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Topic: Tigers Militia (Lebanon)

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	Read about Guardians of the Cedars at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Guardians of the Cedars and learn about ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Tigers, who both cooperated semi-secretly with Israel, the Guardians of the Cedars incorporated collaboration with Israel into their ideology.
		This was based on the conviction that there was a commonality of interest between the Jewish state and the Maronite cause.
		It was in Sidon, during the Israeli occupation, that The Guardians of the Cedars were widely accused of acting as a death squad and were believed by many to be responsible for the murders and disappearances of hundreds of Palestinian civilians.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Guardians_of_the_Cedars (583 words)

	Dany Chamoun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Dany was the founder of the Ahrar Tiger militia and head of the Lebanese National Liberal Party after his father.
		The death of the leader of the Liberal Party, youngest son of the late President Camille Chamoun, was interpreted by militia leaders on both sides of the demolished Green Line as a Mafia-style message, a lesson for Lebanon's other political strongmen and militia chiefs to toe the line or else face physical elimination.
		The Chamoun clan "Tigers" militia was eliminated as a major player earlier in Lebanon's civil war by rival Maronite forces.
	www.flaym.org /famous_people/dany_chamoun.htm (375 words)

	Guardians of the Cedars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The politics of Guardians of the Cedars is an extreme form of Lebanese nationalism which holds that the Lebanese are an ancient race and it is they, and not the Greeks, who are the founders of western civilisation.
		This has led Guardians of the Cedars to maintain that Lebanese people are not Arabs, indeed, to advocate the de-Arabisation of the Lebanon and call for the restoration of the Phoenician language and alphabet.
		Unlike the Phalangists and the Tigers, who both cooperated semi-secretly with Israel, the Guardians of the Cedars incorporated collaboration with Israel into their ideology.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Guardians_of_the_Cedars (656 words)

	Encyclopedia: Guardians of the Cedars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Lebanon has a unique form of parliamentary democracy in which the highest offices are reserved for certain ethnic groups.
		Due to Syrian control of Lebanon, the Guardian of the Cedars has been outlawed in Lebanon because of its opposition to Syrian influence and its support of peace with Israel.
		Saqr was born in Ain Ebel in 1937, the son of Caesar Saqr, a school principal.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Guardians-of-the-Cedars (478 words)

	Encyclopedia: Dany Chamoun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990) had its origin in the conflicts and political compromises of Lebanons colonial period and was exacerbated by the nations changing demographic trends, Christian and Muslim inter-religious strife, and proximity to Syria and Israel.
		The same year, he announced his candidacy for the Presidency of Lebanon to succeed Amine Gemayel (Bachir's brother), but Syria (which by this time occupied some 70 percent of Lebanese territory) vetoed his candidacy.
		Amine Gemayel Amine Gemayel (born 1942) was President of Lebanon from 1982 to 1988.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Dany_Chamoun (1154 words)

	Dany Chamoun: biography and encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Dany Chamoun (1934 - 1990) was a prominent Lebanese (A native or inhabitant of Lebanon) politician.
		Chamoun was a supporter of the nationalist Christian cause at heart, however, and he soon returned to the cause to which he, like his father, had dedicated his life.
		The verdict was controversial, however; the fairness of the trial was challenged by Amnesty International (additional info and facts about Amnesty International) and Chamoun's brother, Dory (Marine fishes widely distributed in mid-waters and deep slope waters) (who replaced him as leader of the National Liberal Party) has expressed doubts about it.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/d/da/dany_chamoun.htm (346 words)

	Dany Chamoun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The leader of the National Liberal Party and President of the Lebanese Front - a coalition ofnationalist and mainly Christian parties and politicians - from 1985, he was known as anopponent of the Syrian occupation of Lebanon from 1976 onwards.
		In the late 1970s, he headed the Tigers, aChristian militia that fought against the Syrian forces.
		The pro-Syrian regime arrested Samir Geagea, a rivalChristian militia leader, who was subsequently tried and convicted of the murder.
	www.therfcc.org /dany-chamoun-261886.html (191 words)

	Parties of Lebanon - Guardians of the Cedars
		Etienne Saqr was born in 1937 in the southern Lebanese village of Ain Ebel, one of eleven children reared by Caesar Saqr, a school principal.
		Throughout the war, Saqr's forces closely coordinated with the key Christian militias - Pierre Gemayel's Phalange militia, commanded by his son, Bashir; Camille Chamoun's Tigers militia, commanded by his son, Dany; and the Marada Brigades of then-President Suleiman Frangieh, commanded by his son, Tony.
		As Israeli public support for a unilateral withdrawal from Lebanon increased rapidly toward the end of the 1990s, Saqr vigorously lobbied the Israeli government to allow the transformation of the SLA into an autonomous force capable of fending off Hezbollah attacks after the departure of Israeli forces, but to no avail.
	www.warsoflebanon.com /abou-arz.html (1340 words)

