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	Wanli Emperor information - Search.com
		Following the death of the emperor, the Wanli era was normally due to end on January 21, 1621.
		The new emperor Tianqi decided that the Wanli era would be considered ended since August 27 1620, the last day of the 7th month in the Chinese calendar, to enable the Taichang era to be applied for the five months remaining in that year (see Taichang article).
		The Wanli emperor’s reign is representative of the decline of the Ming.
	www.search.com /reference/Wanli_Emperor (697 words)

	Wikipedia: Chongzhen Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Chongzhen Emperor (pinyin: Chóngzhēn; WG: Ch'ung-chen) (February 6, 1611 - April 25, 1644) was the 16th and last emperor of Ming dynasty in China between 1627 and 1644.
		Born Zhu Youjian, he was emperor Taichang's son.
		Chongzhen grew up in a relatively quiet environment because as the younger son of the Taichang emperor, he was not a part of the power struggle his elder brother Tianqi had endured.
	en.pediax.org /Chongzhen_Emperor (622 words)

	The Rise of the Manchus
		Yet under the Emperor Tianqi, China had become fatally divided and appeared to be a plum ripening on the branch.
		Tianqi acceded to the throne at the age of 15.
		Tianqi himself seems to have been illiterate and only happy when working at his carpentry.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/east_asian_history/115599 (561 words)

	Brief History of China (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Emperor Zhao Kuangyin (also known as Song Taizu) was the founder of the Song dynasty, which had its capital in Kaifeng (Henan province).
		The last Mongol emperor, Toghan Temur, died in despair wailing to Tängri (the Mongol god of heaven): "What evil have I committed to lose my empire thus!" Although a formal distinction could be made between Mongolia and China during the Yuan dynasty, they were in fact part of the same empire.
		Emperor Yongle (1403-1424) fought the Mongols and moved the Ming capital from Nanjing (southern capital) to Beijing (northern capital), in part to reinforce northern China.
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /history/c/China_brief.htm (9772 words)

	Exploring Chinese History :: Database Catalog :: Biographical Database :: Imperial China- (?- 1644)
		After assembling forces and proclaiming himself emperor in the face of competitors, he was able to defeat his rivals, destroy the peasant army of the Chimei (Red Eyebrows, 赤眉), known for their disorganization and marauding, and finally reunify the whole of China in CE 36.
		Emperor Gengshi's regime was only able to obtain nominal submission from many regions of the empire, and one of the trouble region was the region north of the Yellow River.
		The emperor devoted great personal care to the whole project, and in his instruction to the ministers told them that the code of laws should be comprehensive and intelligible, so as not to leave any loophole for lower officials to misinterpret the law through twisting its language.
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/contents/06dat/bio.1imp.html (17282 words)

	Ming Empire 1368-1644 by Sanderson Beck
		Yuan emperor Toghon Temur died in 1370 and was succeeded by his son Ayushiridara; but as he fled to Outer Mongolia, 50,000 Mongol warriors were captured along with the Empress and his son Maidiribala.
		Emperor Hongwu wrote a commentary on Lao-zi's Dao De Jing in 1375, and he thought maybe he should not put to death so many people; but the next year he had hundreds of officials executed for pre-stamping fiscal documents as a convenience.
		Scholars criticized the Emperor for harsh methods; but in 1385 Hongwu had his vice-minister of revenue and hundreds of others executed for embezzling, and the minister of personnel was accused of slandering the head of the National University and was put to death.
	www.san.beck.org /3-7-MingEmpire.html (23715 words)

	POWER BROKERS THROUGH HISTORY (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nero too, emperor from 54 to 68, was abandoned by the Praetorian Guard, who were put in their place by strong emperors starting with Trajan (98-117).
		Japan, which has always had emperors, apparently had true emperors until the arrival on the scene in the early 9th century of Sakanoue Tamuramaro, the conqueror of Hokkaido, one of the main Japanese islands, and the first military leader to bear the title of shogun.
		An uncommonly ambitious emperor, Go-Daigo (Daigo II), tried to grab power from the Hojo, which gave the Kamakura general Ashikaga Takauji the opportunity to do so, thus inaugurating a new period in Japanese history, the Ashikaga period (1333-1603), during which the shogunate functioned in Kyoto, next door to the imperial palace.
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /articles/2_powerbrokers.htm (2062 words)

