In addition to scaling statements, Roberts (1995) had 245 subjects indicate the extent to which they agreed with each of the 24 statements.
	www.education.umd.edu /Depts/EDMS/tutorials/capsdesc.html (228 words)

	Sociology 371 -- Research Methods
		The best scales are those which, given an individual's score, we can feel confident that he or she obtained this score as a result of a particular attitudinal position.
		If the scale were indeed a reliable and valid measure of this attitude, receiving a high score would indicate stronger opposition to the use of corporal punishment than receiving a lower scale score.
		If a scale has the property of reproducibility, the researcher will be able to predict, with a knowledge of respondent's scale score, those items with which the respondent most likely agreed and those with which the respondent was not in agreement.
	www.stolaf.edu /people/leming/soc371res/oper.html (5983 words)

	RMT 12:2 Thurstone thresholds and the Rasch model
		Initially the scale has 3 categories, then a fourth category is defined at the top of the scale in accordance with Thurstone's approach.
		The Thurstone thresholds always advance, as is seen for both the 3 and 4 category scales.
		Nevertheless, when data are collected on a Thurstone scale, the dichotomizations (or even the original rating scale categories) usually approximate Rasch specifications closely enough to produce useful measures.
	www.rasch.org /rmt/rmt122j.htm (753 words)

	Human Intelligence: Thelma Gwinn Thurstone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Thurstone, after publishing Psychological Examinations for the American Council on Education in 1924, continued to revise and update the battery of tests annually with her husband until 1948.
		Thurstone analyzed the intercorrelations of the primary mental abilities (PMAs) and found a general factor.
		Thurstone eventually turned her research focus to the development and implementation of instructional materials in the classroom.
	www.indiana.edu /~intell/tthurstone.shtml (389 words)

	1
		Thurstone scales are answered on a scale, such as strongly agree to strongly disagree.
		Thurstone scales are based on experts’ ratings of the scale items.
		After each round of the game, the participants rated how much of their performance on that round was due to luck and how much was due to skill and how much of their opponent’s performance was due to luck and how much to skill on four separate 7-point scales.
	www.uni.edu /harton/t3rev.html (370 words)

	Scale (social sciences) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Likert scale - Respondents are asked to indicate the amount of agreement or disagreement (from strongly agree to strongly disagree) on a five- or seven-point scale.
		Phrase completion scales - Respondents are asked to complete a phrase on an 11-point response scale in which 0 represents the absence of the theoretical construct and 10 represents the theorized maximum amount of the construct being measured.
		Thurstone scale - This is a scaling technique that incorporates the intensity structure among indicators.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Scale_(social_sciences) (1457 words)

	[No title]
		Scales of Measurement} Measures can be qualitative or quantitative, although many qualitative measures become quantitative when aggregated through grouping and counting.
		Measures that are not end anchored (e.g., with values outside the range of expected ratings) may exhibit floor or ceiling effects (i.e., all scores are at one end of the scale) and may not be treated as though on an interval scale.
		The correct test to use depends on how the data were collected, the scale of measure of the data, and on the degree to which the data violate "other" assumptions.
	www.acm.org /~perlman/sei-module.txt (18959 words)

	Research Methods - Research Software in AllPsych Online
		This scale typically ranges in order from one extreme to the other, such as (1) very interested; (2) somewhat interested; (3) unsure; (4) not very interested; and (5) not interested at all.
		Thurstone scale for major depressive disorder with the symptoms starting at the bottom representing low intensity and then progressing upward to the top, which represents high intensity.
		Somewhat similar to a likert scale, a semantic questionnaire asks subjects to rate their opinion on a scale representing two extremes and a series of points in between.
	allpsych.com /researchmethods/researchsoftware.html (2820 words)

	Compound Measures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		So in the case of a 5 question Likert scale, people who answered all 5 questions would have their total scores divided by 5 and those who answered only 4 will divide their total scores by 4.
		Guttman Scales can only be used for questions that have dichotomous answers, just as was the case for Thurstone scaling.
		Unlike the Thrustone scale in which all you have is a number that indicates a relative amount, Guttman scales allows a substantive interpretation of the score for each individual.
	www.usca.edu /polisci/apls301/compound.htm (2326 words)

	TEL598:Surveys
		With the Thurstone scale, there was a 'switch in directionality,' while with the Guttman there is a progression in the same direction.
		It would still be possible to add up the scores for the fifty items (say, scaling "disagree" as a 1 and "agree" as a 2) and create a "summated scale score:" total value for attitude across the 50 different 'facets' or items regarding attitudes/anger towards the smoking policies.
		For example, a 50-level scale designed to differentiate and finely partition extent of agreement or disagreement may be too much for subjects to handle.
	www.tele.sunyit.edu /survey_pt2.htm (3411 words)

	Thurstone Scaling
		The three methods differed in how the scale values for items were constructed, but in all three cases, the resulting scale was rated the same way by respondents.
		To illustrate Thurstone's approach, I'll show you the easiest method of the three to implement, the method of equal-appearing intervals.
		Because this is a unidimensional scaling method, we assume that the concept you are trying to scale is reasonably thought of as one-dimensional.
	www.socialresearchmethods.net /kb/scalthur.htm (2066 words)

	What is a Scale - Lecture Notes 10-23 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Thurstone scales use an 11-point scale, ranging from 1--most unfavorable statement to 11-most favorable statement for each item
		Individuals score is the mean or median of the scale values the person agrees with
		Scale is progressive and cumulative--in order to reach score 6 on the scale, individual must select the items for one through five
	www.fhsu.edu /~lnsmith/FallSemester/Soc362-MethodsOfResearch/lecture_notes/L-WhatIsAScale.htm (384 words)

	Likert scale information page
		A typical question using a Likert Scale might pose a statement and ask the respondent whether they Strongly Agree - Agree - Undecided - Disagree or Strongly Disagree.
		It makes no sense to add a response of agree (coded as 2) to a response of undecided (coded as 3) to get a ‘mean’ response of 2.5 (what would it mean?).
		The data collected are ordinal: they have an inherent order or sequence, but one cannot assume that the respondent means that the difference between agreeing and strongly agreeing is the same as between agreeing and being undecided.
	www.icbl.hw.ac.uk /ltdi/cookbook/info_likert_scale (251 words)

	Usability First: Usability Glossary: Thurstone scale
		The statements are designed to be parallel in construction, but some toward one end of the scale and some toward the other end, and each trying to indicate the attitude in a slightly different way.
		This can be contrasted with a Likert scale which asks someone to indicate their degree of agreement or disagreement with a single statement, e.g.
		a Likert scale would be "Please rate on a scale of 1 (disagree) to 7 (agree) the statement: This software was easy to use?" The corresponding Thurstone scale would state this question in multiple ways, eg.:
	www.usabilityfirst.com /glossary/main.cgi?function=display_term&term_id=1172 (186 words)

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