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Topic: Tiberian Hebrew language

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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Hebrew Language and Literature
		Hebrew was the language spoken by the ancient Israelites, and in which were composed nearly all of the books of the Old Testament.
		Hebrew belongs to the great Semitic family of languages, the geographical location of which is principally in South-Western Asia, extending from the Mediterranean to the mountains east of the valley of the Euphrates, and from the mountains of Armenia on the north to the southern extremity of the Arabian Peninsula.
		In fact, it is claimed by some that the Hebrew of the Old Testament betrays evidences of as great a disintegration and departure from its assumed typical perfection as does the vulgar Arabic of to-day from the classical idiom of the golden literary age of Islam.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07176a.htm (5288 words)

	Hebrew Information Center - hebrew alphabet
		Hebrew is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by 6 million people mainly in Israel, parts of the Palestinian territories, the United States and by Jewish communities around the world.
		While the term "Hebrew" as a nationality is customarily used to refer to the ancient Israelites, the classical Hebrew language was extremely similar to the Canaanite languages spoken by their neighbors, such as Phoenician; indeed, Moabite and Hebrew are often considered to be two dialects of the same language.
		Sephardi Hebrew hebrew symbols language is the basis of Standard Hebrew and not all that different hebrew calendar from it, although traditionally hebrew lexicon it has had a greater range of phonemes.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_H_-_L/Hebrew.html (3773 words)

	Hebrew languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Hebrew languages refer to a variety of Canaanite languages and dialects historically spoken by various peoples in the region of Canaan whom Abrahamic religion believes to have been Hebrews who emigrated from the Chaldees.
		The language was Akkadian, the predominating language of the Chaldees.
		The language was one of the extinct Hurro-Urartian languages, a non-Semitic language family based in eastern Anatolia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hebrew_languages (622 words)

	Hebrew language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Hebrew, long nearly extinct outside of Jewish liturgical and scholarly purposes, was revived as a literary and narrative language by the Haskalah (Enlightenment) movement of the mid-19th century.
		This Tiberian Hebrew from the 7th to 10th century CE is sometimes called "Biblical Hebrew" because it is used to pronounce the Hebrew Bible, however properly it should be distinguished from the historical Biblical Hebrew of the 6th century BCE, whose original pronunciation must be reconstructed.
		Hebrew functioned as the local mother tongue, Aramaic functioned as the international language with the rest of the Mideast, and eventually Greek functioned as another international language with the eastern areas of the Roman Empire.
	enc.qba73.com /link-Hebrew_language (6624 words)

	Jewish Language Research Website: Hebrew
		Until then the use of Hebrew had been restricted mainly to religious spheres, but it was expanded to non-religious areas such as secular literature, etc., laying the foundation for the functioning of Hebrew as a spoken language later.
		Yeivin, I. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language.
		Jerusalem: Department of the Hebrew Language, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
	www.jewish-languages.org /hebrew.html (1216 words)

	Tiberian vocalization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tiberian Hebrew is an oral tradition of pronunciation for ancient forms of Hebrew, especially the Hebrew of the Tanakh, that was given written form by masoretic scholars in the Jewish community at Tiberias in the early Middle Ages, beginning in the 8th century.
		Tiberian Hebrew has 33 phonemes represented by 22 letters.
		This is even more noticeable in our days, where new editions of the Hebrew Bible (except for those based on reliable, ancient manuscripts)have changed all of these features of ancient ortography and vocalization for the sake of spelling consistency and to adhere to Jewish Law.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew (1322 words)

	Israeli Hebrew by David Tene – Ariel 25
		The Committee assumed that this was the Hebrew pronunciation before Hebrew ceased to be a spoken language, and probably considered their decision to be sufficient for this pronunciation to materialize.
		It is connected with the primary language of the parents and/or grandparents of the native speakers of Hebrew.
		A consequence of this was the call for the revival of the Hebrew language as a prerequisite for the Jewish national revival.
	www.adath-shalom.ca /israeli_hebrew_tene.htm (7560 words)

	Biblical Hebrew language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Biblical Hebrew or Classical Hebrew is the ancient form of the Hebrew languages as spoken by the Israelites, in which the Hebrew Bible (Torah and Tanakh) was originally written.
		Its widest usage is by the Jews and the various Jewish dialects of Hebrew.
		Roman Era Hebrew, or Mishnaic Hebrew, has further gramatical influences from Greek and Parsi, mainly through the dialect of Aramaic which was the Lingua franca of the area at the time.
	biblical-hebrew-language.iqnaut.net (299 words)

	THE ALPHABET OF BIBLICAL HEBREW
		As the Aramaic alphabet became the Hebrew alphabet, Hebrew papyri and parchments of the second and first centuries BC were written in the Aramaic alphabet.
		While the Hebrew language is thriving today, the Aramaic language was replaced by Arabic with the rise of Islam, and has nearly disappeared.
		Two characteristics of ancient Hebrew were the pure use of consonants, and the use of an epicene personal pronoun (a personal pronoun that does not distinguish for male and female - the same word is used for both "he" and "she", as in Genesis 3:15).
	biblescripture.net /Hebrew.html (1240 words)

	Hebrew language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Hebrew is a member of the Canaanite group of Semitic languages.
		It was the language of the early Jews, but from 586 BC it started to be replaced by Aramaic as the everyday language of the Jews.
		In the late 19th and early 20th century the Zionist movement brought about the revivial of Hebrew as a widely-used spoken language, and it became the official languge of Israel in 1948.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/hebrew.htm (558 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Hebrew
		Hebrew is one of the longest continuously recorded languages that has survived to the modern day.
		While the script on this inscription is called Old Hebrew, it is barely discernible from Phoenician from where it originated.
		The Hebrew alphabet as it is adopted from Phoenician actually doesn't reproduce all the sounds in the Hebrew language, so some letters represent multiple sounds.
	www.ancientscripts.com /hebrew.html (494 words)

