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	Thyroid Disease
		Thyroid hormones are released from the gland and travel through the bloodstream to your body's cells.
		As the body adjusts to the hormone replacement tablets, a doctor may increase or reduce the dosage until the levels of thyroid hormone in a person's blood are normal.
		A thyroid nodule is a lump or enlarged area in the thyroid gland.
	www.kidshealth.org /PageManager.jsp?dn=familydoctor&lic=44&article_set=22635 (1980 words)

	Thyroid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The thyroid is one of the larger endocrine glands - 10-20 grams in adults- and butterfly-shaped: the wings correspond to the lobes and the body to the isthmus of the thyroid.
		The superior thyroid artery is the first branch of the external carotid, and supplies mostly the upper half of the thyroid gland, while the inferior thyroid artery is the major branch of the thyrocervical trunk, which comes off of the subclavian artery.
		A nodule or lobe of the thyroid is sometimes removed for biopsy or for the presence of an autonomously functioning adenoma causing hyperthyroidism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thyroid (1732 words)

	Thyroid Gland - MSN Encarta
		Thyroid scanning with radioiodine or technetium-99m is especially useful for detecting or ruling out cancer of the thyroid in persons who have a palpable nodule, or thyroid lump.
		The thyroid gland appears to be quite sensitive to irradiation: during the 1970s an increased incidence of thyroid cancer was found among people who had been treated early in life with X rays for such conditions as acne, ringworm, and tonsilitis.
		Deficiency of thyroid hormones, or hypothyroidism, is characterized by lethargy and lowering of metabolism.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761556732 (624 words)

	Thyroid hormone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Most of the thyroid hormone circulating in the blood is bound to transport proteins:
		The thyroid hormones are essential to proper development and differentiation of all cells of the human body.
		Iodide is actively absorbed from the bloodstream and concentrated in the thyroid follicles.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thyroid_hormones (800 words)

	healthyNJ--Information for Healthy Living--Thyroid Gland Disease
		Thyroid hormones influence the metabolic rate in two ways: by stimulating almost every tissue in the body to produce proteins and by increasing the amount of oxygen that cells use.
		As thyroid hormones are used, a small amount of the iodine contained in the hormones is released, returns to the thyroid gland, and is recycled to produce more thyroid hormones.
		Doctors perform thyroid function tests on blood samples to determine whether the gland is functioning normally; however, the diagnosis is based on a physical examination and the results of a blood test to determine whether the person has antithyroid antibodies, which attack the thyroid gland.
	www.healthynj.org /dis-con/thyroid/main.htm (3694 words)

	Thyroid Regulation: Online References For Health Concerns
		The choice of which form of thyroid hormone to use is an individual decision, to be made on the basis of blood tests and effectiveness of therapy.
		Thyroid hormone replacement therapy may slow the progression of coronary artery disease (Perk M et al 1997) because of its beneficial effects on lipids (Duntas LH 2002; Althaus B et al 1988; Fowler PB et al 1996).
		The goals of thyroid hormone replacement are to relieve symptoms and to provide sufficient thyroid hormone to decrease elevated TSH levels to within the normal range (Hennessey JV et al 1986).
	www.lef.org /protocols/metabolic_health/thyroid_regulation_01.htm (3419 words)

	Thyroid hormones (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Thyroid hormone receptors occur in the cytoplasm and nucleus.
		The thyroid hormone receptor in the nucleus is a nonbasic protein with a MW of 60-65,000.
		The mechanism of action is inhibition of the synthesis of thyroid hormones by blocking oxidation of iodine in the thyroid gland and by blocking synthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyronine.
	www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu /mbc3320/thyroid.htm (2741 words)

	Chemistry of Thyroid Hormones (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Thyroid hormones are derivatives of the the amino acid tyrosine bound covalently to iodine.
		Thyroid hormones are poorly soluble in water, and more than 99% of the T3 and T4 circulating in blood is bound to carrier proteins.
		The principle carrier of thyroid hormones is thyroxine-binding globulin, a glycoprotein synthesized in the liver.
	arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu /hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/thyroid/chem.html (163 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 2, Ch. 8, Thyroid Disorders
		TSH binds to its thyroid plasma membrane receptor on the external follicular cell surface and activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase, thus increasing the formation of adenosine 3´:5´-cyclic phosphate (cAMP), the nucleotide that mediates the intracellular effects of TSH.
		Autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase and, less commonly, to thyroglobulin are present in almost all patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies are usually detected in patients with Graves' disease.
		The thyroid is the only source of this iodinated high molecular weight glycoprotein, which is readily detectable in normal patients and is usually elevated in patients with nontoxic and toxic goiter.
	www.merck.com /mrkshared/mmanual/section2/chapter8/8a.jsp (1845 words)