	China from Ming to the Manchu
		Wanli became emperor at the age of ten, and his reign began under the leadership of his mother and Zhang Juzheng.
		Emperor Tianqi enjoyed carpentry while his court and administration was being tyrannized by a eunuch, Wei Zhongxian, who dismissed anyone from government service whom he thought might be disloyal to him.
		Manchu emperors kept military power out of the hands of Chinese and in the hands of their fellow Manchu, and they moved to prevent their fellow Manchu from being swallowed by the Chinese.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h24china.html (1972 words)

	China : Chinese history: Ming-Dynasty
		In the beginning of his reign, the emperor was occupied primarily with driving the Mongols completely out from the empire and later on with intruding into Mongolia.
		The new emperor was deeply driven by mistrust against the educated officials, which can presumably be explained by inferiority complexes, since he was clearly inferior to his court officials at least with regards to literary education.
		The fact that the emperor of the Ming was not able to prevent this from happening, does clarify the powerlessness of the declining dynasty at that time all the more.
	www.chinaorbit.com /china-culture/chinese-history/ming-dynasty-china.html?no_cache=1&tx_macinabanners_pi1[banneruid]=3 (1168 words)

	dogsmf
		Stylistically, this carpet can be attributed to the Tianqi period, at the end of the first quarter of the seventeenth century.
		This is a period of transition between two great styles: the austere controlled designs of Kangxi and the emerging floral art marked by famille rose and famille vert porcelains that were to characterise the somewhat effete style of the Qianlong period.
		Like the Kangxi emperor, the Qianlong emperor had a long reign (1736-1796), and it is surprising that so few examples have survived from this period.
	www.textile-art.com /ccc1/dogsmf.html (1390 words)

	Learning Chinese - Chinese Adages
		One day the Emperor wanted to while away his time so he finally gave the order to hold a horse racing event.
		Emperor Tianqui arrived in a chariot, wearing a dragon robe, accompanied by hundreds of his officials.At the sound of three cannon shots hundreds of horses galloped forward.
		The emperor smiled at Wei's ingenuity and said, "Indeed, you do know the nature of horses and you know how to ride the horse in accordance with its nature.
	www.chinatown-online.com /adage/pat.htm (476 words)

	-:\| CHINA TODAY \|:-
		The ware from which the Emperor ate and drank was made of bronze especially for the celebration and each tureen had a golden lid.
		Emperor Tianqi (1621-1627) of the Ming Dynasty liked to organize banquets on decorated boats floating on a lake.
		Ming Dynasty emperors were noted gourmands, the Emperor’s Entertainment Service employing 3,400 chefs to cook the most refined of dishes.
	www.chinatoday.com.cn /English/e2005/e200502/p60.htm (1046 words)

	Fine Ming Dynasty, Tianqi Wine Cup, ca.1621-27
		MIng Emperor TianQi (1621-27), son of Ming Emperor TaiChang (1619-21), grandson of Ming emperor Wanli (1573-1619).
		TianQi became emperor at the age of 16.
		TianQi's reign was instrumental in rapid decline and fall of the Great Ming Dynasty.
	www.antiqnet.com /detail,ming-dynasty-tianqi,834309.html (325 words)

	Summary and Evaluation of China, Korea & Japan to 1875 by Sanderson Beck
		Emperor Wen reigned 180-157 BC, and he was acclaimed a great exemplar for his benevolent policies that abolished cruel punishments, reduced taxes, and instituted civil service examinations.
		The Ming emperor Yongli fled to the southwest, reaching Yunnan in 1651, and in 1659 he went to Burma, where he was finally killed in 1662.
		The 14-year-old Mutsuhito became emperor in February 1867, and in November Shogun Keiki resigned to be the Emperor's prime minister; but in January 1868 Satsuma, Choshu, and Tosa forces made Keiki surrender, and Tokugawa lands were confiscated to finance the Meiji restoration of the Emperor.
	www.san.beck.org /3-13-Summary.html (16017 words)

