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Topic: Thymus

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	XI. Splanchnology. 4c. The Thymus. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		The thymus of a full-time fetus, exposed in situ.
		Additional portions of thymus tissue are sometimes developed from the fourth branchial pouches.
		Watney has made the important observation that hemoglobin is found in the thymus, either in cysts or in cells situated near to, or forming part of, the concentric corpuscles.
	www.bartleby.com /107/274.html (991 words)

	Thymus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An important function of the thymus is the selection of the T cell repertoire that the immune system uses to combat infections.
		The thymus appears in the form of two flask-shape endodermal diverticula, which arise, one on either side, from the third branchial pouch, and extend lateralward and backward into the surrounding mesoderm and neural crest-derived mesenchyme in front of the ventral aorta.
		Almost all vertebrates have a thymus gland in the chest, with similar structure and function as the human thymus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thymus (1171 words)

	Natcell Thymus Extract
		Thymus extracts have been used singly and in conjunction with other therapies in an attempt to stem the rapid progress of these cancers and to modulate the deleterious effects of radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery.
		The synthetic thymus extract, thymosin-alpha 1, was used in conjunction with radiotherapy with non-small cell lung cancer patients in a randomized double blind study to determine whether it could reduce the immune suppression typically seen in radiotherapy.
		Thymus extracts have also been shown to significantly reduce the immunosuppressive effects of radiotherapy in treating bronchogenic lung cancer even when the pretreatment immune responses of the patients are low (Vuckovic 92).
	www.ritecare.com /nutritional/natcell_thymus.html (13226 words)

	Thymus\|Thymus from Eternity Medicine
		The output of the thymus gland diminishes after the age of 25 resulting in a reduced immune system and greater susceptibility to tumors, rheumatic disease, and growth disorders and general geriatric conditions.
		Thymus products are proving their ability to help improve the strength of the immune system and hence fight off infections, and have even been used in HIV.
		Thymus supplements used in clinical trials have treated rheumatoid arthritis patients and within 6-weeks reduce the number of painful joints and the intensity and duration of pain.
	www.eternitymedicine.com /english/04_eternity_medicine_products/Thymus/thymus.htm (269 words)

	Thymus: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Thyme (thymus) is a genus of about 350 species of aromatic perennial herbs and sub-shrubs to 40 cm tall, in the family lamiaceae....
		Sweetbread is the name of a dish made of the thymus or pancreas of a young animal....
		Thymus continues to grow until the time of puberty and then begins to atrophy atrophy quick summary:
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/th/thymus.htm (2201 words)

	Thymus Extracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Thymus extracts are extracts derived from the thymus glands usually of young calves (bovine).
		The thymus is responsible for many immune system functions, including the production of T lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell responsible for "cell-mediated immunity." Cell-mediated immunity refers to immune mechanisms not controlled or mediated by antibodies.
		Thymus extracts (from bovine sources) are found in capsules and tablets as a dietary supplement.
	www.kroger.com /hn/Supp/Thymus_Extracts.htm (1475 words)

	Allergies and the Thymus Gland. Acupuncture Today, December 2003
		Thymus gland phlegm stagnation is a primary causative factor for allergies.
		The thymus gland is located in the upper center of the chest, behind the sternum.
		The thymus is not directly mentioned in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) texts, though it is implied energetically, as are all aspects of the body/mind/emotions/spirit.
	www.acupuncturetoday.com /archives2003/dec/12hawkins.html (1253 words)

	ACS :: What Is Thymus Cancer?
		The thymus is a small organ located in the upper/front portion of your chest, extending from the base of the throat to the front of the heart.
		The thymus is composed of an inner medulla surrounded by an outer layer called the cortex, which in turn is surrounded by a thin covering called the capsule.
		The thymus reaches its maximum weight of about 1 ounce during puberty, then slowly decreases in size during adulthood as it is gradually replaced by fat tissue.
	www.cancer.org /docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_is_thymus_cancer_42.asp (778 words)