	Sephardi Hebrew language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Sephardi Hebrew language is the pronunciation system for Biblical Hebrew favored for liturgical use by Sephardi Jewish practice.
		When Eliezer ben Yehuda drafted his Standard Hebrew language, he based it on Sephardi Hebrew, both because this was the de facto spoken form as a lingua franca in the land of Israel and because he believed it to be most beautiful of the Hebrew dialects.
		However, the phonology of Modern Hebrew is in some respects constrained to that of Ashkenazi Hebrew, including the elimination of pharyngeal articulation and the conversion of /r/ from an alveolar flap to a voiced uvular fricative.
	enc.qba73.com /link-Sephardi_Hebrew_language (367 words)

	Unit One - Hebrew Letters
		Hebrew is called a “consonantal” language because its words are formed from root letters that remain the same regardless of grammatical form.
		Vowel marks were added later by the Tiberian scribes in order to retain the memory of original vocalization but are not considered basic to the language.
		After studying this unit, you should be able to read, write, and recite the entire Hebrew Aleph-Bet, both in print letters and in modern Hebrew script.
	www.hebrew4christians.com /Grammar/Unit_One/unit_one.html (170 words)

	history_of_hebrew by David Steinberg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		All instances of TH in Hebrew shifted to š hence the roots became indistinguishable leading to the abandonment of שכח = shrivel except in the conservative poetic dialect in situations where it was not likely to be confused and could be used for a pleasing poetic effect such as in our verse.
		It is a language of verbs and nouns that is sparing in the use of adjectives
		Mishnaic Hebrew is morphologically a simpler language with a more complex syntax while Israeli Hebrew is grammatically about as complex as Mishnaic Hebrew but its sentence structure is similar to that of modern European languages.
	www.uscj.org /canadian/ottawaasc/history_of_hebrew.htm (4096 words)

	Issues in the Representation of Pointed Hebrew in Unicode
		It seems that a particular set of conventions is used for general publications in Hebrew, especially in Israel, but various other conventions, in which more fine distinctions are made, are used mainly for quality editions of biblical and other religious texts.
		The result is the current Hebrew Bible text, consisting of consonants as base characters, and vowels and accents as combining marks (and a few as base characters e.g.
		The main consequence of this is that two different accents (cantillation marks) are attached to many of the words in these passages, and as the accent is generally positioned above or below the stressed syllable in the word, in most cases the two different accents are combined with the same base character.
	www.qaya.org /academic/hebrew/Issues-Hebrew-Unicode.html (4372 words)

	Lesson 1: Introduction
		Hebrew began as a Canaanite dialect of the Bronze Age, little distinguishable from the language of its neighbours on all sides, and closely related to the Aramaic dialects to the north.
		The classical form of the language took root in Jerusalem with the foundation of the Davidic dynasty and withered in the postexilic years: early Iron Age Hebrew.
		The Tiberian system was recognized as superior in all respects to its rivals, both in terms of detail and accuracy, and also in terms of the superior, historically conservative pronunciation (the Tiberians were noted for the correct pronunciation of the low vowels).
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~decaen/hypertextbook/lesson1.html (1655 words)

	languagehat.com: THE HISTORY OF HEBREW.
		It is in semantics that Israeli Hebrew can be said to break radically with the past and semantically and hence culturally become a European language...
		The question of whether Israeli Hebrew is a Semitic or a European language is a fascinating one.
		To me, the difference in feel between Modern Hebrew and Mishnaic Hebrew (the latest previous form of the language) is comparable to the difference between modern English and Chaucer's English.
	www.languagehat.com /archives/002241.php (1222 words)

	Purim (פורים "Lots," Standard Hebrew Purim, Tiberian Hebrew Pûrîm
		Purim (פורים "Lots," Standard Hebrew Purim, Tiberian Hebrew Pûrîm: plural of פור pûr "Lot," from Akkadian pūru) is a Jewish holiday that commemorates the deliverance of the Persian Jews from the plot of the evil Haman to exterminate them, as recorded in the biblical Book of Esther.
		Purim is celebrated annually on the 14th of the Hebrew month of Adar.
		In leap-years on the Hebrew calendar, Purim is celebrated in the second month of Adar, but by the Karaites in the first.
	www.milechai.com /judaism/purim.html (2064 words)

	Reconstructing the Pronunciation of Biblical Hebrew
		Problem 2 – Phonemic structure of Hebrew; Consonants that were Distinct and Phonemic in the First Temple Period that have Merged in Modern Pronunciation
		Problem 3 – Consonants that Exist in Modern Pronunciation but were Absent in Hebrew of the First Temple Period
		Problem 5 – Changes in Pronunciation between the First Temple Period, Tiberian Biblical Vocalization and Modern Hebrew most of which alter the Syllabic Structure
	www.houseofdavid.ca /anc_heb.htm (191 words)

	Work in Progress (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The.TTF Greek, Hebrew and IPA fonts are also in this directory.
		You are free to read and use these documents, provided only that you give me critical feedback.
		"The Pausal Phrase in Tiberian Aramaic and the Reflexes of *i"
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~decaen/papers (222 words)

	Language TOC Vol.70 No.1
		Salmons: Accentual change and language contact: Comparative survey and a case study of early Northern Europe
		Hogg (ed.): The Cambridge history of the English language, vol.
		Blake (ed.): The Cambridge history of the English language, vol.
	www.lsadc.org /info/language/701.html (110 words)

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