	Pat the Behind of the Horse (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Emperor Tianqi arrived in a chariot, wearing a dragon robe, accompanied by hundreds of his officials.
		Emperor Tianqi asked Wei Zhongxian why he did not use the whip and where he acquire such a fine horse.
		The emperor smiled at Wei Zhongxian's ingenuity and said, "Indeed, you do know the nature of horses and you know how to ride the horse in accordance with its nature.
	www.storycola.com /storypage/story907.htm (389 words)

	Ten thousand years at AllExperts
		During the Ming Dynasty, especially during the reign of weak emperors (such as the Tianqi emperor), powerful eunuchs such as Liu Jin and Wei Zhongxian took the title "jiÇ" qiÄn suÃ¬" (ä¹åæ², literally "9000 years"), to display their high position, which was close to the emperor.
		In fact, their powers often exceeded those of the emperor, and it was these eunuchs who ran state affairs.
		Banzai as a formal ritual was established in the promulgation of the Meiji Constitution in 1889 when university students shouted banzai in front of the emperor's carriage.
	en.allexperts.com /e/t/te/ten_thousand_years.htm (793 words)

	Ming Dynasty Reigns
		To support this endeavor, I began to research the different periods within the Ming Dynasty that seemed to be missing an emperor.
		There were indeed emperors that did reign during the missing years, but they were for the most part unknown.
		This period spans the end of Xuande (1435) to the beginning of Chenghua (1465), and represents the longest span of time during the Ming dynasty in which little is said about it's emperors or porcelain manufacture.
	www.taimantis.com /chinese/chingtaiinfo.html (652 words)

	Yongle Emperor - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		Thought to be a useless illiterate emperor who allowed the notorious eunuch Wèi ZhōngXián (魏忠賢/魏忠贤) to rise in and abuse power, he was the emperor before ChóngZhēn emperor who commited suicide when the rebels led by Li ZiCheng seized Beijing (1644).
		Carpenter emperor was Emperor TianQi, elder brother of Emperor Chong Zhen.
		The pretext was that the military escort was disrespectful to the late Emperor and to the new Emperor.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=784&st=30 (1930 words)

	sort_highlights
		In 1721 (60th year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi) an office of imperial supervisor of inspecting Taiwan was created and the Taiwan-Xiamen Patrol Command was renamed Prefecture Administration of Taiwan and Xiamen, incorporating the subsequently-created Zhanghua County and Danshui Canton.
		In 1727 (5th year of the reign of Emperor Yongzheng) the administration on the island was reconstituted as the Prefecture Administration of Taiwan (which was later renamed Prefecture Command for Patrol of Taiwan) and incorporated the new Penghu Canton.
		In 1885 (11th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), the government formally made Taiwan a full province covering three prefectures and one subprefecture and incorporating 11 counties and 5 cantons.
	app1.chinadaily.com.cn /highlights/ChinaInBrief/Taiwan/history.html (1413 words)

	Illustrated Ming Emperors
		The objective is to present a brief history of the Ming dynasty using original court portraits of Ming emperors as well as related artwork of the period.
		The 277 years of Ming dynasty is not only the final imperial dynasty ruled by the indigenous Han or Chinese people but also one that is characterized by the relatively stable government internally and the expansion of Chinese influence externally.
		We propose in future to annotate each portrait with text about the emperor depicted, his life and times, his accomplishments and setbacks.
	www.geissfoundation.org /pear_publications/pearpub_ming_emperors/illustrated_ming_emperors.htm (416 words)

	Tianqi Emperor Information
		The Tianqi Emperor (December 23, 1605 - September 30, 1627) was the 15th emperor of the Ming dynasty from 1620 to 1627.
		Zhu Youxiao became emperor at the age of 15, on the death of his father who ruled less than a month.
		Meanwhile Madam Ke, who was the nanny of the young emperor sought to retain power by removing all other women from the emperor's harem by locking away the concubines of the emperor and starving them to death.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Tianqi_Emperor (288 words)

	A Concise History of China, Chapter 5
		The last Yuan emperor hid in his palace and devoted himself to esoteric ceremonies he learned from the Tibetan Buddhist monks he favored--sacrifices of human hearts and livers and Tantric ceremonies that looked a lot like common orgies.
		The next Ming emperors saw defense of the realm as their first priority; for this reason Yong Le (1403-25), the third and strongest emperor of the dynasty, rebuilt the Great Wall and moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, where he could keep a closer watch on the Mongols.
		The second to last Ming emperor, Tianqi (1620-27), was a totally controlled puppet, who withdrew entirely from politics to pursue his hobby of carpentry.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /china/ch05.html (4502 words)