	Thyroid Gland
		Your thyroid gland is one of the endocrine glands, which make hormones to regulate physiological functions in your body.
		The diagnosis of a thyroid abnormality in function or a thyroid mass is made by taking a medical history and a physical examination.
		Thyroid surgery is an operation to remove part or all of the thyroid gland.
	www.entnet.org /healthinfo/thyroid/thyroid_gland.cfm (822 words)

	Understanding Thyroid Problems -- the Basics
		All types of hyperthyroidism are due to an overproduction of thyroid hormones, but the condition can occur in several ways: In Graves' disease, the release of excess hormones is triggered by an autoimmune disorder.
		In subacute thyroiditis, inflammation of the thyroid causes the gland to "leak" excess hormones, resulting in temporary hyperthyroidism that generally lasts a few weeks but may persist for months.
		Hypothyroidism, by contrast, stems from an underproduction of thyroid hormones.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/8/1680_54150.htm (557 words)

	Patient Information - Santa Monica Thyroid Diagnostic Center
		The influence of the thyroid gland is both far-reaching and critical to normal body function.
		Finally, the pituitary "monitors" the level of thyroid hormone in the blood and increases or decreases the amount of TSH released, which then changes the amount of thyroid hormone in the blood.
		In the case of mild thyroid failure, patients often do not show obvious symptoms and thus may not even be aware of their condition.
	www.thyroid.com /patient.html (1553 words)

	Thyroid hormones (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Thyroid hormones are artificially made hormones that make up for a lack of natural hormones produced by the thyroid gland.
		The thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped structure in the lower part of the neck, normally produces a hormone called thyroxine.
		People who take thyroid hormones because their thyroid glands do not produce enough natural hormone may need to take the medicine for the rest of their lives.
	www.lifesteps.com /gm/Atoz/ency/thyroid_hormones.jsp (846 words)

	Thyroid: Overview (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Thyroid hormones act to control metabolism (the body's ability to break down food and store it as energy, and the ability to break down food into waste products with a release of energy in the process).
		Because the thyroid is producing too much hormone with this condition, the body develops an increased metabolic state, with the functions of many body systems speeding up and producing too much body heat.
		Whether the problem is with the thyroid gland or the pituitary gland, the result is that the thyroid is not producing enough hormone, and most major body functions, both physical and mental processes, slow down.
	www.hormone.org /learn/thyroid_1.html (538 words)

	Functional thyroid disorders, part I \| David Brady
		Thyroid disorders are among the most commonly encountered metabolic disorders in private practice.
		The thyroid gland is responsible for synthesizing several hormones that have vast effects on overall body metabolism.
		Iodine ingested from food and water is concentrated by the thyroid gland and combined with the amino acid tyrosine in various chemical configurations to create the active thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4).
	www.chiroweb.com /archives/18/07/03.html (2193 words)

	Thyroid (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The thyroid gland is a bi-lobed gland that is found on both sides of the trachea (windpipe).
		A deficiency in thyroid hormones is termed hypothyroidism.
		Hyperthyroidism is when the thyroid is over producing thyroid hormones and typically has the opposite symptoms as hypothyroidism.
	www.kentonbruicemd.com /Thyroid.html (554 words)

	Armour Thyroid — Frequently Asked Questions
		Thyroid hormones affect the body's use of vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, electrolytes, and water, and regulate the body's immune response.
		The amount of thyroid hormone present in the thyroid gland may vary from animal to animal.
		Thyroid Tablets, USP contain the labeled amounts of levothyroxine and liothyronine, as established by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP).
	www.armourthyroid.com /faq.html (950 words)

	ThyroidBasics
		Following this discussion of the basics of thyroid hormones and the effects of non-thyroidal illnesses on circulating hormone measurements, the reader should focus on the clinically important thyroid syndromes in dogs (hypothyroidism) and cats (hyperthyroidism).
		The thyroid hormones have marked influence on the contractile strength and rhythm of the heart, they enhance respiratory drive especially when tissue/blood oxygen levels are suboptimal (i.e.
		TSH from the pituitary travels via circulation to the thyroid tissues and is the most significant factor for stimulating the synthesis and release of biologically active thyroid hormone molecules.
	www.newmanveterinary.com /ThyroidBasics.html (2236 words)

