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Topic: Tidewater glaciers

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	Alaska Glaciers: Columbia, Portage, Matanuska and others
		Its tidewater glaciers can be viewed from tour boats that depart from Seward's small boat harbor.The face of an inland glacier, Exit Glacier, can be approached on trails from a parking lot at the end of Exit Glacier Road, which intersects the Seward Highway just north of Seward.
		Tidewater glaciers -- Glaciers that reach the sea.
		One of the glaciers in Glacier Bay National Park receded 65 miles between 1794 and 1916.
	www.alaskascenes.com /alaskaglaciers.html (714 words)

	ALASKA'S GLACIERS
		Tidewater glaciers flow to the sea and are found at the head of fjords or inlets which they carved while retreating.
		Glacier Bay is a collection of fjords and inlets, home to 16 active tidewater glaciers, all five species of Pacific Salmon and 25 percent of the total number of bird species in all North America.
		The smaller Turner Glacier adjacent to Hubbard is overshadowed by its neighbour.
	www.susanmilne.com /glacier/glacier.htm (1253 words)

	Geography Site: Tidewater Glaciers
		As tidewater glaciers advance, it push moraine in front of them just like land glaciers do, but instead of being a raised pile in front of the ice, tidewater glaciers create an underwater mound called a moraine shoal.
		If the glacier starts to retreat from its moraine shoal, the ice cannot be supported by the deep water behind the shoal and the glacier will calve, producing many icebergs and increasing its rate of retreat.
		Once the glacier retreats to a stable position where the ice is supported, or strong enough to hold itself together, the calving slows, and the glacier will advance again, gradually pushing a new moraine shoal in front of it.
	www.geography-site.co.uk /pages/physical/glaciers/tidewater.html (287 words)

	Glacier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A glacier is a large, long-lasting river of ice that is formed on land and moves in response to gravity and undergoes internal deformation.
		Outlet glaciers are formed by the movement of ice from a polar ice cap, or an ice cap from mountainous regions, to the sea.
		Glacial erratics are rounded boulders that were left by a melting glacier and are often seen perched precariously on exposed rock faces after glacial retreat.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glacier (4731 words)

	ColumbiaIntro
		We seek to understand the process of cyclic tidewater glacier retreat and its relation to erosion, sediment transport, and landscape development with particular emphasis on fjorded coastal margins.
		Whether calving is a cause or an effect, its prominence in tidewater glacier retreat and in transfers of land ice to the ocean is clear.
		Tidewater glacier retreat results in major changes in glacier length and volume, and in most cases appears to be irreversible.
	tintin.colorado.edu /group/columbia/SciObj.html (799 words)

	PBS - Harriman: Kristine Crossen - Alaska's Glaciers
		This glacier acted as a natural laboratory when it began its catastrophic retreat in the 1970's, and taught glaciologists that the depth of water at the ice terminus was the strongest forcing factor affecting the dynamics of tidewater glaciers.
		Tidewater glaciers commonly terminate in a vertical face with ice that extends 200-300 feet above the water line and as much as 1000 feet below water to the fiord floor.
		However, a few tidewater glaciers are advancing, in response to forcing factors related to water depth and fiord sedimentation.
	www.pbs.org /harriman/explog/lectures/crossen2.html (969 words)

	AAAS - AAAS News Release
		The research highlights the possibility that inland glaciers are accelerating their descent to the ocean and that the rate of sea level rise could be affected if ice shelves on the peninsula continue their retreat.
		The retreat of the glaciers from the peninsula is evident in some 2,000 aerial photos, the oldest of which were shot in the late 1940s, and over 100 satellite images.
		Of the 244 glacier-ice shelves and tidewater glaciers, 212 retreated from their earliest known position, which occurred in 1953, on average.
	www.aaas.org /news/releases/2005/0421glaciers.shtml (1014 words)

	The MODIS Snow/Ice Global Mapping Project : Glaciers
		A glacier is an accumulation of ice and snow, originating on land, that moves under its own weight in response to gravitational force; it transports ice from an area of accumulation to an area of disposal (Sharp, 1988).
		Glacier ice at the melting point is in equilibrium with liquid water, so water can exist throughout warm glaciers all the way to the base.
		Tidewater glaciers go through a cycle (Meier and Post, 1987): the glacier will occupy a stable position with the terminus at the head of a fjord, experience a slow advance that may last 1000 years, remain relatively stable and then experience a rapid retreat that may last less than a century.
	modis-snow-ice.gsfc.nasa.gov /glacier.html (673 words)

	Calving Glaciers
		The behavior of tidewater glaciers led glaciologists to suspect that terrain, altitude, firn limit, and a glacier's accumulation area ratio are also significant factors.
		According to Post, the depth of a tidewater glacier at its terminus and the condition of its accumulation zone together may determine whether a glacier is retreating, stable, or advancing more than individual climatic changes.
		Tidewater glaciers remain stable until the climate changes raising the firn limit, the glacier advances so far that it over-extends its "ice-budget," or the glacier pushes its protecting terminal moraine over a submarine canyon.
	www.alaska.net /~awss/GlaciersCalving.html (852 words)

