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Topic: Thylakoid membranes

	Thylakoid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thylakoids (commonly referred to as Thylakoid membranes) are a phospholipid bilayer membrane-bound compartment internal to chloroplasts, and represent the majority of its internal structure.
		Thylakoids contain many integral membrane proteins which play an important role in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis due to their abundance in chlorophyll.
		Thylakoids also play a key role in light harvesting due to photosystems which harvest light at different wavelengths, utilising accessory pigments such as carotenoids and phycobiliproteins to harvest light at a greater spectrum of wavelengths.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thylakoid_membrane (637 words)

	Some Like It Hot
		Membranes are made up of a bilayer of amphipathic lipids composed of hydrophobic fatty acids (which constitute the interior of the membrane) and hydrophilic polar head groups (which face out into the aqueous environment).
		For example, the chloroplast's thylakoid membrane separates the aqueous stromal compartment (where CO is fixed) from the aqueous lumen (where protons for photophosphorylation accumulate).
		Thylakoid membranes have a high density of unsaturated fatty acids, which makes them very fluid (just as polyunsaturated corn oil is more fluid than monounsaturated or saturated corn oil that forms margarine).
	www.biotech-info.net /some_like_hot.html (1075 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Synthesis of chlorophyll b: Localization of chlorophyllide aoxygenase and discovery of a ...
		Because we found previously that the thylakoid marker LHCP was detected in the low-density region of the gradient [20], regions containing envelope were possibly contaminated with thylakoid membranes.
		The ability to deplete the chloroplast of thylakoid membranes by growth in the dark, with subsequent synthesis of Chl a and Chl b and formation of these complexes at linear rates when cells are exposed to light, are major advantages of this system [34-36].
		The presence of CAO in thylakoid membranes of mature chloroplasts, as indicated by the fluorescence of the GFP-fusion protein (Figure 1) suggested that CAO is incorporated into envelope membranes after synthesis in the cytosol and subsequently transferred to thylakoid membranes along with other material as membrane vesicles [2,34,37,38].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2229/4/5 (7156 words)

	Chloroplast Summary
		About one-half the volume within the chloroplast is occupied by stacks of fifty to one hundred flattened sacs called thylakoids, from the Greek word meaning "like an empty pouch." The thylakoid membrane surrounds the lumen or interior space and is the major membrane of the chloroplast.
		Both organelles are surrounded by a double celled composite membrane with an intermembrane space; both have their own DNA and are involved in energy metabolism; and both have reticulations, or many infoldings, filling their inner spaces.
		The photosynthesis reaction takes place on the membrane of the thylakoid, and, as is also the case with mitochondria, involves the coupling of cross-membrane fluxes with biosynthesis.
	www.bookrags.com /Chloroplast (2756 words)

	Identification of Three Previously Unknown in Vivo Protein Phosphorylation Sites in Thylakoid Membranes of Arabidopsis ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		"shaved" from the surface of thylakoids by trypsin (11, 22).
		we shaved the isolated thylakoids with trypsin to release the
		of TMP14 at the membrane surface exposed to the stroma of chloroplast.
	www.mcponline.org /cgi/content/full/2/8/550 (5744 words)

	Insertion of Leader Peptidase into the Thylakoid Membrane during Synthesis in a Chloroplast Translation System -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		and topology of Lep, we incubated thylakoid membranes with proteinase
		Membranes were separated from the translation mix and washed with different salt concentrations (50, 200, or 500 mM potassium acetate [KOAc]).
		Borel, A.C., and Simon, S.M. (1996) Biogenesis of polytopic membrane proteins: Membrane segments of P-glycoprotein sequentially translocate to span the ER membrane.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/11/8/1553 (7053 words)

	Photosynthesis 1
		When one side of the membrane is sufficiently "charged," these protons recross the membrane through special channels (pores) containing the enzyme ATP synthetase, as molecules of ATP are produced.
		Electrons flow through a cytochrome transport system on thylakoid membranes in a region of the chloroplast called the grana; except that the electrons come from excited (light activated) chlorophyll molecules rather than the break down of glucose.
		In an intact chloroplast with thylakoid membranes, ATP is generated by an electron flow along the cytochrome transport system.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /photsyn1.htm (2395 words)

	Cytology Lecture 8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		When thylakoid membranes are folded into stacks they are referred to as grana, and where these membranes occur singly they are called stroma thylakoids.
		Located in and on the thylakoid membranes are numerous granules called CF complexes.
		portion anchors the assemblage into the thylakoid membrane and forms a channel between the stroma and lumen, the two compartments of the chloroplast.
	home.earthlink.net /~dayvdanls/lecw4cells8.html (669 words)