	eMedicine - Surgery of the Thymus Gland : Article by Said Fadi Yassin, MD
		In mammals, the thymus gland develops from the ventral portion of the third branchial pouch as tubular primordia elongate caudally and fuse at the midline, losing their connection with the pharynx and leaving the definitive thymus in the mediastinum.
		The functionally active thymus in childhood and adolescence may be susceptible to the fluctuation in corticosteroids levels, which is thought to be a causative factor in thymic hyperplasia (reversal of elevated endogenous corticosteroids in severe burns, withdrawal of exogenous corticosteroids in malignancy treatment).
		The thymus gland is abnormal in 80% of patients (60% have follicular lymphoid hyperplasia, 10-20% have thymoma).
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic3195.htm (6616 words)

	thymus - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about thymus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Organ in vertebrates, situated in the upper chest cavity in humans.
		The thymus processes lymphocyte cells to produce T-lymphocytes (T denotes ‘thymus-derived’), which are responsible for binding to specific invading organisms and killing them or rendering them harmless.
		The thymus reaches full size at puberty, and shrinks thereafter; the stock of T-lymphocytes is built up early in life, so this function diminishes in adults, but the thymus continues to function as an endocrine gland, producing the hormone thymosin, which stimulates the activity of the T-lymphocytes.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /thymus (145 words)

	NIH Guide: THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF THYMUS INVOLUTIO
		It is essential to determine whether normal thymus involution is a vital physiological process that contributes to sustained vigor of the immune system or, by contrast, leads to subtle pathological activities of the immune system.
		Thymus involution is not accompanied by a reduction in the number of peripheral T cells, either in humans or mice.
		Equally obscure are the reasons for the transient thymus involution (with constant peripheral T cell number) that occurs during pregnancy.
	grants.nih.gov /grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-AI-93-011.html (2211 words)

	NDI Terminology - thymus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The thymus is situated in the upper part of the chest, behind the breastbone, and consists of two lobes that join in front of the trachea.
		The function of the thymus is to cause lymphocytes to become T cells.
		Abnormal enlargement of the thymus sometimes occurs in several conditions, including myasthenia gravis, acromegaly, thyrotoxicosis, and Addison's disease.
	www.ndif.org /Terms/thymus.html (168 words)

	Thymus therapy for cancer
		Thymus therapy involves administering preparations of thymus extract (usually bovine) to patients orally, intramuscularly or intravenously as an adjuvant to orthodox treatment.
		It is thought that this boosts immune function since the thymus is thought to be an important organ for the development of cell-mediated immunological defence.
		Thymus appeared to be associated with improvement in T-cell function, but reviewers noted that treatment details and statistical methodology details were not adequately described.
	www.jr2.ox.ac.uk /bandolier/booth/alternat/AT030.html (415 words)

	Retropharyngeal Aberrant Thymus -- Shah et al. 108 (5): 94 -- Pediatrics
		of the thymus in the anterior neck to the mediastinum.
		Bale PM, Sotelo-Avila C Maldescent of the thymus: 34 necropsy and 10 surgical cases, including 7 thymuses medial to the mandible.
		Pirkey WP Epithelioma of undescended thymus in a child.
	pediatrics.aappublications.org /cgi/content/full/108/5/e94 (1423 words)

	The Thymus: The Forgotten Organ
		The objectives of today’s talk are to briefly discuss the historical aspects regarding the thymus as well as detailed embryology, anatomy, and physiology of the thymus, and then specifically to discuss the etiology, pathogenesis, evaluation and management of aberrant cervical thymic tissue in the pediatric population.
		The usual pathway of descent of the thymus gland is that typical of a third branchial arch derivative.
		They took out the whole thymus in mice at 3-days of age and what they found was that it induced autoimmune disease in these mice and it was felt that the altered immune function was probably due to the failure of development of suppressor T-cells, which usually occurs in mice at the age of 3-days.
	www.bcm.edu /oto/grand/112003.htm (4258 words)

	National Cancer Institute - Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma Treatment
		Thymoma and thymic carcinoma are diseases in which malignant (cancer) cells form on the outside surface of the thymus.
		The thymus, a small organ that lies in the upper chest under the breastbone, is part of the lymph system.
		Thymomas and thymic carcinomas are rare tumors of the cells that are on the outside surface of the thymus.
	www.cancer.gov /cancerinfo/pdq/treatment/malignant-thymoma/patient (726 words)