	Untitled Document
		Calving is the most efficient way for tidewater glaciers to experience a loss of their ice mass, as well as for the world's oceans to gain more water through the melting of icebergs (Van der Veen, 1997).
		Tidewater glaciers are known to experience rapid retreat and linear calving rates as the fjord water deepens because of a loss of stability at the margin (Figure 4).
		Fjord geometry has been documented to quicken calving rates of tidewater glaciers so much that once the glacier reaches a certain point in its rapid retreat phase, it is no longer affected by climatic controls until a more narrow, stabilizing section of the fjord is reached (Mercer, 1961).
	www.wooster.edu /geology/tr/mkennedy.html (1565 words)

	Cruising Alaska's dwindling glaciers
		Glacier melting — or retreating to use glacier terminology — is a slow process.
		And while these glaciers may look to be just frozen masses, as inanimate as the mountains from which they flow, there’s actually much more to one than a casual look might suggest.
		Glaciers may appear to be stationary, but they are actually moving, in two distinct ways.
	www.inqtraveler.com /pages/artlib/alascrus.html (1132 words)

	Prince William Sound Glaciers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		A valley glacier that reaches the sea is termed a tidewater glacier, and they usually terminate in a vertical wall of ice, often 200' - 300' high.
		Glacier watching has become so popular in Prince William Sound that there are currently only a handful of glaciers that do not have daily visits by 100's of tourists aboard tour boats.
		Harvard Glacier, at the head of College Fjord's Harvard Arm, is one of a few of Prince William Sound's glaciers that are advancing.
	www.soundecoadventure.com /glacier.html (322 words)

	Glaciers and Icefields
		Ice flows down the valleys and slopes of the mountains to the lower elevations, and glaciers are born.
		As glaciers carve U-shaped valleys, rocks plucked from the bedrock and frozen in the ice etch grooves and striations in the bedrock.
		Glacial recession unmasks trimlines, slightly sloping changes in vegetation or weathered bedrock on the valley walls that indicate a glacier's height at its glacial maximum.
	www.fs.fed.us /r10/tongass/forest_facts/resources/geology/icefields.htm (1923 words)

	Glacier Bay National Park: Glaciers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Margerie Glacier is an excellent example of a tide-water glacier -- that is, a glacier that extends into a body of water.
		This is because the ice in the glacier absorbs shorter red and green wavelengths.
		The Reid Glacier is the fastest moving of the tidewater glaciers, averaging about 8 feet a day.
	www.lcss.net /glacierbay/Glacier_Bay_glaciers.htm (385 words)

	Alaska's Columbia Glacier continues on disintegration course
		The tidewater glacier -- which has its terminus, or end, in the waters of the Prince William Sound -- is expected to retreat an additional 9 miles in the next 15 years to 20 years before reaching an equilibrium point in shallow water near sea level, he said.
		The Columbia Glacier is now the single largest glacial contributor to sea level in North America, producing about 10 percent of the water volume entering the sea from all Alaskan glaciers each year, said Pfeffer.
		The retreat of the Columbia Glacier and Alaska's other tidewater glaciers are believed to be influenced by a slow warming trend that began in the Northern Hemisphere about 500 years ago, he said.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-12/uoca-csa120605.php (734 words)

	PBS: The Living Edens: Glacier Bay: Ice, Ice Baby
		John Hopkins Glacier calves such volumes of ice that it is seldom possible to approach its ice cliffs closer than about two miles.
		Glacial retreat continues today on the bay's east and southwest sides, but on its west side, several glaciers are advancing.
		The Glacier Bay region's extreme topography indicates a landscape driven by immense energies, which derive from the area's position astride the active suture between the North American and Pacific plates.
	www.pbs.org /edens/glacierbay/ice.html (1046 words)

	AW2004 Abstract: O'Neel
		Tidewater glaciers are known to undergo cycles of slow advance and rapid retreat (Post, 1975).
		Glacier Bay; Hunter, 1997) initiated rapid retreat phases around the turn of the 20th century, Columbia and LeConte Glaciers (Krimmel, 2001; O’Neel and others, 2001) are in the midst of rapid retreat today, while Taku and Hubbard Glaciers continue to undergo slow advance (Motyka and others, 2003).
		Preliminary analysis suggests that longitudinal stress gradients are important to the dynamics of Columbia Glacier during this phase of the retreat.
	www.colorado.edu /INSTAAR/AW2004/get_abstr.html?id=54 (771 words)

	EO Study: At the Edge: Monitoring Glaciers to Watch Global Warming Page 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Glaciers form when snow accumulates on a patch of land over tens to hundreds of years.
		Tidewater glaciers terminate in the ocean, where the boundary can be marked by awesome ice cliffs 200 feet high.
		Tidewater glaciers, on the other hand, advance for roughly a thousand years before reaching their destination, explained Hall.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Study/Glaciers/glaciers_2.html (502 words)