	Copper Transport Across Pea Thylakoid Membranes -- Shingles et al. 135 (1): 145 -- PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Chloroplast thylakoid membranes were loaded with PGSK as described in "Materials and Methods" (pH 7.0).
		Membranes were mixed with varying concentrations of Cu in external buffer (pH 7.0) as indicated.
		Thylakoid membranes contained buffer A at pH 7.0 inside and were mixed with external buffer A at pH 7.0.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/135/1/145 (3852 words)

	Photosynthetic Production of Hydrogen from Water
		In eukaryotic green algae, thylakoid membranes are housed within a cellular organelle known as the chloroplast; in prokaryotic cyanobacteria, thylakoids are found in the cytoplasm as an intracellular membrane system (see Fig.
		The electron carrier from PSII passes through the thylakoid membrane and transfers its electrons to the cytochrome complex, which consists of several subunits including cytochrome f and cytochrome b6.
		Translocation of protons from a region of high concentration (thylakoid space) to a region of low concentration (outside thylakoid) releases energy that can be used to drive the synthesis of ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate (P).
	genomicsgtl.energy.gov /benefits/hfromh2o.shtml (664 words)

	Low Density Membranes Are Associated with RNA-binding Proteins and Thylakoids in the Chloroplast of Chlamydomonas ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		reactions of photosynthesis occur in the membranes of the disklike
		membranes that are associated with thylakoid membranes in the
		density membrane compartment is contiguous with thylakoid membranes.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/140/1/101 (6830 words)

	In-Depth Analysis of the Thylakoid Membrane Proteome of Arabidopsis thaliana Chloroplasts: New Proteins, New Functions, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		To analyze the hydrophobic thylakoid proteins, the Na -stripped thylakoids were solubilized in SDS and sequentially extracted with organic solvents, as explained in (B).
		Thylakoid membranes were stripped of lumenal and peripheral proteins with chaotropic agents and sonication and dissolved in Laemmli buffer before organic solvent extraction.
		Membranes first were dissolved in Laemmli solubilization buffer, followed by extraction in 100% acetone to remove the large amount of chlorophylls and carotenoids.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/16/2/478 (8271 words)

	[No title]
		1 ANCHORED IN THE MEMBRANE, WITH THE C-TERMINAL PROTUDING IN THE PERIPLASM.
		3 ANCHORS THE PHYCOBILISOME PERPENDICULARLY TO THE STROMAL SURFACE OF THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANE.
		SPANS THE ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE, AND IS ATTACHED TO THE UNDERLYING CYTOSKELETON.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /~biokb/CC6-sprot37.dat (9966 words)

	Chloroplast info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A smooth outer membrane which is freely permeable to molecules.
		The thylakoid membranes enclose a lumen: a system of vesicles (that may all be interconnected).
		The thylakoid membranes are surrounded by a fluid stroma.
	evogen.jgi.doe.gov /second_levels/chloroplasts/cpDNA_info.html (356 words)

	Identification of a Ca2+/H+ Antiport in the Plant Chloroplast Thylakoid Membrane -- Ettinger et al. 119 (4): 1379 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		One microliter of a concentrated stock of each effector was added to the thylakoid membranes before the reaction was initiated.
		Cline K, Ettinger WF, Theg SM (1992) Protein-specific energy requirements for protein transport across or into thylakoid membranes: two lumenal proteins are translocated in the absence of ATP.
		Heldt HW (1980) Measurement of metabolite movement across the envelope and of the pH in the stroma and the thylakoid space in intact chloroplasts.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/119/4/1379 (4394 words)

	The Heme and Chlorophyll Biosynthetic Pathways
		In our opinion, the bioengineering of reduced PSU size would require (a) thorough knowledge of the biosynthesis of thylakoid components such as porphyrin, Chl, carotenoids and lipids (b) thorough knowledge of photosynthetic membrane (thylakoid) apoprotein biosynthesis and (c) deeper understanding of the biosynthesis and regulation of the assembly of pigment-protein complexes.
		Within the Chl-apoprotein thylakoid biosynthesis center, Chl a and b are formed via the conventional single-branched Chl biosynthetic pathway (Fig.
		It is believed that the fluorescence emitted at ~F685 nm arises from the Chl a of LHCII, the major thylakoid LHC antenna, and LHCI-680, one of the LHC antennae of PSI (Bassi et al, 1990).
	www.vlpbp.org /pathw.html (3845 words)