	Thyroid
		An under active thyroid gland is called hypothyroidism and manifests as a sluggish and overweight individual.
		The thyroid gland manufactures too much thyroid hormone and manifests as an individual that is to hyperactive, skinny, sweaty, etc.
		Studies have shown that low thyroid levels causes a glue-like substance called mucin to accumulate causing a cascade of biochemical changes leading to a degeneration of the arteries.
	pages.prodigy.net /naturedoctor/thyroid.html (925 words)

	Thyroid hormone medications for hypothyroidism - [Medication]
		Thyroid hormones are taken by mouth (orally) except in unusual cases, such as myxedema coma.
		Thyroid hormone medications are given when blood tests indicate you have hypothyroidism.
		After thyroid hormone levels have returned to normal, thyroid function tests are checked again in 6 months and then once a year.
	www.peacehealth.org /kbase/topic/detail/drug/hw238095/detail.htm (672 words)

	Lab Analysis for adrenal and thyroid dysfunction
		Thyroid levels are a critical component of determining the cause of low metabolic energy.
		Hormone in free form is then available to interact with a cell’s receptor site to produce its hormonal effect.
		It is a relative (to optimal) scale that converts different thyroid hormone values to a common unit of measurement.
	www.drrind.com /thyroidscale.asp (2125 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Thyroid Hormones (Systemic) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Thyroid medicines belong to the general group of medicines called hormones.
		They are also used to help decrease the size of enlarged thyroid glands (known as goiter) and to treat thyroid cancer.
		If your condition is due to a lack of thyroid hormone, you may have to take this medicine for the rest of your life.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202566.html (1964 words)

	Thyroid/Hormones (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The thyroid gland is stimulated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) produced by a small gland in the brain called the pituitary gland.
		This gland is stimulated in turn by thyrotropin-releasing hormone produced by the hypothalamus, another part of the brain.
		Because estrogen dominance also interferes with thyroid hormone action, fibrocystic breast patients are likely to have symptoms of hypothyroidism and be on thyroid supplements even though measured T3 and T4 are normal.
	www.bewellstaywell.com /thyroid_connection.htm (644 words)

	Thyroid Hormones (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Thyroid hormones have been reported to increase urinary loss of calcium.
		Bugleweed (Lycopus virginicus, Lycopus europaeus) and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) may interfere with the action of thyroid hormones and should not be used during treatment with thyroid hormones.
		Thyroid hormones should be taken an hour before eating, at the same time very day.
	www.fredmeyer.com /hn/Drug/Thyroid_Hormones.htm (901 words)

	Thyroid Function / Alt.Support.Thyroid Newsgroup Website
		The two main thyroid hormones are thyroxine (T4, containing four iodine atoms) and triiodothyronine (T3, containing three iodine atoms).
		It is exquisitely sensitive to the thyroid hormone levels in the blood.
		TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), a pituitary hormone, stimulates all aspects of thyroid function from synthesizing thyroid hormones to releasing them into the bloodstream.
	www.altsupportthyroid.org /function.php (1124 words)

	Thyroid gland definition - Thyroid: health and medical information about Thyroid Disease, Hypothyroidism, ...
		Thyroid hormones are essential for the function of every cell in the body.
		Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which is produced by the pituitary gland, acts to stimulate hormone production by the thyroid gland.
		The thyroid gland also makes the hormone calcitonin, which is involved in calcium metabolism and stimulating bone cells to add calcium to bone.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5778 (379 words)

	Thyroid Hormones (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In fact at the time it was believed by many that a radioimmunoassay of the different thyroid hormones was impossible due the simplicity and similarity of the molecules.
		Inder Chopra revolutionized thyroidology by creating the very first radioimmunoassays for virtually all of the thyroid hormones and their metabolites.
		His efforts created a tool that could for the first time explain thyroid hormone production and metabolism in the body and created a very sensitive method for monitoring the the thyroid hormones in the body.
	www.endocrinology.med.ucla.edu /thyroid_hormones.htm (120 words)

	Endocrine Diseases: thyroid, parathyroid adrenal and diabetes.
		There are over 150 very detailed but easy to understand pages on endocrine disease, conditions, hormone problems, and treatment options including all types of thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal surgery.
		Quick look at the hormones produced by the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and pituitary, and what they do.
		Also, more on the risks of radiation exposure, specifics on each type of thyroid cancer, and everything you could want to know about too much or too little thyroid hormone.
	www.endocrineweb.com (343 words)

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