	Emperor Tianqi (Zhu Youxiao)
		Emperor Zhu Youxiao is Emperor Taichang's eldest son.
		He was born in 33rd year of Emperor Wanli's reign (1605 AD), died in 7th year of his reign (1627 AD).
		He became an emperor at age of 16.
	library.thinkquest.org /C0126670/emperors/tianqi_en.htm?tqskip1=1&tqtime=1206 (112 words)

	Image no. 271 \| Illustration of Zhong Kui the Demon Queller \| AskAsia.org
		The little demon was subsequently captured and devoured by another imposing demon dressed in ragged clothes and fl boots, who introduced himself to the emperor as Zhong Kui, a failed scholar who had committed suicide a century earlier and appointed himself exorcist.
		When the emperor awoke from his dream, he commanded the court painter Wu Daozi (689—759) to paint a portrait of Zhong Kui.
		This portrait, engraved on a large stone stele, depicts Zhong Kui in the pose of a warrior.
	www.askasia.org /teachers/images/image.php?no=271&era=&grade=01&geo=05 (279 words)

	Fine Late Ming Chinese Wucai Dish - Tianqi
		A very rare late Ming porcelain dish decorated in underglaze blue with overglaze iron red and green enamels.
		This item was made during the reign of the Tianqi Emperor(1621-1627).
		No restoration and(apart from the usual rim fritting) no damages and no losses to the overglaze decoration.
	www.trocadero.com /stores/69aintandane/items/697983/item697983.html (71 words)

	Tonio Andrade \| The Company's Chinese Pirates: How the Dutch East India Company Tried to Lead a Coalition of Pirates to ...
		In 1567 a new emperor surprisingly took their side and decreed an "Open Seas" policy.
		Foreign traders were still forbidden to land in China except on tribute missions, but Chinese were allowed to sail abroad so long as they obtained licenses and paid tolls and taxes, and so long as they did not sail to Japan, which was considered too friendly to pirates.
		In 1644, when the Manchus entered Beijing and proclaimed the foundation of the Qing dynasty, Zhilong chose the side of the old regime, declaring himself loyal to the Ming dynasty and recognizing the prince of Tang (Zhu Yujian, a Ming descendant known as the Longwu emperor) as rightful heir to the empire.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/jwh/15.4/andrade.html (12513 words)

	Rare TianQi Period Ming Dyn. Jar, ca.1621-1627
		TianQi was the eldest son of Emperor TaiChang (1620-21) who in turn was son of emperor Wanli (1573-1620).
		TianQi became emperor as a teenager in 1621, (I assume after the death of father).
		This mark probably was also used by TianQi's father, emperor TaiChang (1620-1621), but I couldn't find any reference to it.
	www.goantiques.com /detail,rare-tianqi-period,694624.html (339 words)

	The Forbidden City: Feng Shui Resources at Dragon Gate
		Emperors, eunuchs, pigtails, impressive architecture and gardens, the Empress Dowager Cixi, Tiannanmen Massacre, Pu Yi (thanks to Bernardo Bertolucci's 1987 award-winning movie The Last Emperor) the list goes on.
		The emperor was regarded as the Son of Heaven, thus a mediator between earthly and heavenly realms.
		When Pu Yi, the last emperor of China was forced to abdicate, the Outer Court of the palace was turned into government offices.
	www.dragon-gate.com /resources/articles/display.asp?id=54 (531 words)

	Zhang Sanfeng (Site not responding. Last check: )
		There was a story which said that at the end of the Song Dynasty, there was a rebellion, so Emperor Huizong called on him, and Zhang Sanfeng once beat or killed one hundred rebels with one of his fists.
		As a result, the emperor had Daoist temples constructed on Mt.Wudang on a large scale, so that Zhang's prophecy of the flourishing of Mt.Wudang could come true.
		With the admiration and confirmation of the emperors of the Ming Dynasty and the surge of Daoist believers, the legend of Zhang's immortality was told and renewed constantly.
	www.eng.taoism.org.hk /general-daoism/eminent-philosophers&accomplished-daoists/pg1-4-29.asp (805 words)

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