	Mobility of the IsiA Chlorophyll-binding Protein in Cyanobacterial Thylakoid Membranes -- Sarcina and Mullineaux 279 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		are mediated by protein complexes in the thylakoid membranes.
		between the plasma and thylakoid membranes is not clear (28).
		thylakoid membrane system to reach their eventual locations.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/279/35/36514 (3099 words)

	lecture13
		The next step in photosynthesis is a flow of the electrons taken from water between proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane.
		The ATP synthase is a large protein embedded in the thylakoid membranes.
		is converted to sugars by a series of reactions in the stroma of the chloroplast, which is the viscous fluid outside the thylakoids but inside the chloroplast outer membrane.
	www.uwyo.edu /bio1000skh/lecture13.htm (779 words)

	Department Photoexcitable Membranes
		Busheva, A. Andreeva, E. Apostolova, Effect of modification of light-harvesting complex II on fluorescence properties of thylakoid membranes of Arabidopsis thaliana, J. Photochem.
		A.V. Popova, A.G. Heyer, D.K. Hincha, Differential destabilization of membranes by tryptophan and phenylalanine during freezing: The roles of lipid composition and membrane fusion, Biochim.
		Filipova, M.T. Molina, S.G. Taneva, Influence of substituted 1,4-anthraquinones on the chlorophyll fluorescence and photochemical activity of pea thylakoid membranes, J. Photochem.
	www.bio21.bas.bg /ibf/Photo_dept.html (1285 words)

	Rates of Electron Transport in the Thylakoid Membranes of Isolated, Illuminated Chloroplasts Are Enhanced in the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Rates of Electron Transport in the Thylakoid Membranes of Isolated, Illuminated Chloroplasts Are Enhanced in the Presence of Ammonium Chloride -- Dean and Miskiewicz 31 (6): 410 -- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education
		Rates of Electron Transport in the Thylakoid Membranes of Isolated, Illuminated Chloroplasts Are Enhanced in the Presence of Ammonium Chloride
		II in the thylakoid membranes of isolated chloroplasts is greatly
	www.bambed.org /cgi/content/full/31/6/410 (4171 words)

	MFP1 is a thylakoid-associated, nucleoid-binding protein with a coiled-coil structure -- Jeong et al. 31 (17): 5175 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		plastids and the thylakoid membranes in mature chloroplasts,
		thylakoid membranes, and it is in vivo associated with nucleoids.
		Liu,J.W. and Rose,R.J. (1992) The spinach chloroplast chromosome is bound to the thylakoid membrane in the region of the inverted repeat.
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/31/17/5175 (6327 words)

	Ch. 10
		In Ps, carrier molecules are arranged in thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast
		some electron carriers use energy released from electrons to actively transport H+ ions across membrane, from thylakoid membrane in stroma, to inside of thylakoid membrane.
		H+ ions are used by ATP synthase to make ATP using the energy in the H+ gradient on the in side of the thylakoid membrane
	www.ltcconline.net /kloss/bio201/ch__10.htm (1095 words)

	The proton channel, CF0, in thylakoid membranes. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Lill H., Engelbrecht S., Schönknecht G. and Junge W. We investigated the conductance of pea thylakoid membranes and their capacity for photophosphorylation as function of the extraction of chloroplast coupling factor CF The degree of extraction was varied via the incubation time in EDTA-containing hypo-osmolar medium and was measured by rocket electroimmunodiffusion.
		The conductance of thylakoid membranes was measured by flash kinetic spectrophotometry.
		We determined the proportion of tight vesicles in three independent ways: via the residual phosphorylation activity, via measurements of proton efflux and via measurements of the electric relaxation across the membrane.
	www.okstate.edu /artsci/botany/schoenk/Paper/Lill_86.html (323 words)

	Photosynthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The innermost membrane of the chloroplast is called the thylakoid membrane.
		diffuses across the thylakoid membrane, passes the two electrons to the next electron carrier and releases the two hydrogen ions into the lumen.
		A proton gradient is generated across the membrane using the mechanisms of photosynthesis.
	www.uic.edu /classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect10.htm (1304 words)

	Correlation between thermal stability of thylakoid membranes and lipid polyunsaturation in Chlorella vulgaris ...
		Correlation between thermal stability of thylakoid membranes and lipid polyunsaturation in Chlorella vulgaris and C.
		We found no difference in total level of unsaturation between the two species, but the ratio of dienoic to trienoic fatty acids was higher in the thylakoid lipids of the high temperature species.
		This was due to both increases in 16:2 and 18:2 fatty acid levels and a substantial decrease in 18:3 levels.
	abstracts.aspb.org /pb2003/public/P72/1427.html (129 words)

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