	N101 \| Thymus Extracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The effectiveness of Thymomodulin in these conditions may be the result of improved thymus gland activity, or it may be due to the presence of hormones or other biologically active substances in the extract.
		The oral administration of Thymomodulin has been shown in preliminary and double-blind clinical trials to improve the symptoms and course of hay fever, allergic rhinitis, asthma, eczema, and food allergies (in conjunction with an allergy elimination diet).
		Thymomodulin given by injection has also been shown to be helpful in the treatment of diseases of the heart muscle (idiopathic myocarditis and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy).
	www.n101.com /Static/HNs/Supp/Thymus_Extracts.htm (1596 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		(thi”mĭ-ko-lim-fat´ik) pertaining to the thymus and the lymphatic glands.
		+ lysis] involution or dissolution of the thymus.
		The thymus reaches its maximal development at about puberty and then undergoes a gradual process of involution (replacement of parenchyma by fat and fibrous tissue), resulting in a slow decline of immune function throughout adulthood.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_t_10zPzhtm (3089 words)

	Thymus Ingredients\|What is Thymus
		Only a thymus gland which is functioning well can guarantee that the defense cells have been effectively trained by the thymus peptides.
		The performance of the thymus gland does not correspond to human life expectancy: the thymus gland is at its largest at puberty.
		myasthenia gravis, thymus tumors and hypofunction of the thyroid.
	www.eternitymedicine.com /english/04_eternity_medicine_products/Thymus/thymus_ingredients.htm (984 words)

	VAT: The Lymphatic System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Curiously, when the thymus is removed from adult mammals, few effects are seen.
		The thymus is divided into two distinct compartments, the outer cortex and the inner medulla.
		Both regions are densly populated with lymphocytes (or thymocytes while in the thymus).
	www.acm.uiuc.edu /sigbio/project/updated-lymphatic/lymph5.html (221 words)

	ThirdAge: Thymus Extract
		The thymus gland is found behind the sternum in the middle of the chest.
		Thymus extract is produced primarily from the thymus gland of cows.
		Preliminary evidence hints that thymus extracts may be helpful for food allergies,3asthma,4,20hay fever,21 and eczema.
	www.thirdage.com /healthgate/files/21636.html (1011 words)

	Normal of the Thymus
		•The thymus is a lymphoid organ that develops from the third and forth pharyngeal pouches.
		•The thymus is largest relative to the size of the individual at birth, weighing between 5 and 10 grams.
		•The thymus is composed of 2 cellular components -- epithelial cells derived from the endoderm of the pharyngeal pouches and lymphocytes of hemopoietic (bone marrow) origin.
	radiology.uchc.edu /eAtlas/HEM/1144.htm (266 words)

	Shadow proteins in thymus - Clues to how immune system works?
		Indeed, the researchers believe the proteins are used in the thymus to foreshadow the very self-antigens that the T cells will encounter once they travel out into the body.
		Mutant mice lacking aire exhibited in their thymus only a fraction of the peripheral self-proteins found in the thymus of normal mice.
		It is not yet clear how the shadow proteins educate developing T cells inside the thymus, though Benoist suspects the processes are similar to those used to eliminate T cells that react to ubiquitous or circulating proteins.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-10/hms-spi100902.php (709 words)

	Thymus Gland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The thymus gland is located in the upper thorax behind the sternum, but below the thyroid gland.
		The thymus gland is most active during early life, playing a critical role in the development of a child's immune system before birth and for a time thereafter.
		Usually by the age of two, the thymus gland has reached its maximum size (weighing about 30 to 40 grams or 1.06 to 1.41 ounces) with the immune system becoming fully functional.
	www.innvista.com /health/anatomy/thymus.htm (271 words)

	Discarded Thymus Tissue May Save Lives In Digeorge Syndrome Infants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Even though the tissue was implanted from an unrelated donor, it cannot be rejected in patients who lack a thymus, the researchers said, because it is the thymus that produces immune cells that reject foreign tissue.
		For the remaining infants, there is no long-term treatment short of the kind of thymus transplant the Markert team performed to replace T cell immunity, she said.
		All she needs for transplant are the gland’s epithelial cells, whose function is to "educate" immature T cells that are sent to the thymus after stem cells in the bone marrow produce them.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/13967e.htm (1256 words)

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