	Glacier photos: Professional stock photography, art pictures, and natural history information.
		Malaspina Glacier is the largest glacier in the state, with an area of 1,500 square miles and extending 50 miles from Mount St. Elias toward the Gulf of Alaska.
		Glaciers formed in the stream beds of the coastal plateau and carved deep valleys.
		The glacier flows at a rate of about 2 feet per day but because it descends into a warmer, maritime climate the terminus melts faster than it grows and thus the glacier is receding.
	www.alaskaphotographics.com /alaska_glacier_photos.shtml (1050 words)

	Glaciers
		Glaciers are constantly moving on their journey towards the sea.
		Hubbard Glacier, pictured on the right, is a tidewater glacier that has been named the galloping glacier because of its rapid advancement during 1986.
		Glacier ice is blue because all of the air molecules have been compressed out.
	www.du.edu /~dcelani/glacier.htm (161 words)

	Climate Change: Hundreds of Antarctic Glaciers In Retreat, Says Study
		Of the 244 marine glaciers that drain inland ice on the Antarctic peninsula, a region previously identified as vulnerable to global warming, 87 percent have fallen back over the last half century, according to research by British experts.
		Glacier-ice shelves are floating glaciers on the shoreline that are still connected to the land glaciers from which they flowed.
		Sjogren Glacier, at the northern tip of the peninsula has fallen back eight kilometers (8.5 miles) since 1993, while Widdowson Glacier, on the west coast of the peninsula, has been retreated at 1.1 kms (0.6 miles) per year over the past five year.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines05/0422-01.htm (864 words)

	FAST-FLOW ADVANCE AND PARALLEL RAPID RETREAT OF NON-SURGING TIDEWATER GLACIERS IN ICY BAY AND YAKUTAT BAY, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The non-surging, larger valley glaciers in Icy Bay, such as Guyot, Yahtse, and Tyndall Glaciers, have undergone excessive downwasting and terminus retreat accentuated by calving.
		In contrast to the glacier's of Icy Bay, Hubbard Glacier’s calving terminus has advanced ~3 km since the 1880s and is currently close to its most advanced recorded position.
		The Hubbard Glacier’s continued fast-flow advance is the result of increasing positive mass balance on its main névé, at 1,300 to 3,000 m.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_65710.htm (485 words)

	Alaska Glacier Cruises
		Glaciers can be found throughout the Inside Passage and Southeast Alaska.
		The magnificent beauty and immensity of the Alaska glaciers are sure to have a life-long impact upon you.
		The face of a tidewater glacier can be hundreds of feet high and when large pieces calve off, the thunder echoes because of the surrounding mountains.
	www.sikumi.com /glaciers.html (673 words)

	IPY: International Polar Year (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		However, most tidewater glacier retreats are triggered by climate change, although sustained retreat and subsequent advance may remain relatively independent of climate thereafter.
		What is particularly important about tidewater glacier retreat is the significant drawdown that occurs all along the length of the glacier as a result of accelerated calving and ice flow to the terminus.
		The largest temperate tidewater (and lacustrine) glaciers occur in the coastal regions of Alaska and South America.
	www.ipy.org /development/eoi/details.php?id=717 (1131 words)

	[No title]
		A glacier is a big river of ice, water and rocks.
		Under the glacier, as it slowly moves, the rocks it is dragging underneath cause the ice to melt.
		Glaciers form valleys that are rounder and smoother than those that are formed by rivers.
	library.thinkquest.org /3876/glaciers.html (771 words)

	Glaciers: Tidewater Glaciers
		Glaciers are found in a variety of settings in Alaska and come in a variety of different types, including mountain, valley, piedmont, cirque, hanging, and tidewater glaciers.
		A valley glacier that reaches the sea is termed a tidewater glacier, and they usually terminate in a vertical wall of ice, often 200' - 300' high.
		Watching and hearing these glaciers calve ice into the sea with a tremendous roar is the highlight of many folks' visit to the Sound.
	www.lycos.com /info/glaciers--tidewater-glaciers.html (567 words)

	Landsat 7 Glacier Inventory
		Glaciers and ice caps have experienced negative mass balances and have been retreating since the end of the Little Ice Age in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
		A variety of grounded and tidewater glaciers are represented, many of which are subjects of glaciological and mass balance studies.
		A great many glaciers are known to surge--sudden rapid movement of ice with dramatic advance of landed ice margins and calving of icebergs for tidewater glaciers.
	www.emporia.edu /earthsci/gage/glacier7.htm (3621 words)

	Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve - Glacier Bay National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)
		Glacier Bay's story is one of dynamic change in the wake of dramatic glacial movements.
		Glacier Bay is a globally significant marine and terrestrial wilderness sanctuary.
		Glacier Bay is a powerful place that also inspires cultural expression in the scientist, the artist, the resident, the traveler, and those who make their livelihood from the sea.
	www.nps.gov /glba (500 words)

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