	As Bush tells Lebanese "we are with you" Massive rally in Beirut rejects US intervention (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Washington was intent on maintaining Lebanon as a Western client state and on using military force to quell the spread of radical Arab nationalism.
		Turning its attention again to Lebanon, Washington first provided political support for an intervention by Syria, which sent in its army at the behest of Lebanon’s Maronite Christian president, Suleiman Franjiehn and the rightists, who were on the brink of defeat.
		What Lebanon, with an elected government and a functioning parliament, had to learn from a vote held under a state of siege and that has left the US military in complete control of the country is never explained.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2005/mar2005/leba-m10.shtml (1846 words)

	Lebanon Lebanese Forces - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In August of that year, a joint command council was established to integrate formally the several militias, but also to achieve a higher degree of independence from the traditional political leaders, whom many of the LF rank and file regarded as too moderate.
		In 1978 Jumayyil subjugated the Marada Brigade, the militia of former president Sulayman Franjiyah, killing Franjiyah's son, Tony, in the process.
		Thus, by the early 1980s the LF controlled East Beirut and Mount Lebanon, and Jumayyil was its de facto president.
	www.photius.com /countries/lebanon/government/lebanon_government_lebanese_forces.html (472 words)

	Parties of Lebanon - Lebanese Forces
		In 1978 Gemayel subjugated the Marada Brigade, the militia of former president Sulayman FranJIYAh, killing Frangieh's son, Tony, in the process.
		Thus, by the early 1980s the LF controlled East Beirut and Mount Lebanon, and Gemayel was its de facto president.
		The Lebanese forces are considered the most popular Christian party in Lebanon, althought banned by the state after being accuesed of being the party behibd the Najjat Church explosion and their leader Samir Geagea imprisoned their rallies the hugets masses among the Christians of Lebanon.
	www.warsoflebanon.com /LF.html (467 words)

	Dossier: Etienne Saqr (January 2003)
		The subsequent escalation of violence opened the floodgates to PLO brutality against the Lebanese civilian population, such as the murder of three priests at Deir Ashash in September 1975 and the slaughter of nearly 600 residents in the town of Damour in January 1976.
		Saqr (commonly known as "Abu Arz" in Lebanon) was not from a prominent political family and entered the public arena without a sound financial base or patronage network.
		The Guardians conceived of Lebanon as a distinct non-Arab nation descended from the ancient Phoenicians, an idea which reflected the writings of Aql (who considered the Lebanese dialect to be a distinct language and introduced a Latinized alphabet for it).
	www.meib.org /articles/0301_ld.htm (2919 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Lebanon / Appendix B
		A 500-man militia that was the armed force of the National Liberal Party of ex-Lebanese President Camille Shamun.
		Lebanon's Druze community, led first by Kamal Jumblatt, and, after his assassination by Syrian agents in 1977, by his son Walid, provided the titular leadership of the Muslim-leftist coalition in the Civil War.
		Its 3,000-man militia, the Murabitun (the Sentinels), was one of the mainstays of the anti-establishment side.
	memory.loc.gov /frd/cs/lebanon/lb_appnb.html (1536 words)

	Political Figures [Cafe Liban.net]
		He became head of the Phalange militia, which formed as a result of the civil war that erupted [1975] among the many religious and ethnic groups in Lebanon.
		Michel was born in Harat Hurayk, was the prime minister of Lebanon [1988-1990] and the general who had commanded the Lebanese Army from the mid 1980s.
		In 1988 Aoun became prime minister of an interim government, he proceeded to crack down on the various militia groups in the country and waged a 'War of Liberation' against the Syrian Army in Lebanon.
	www.cafeliban.net /lebanon/People.htm (1814 words)

	Dany Chamoun
		The leader of the National Liberal Party and President of the Lebanese Front - a coalition of nationalist and mainly Christian parties and politicians - from 1985, he was known as an opponent of the Syrian occupation of Lebanon from 1976 onwards.
		In the late 1970s, he headed the Tigers, a Christian militia that fought against the Syrian forces.
		The pro-Syrian regime arrested Samir Geagea, a rival Christian militia leader, who was subsequently tried and convicted of the murder.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/dany_chamoun (256 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		With the collapse of the Turkish Ottoman empire at the end of World War I, control of the Syria and Lebanon areas of the middle east fell to France.
		This unwritten 'National Pact' stipulated the Lebanese president would always be a Maronite, the parliament would always have a 6:5 ratio of christians to mulsims, the prime minister would always be a sunni and the speaker of parilament always a shiite.
		You guessed it - they went to Lebanon, where they were welcomed by lebanese muslims and druse who thought the PLO would help them in their struggle against the Maronites.
	www.inwa.net /~frog/articles/lebanon (470 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It took part in the massacre of hundreds of unarmed Palestinian refugees at Sabra and Chatila camps in Beirut in 1982 under the eyes of the invading Israeli army.
		militia in the 1975-90 civil war the LF took on various rivals to dominate Lebanon's 1.5 million Christian minority.
		Led by Bashir Gemayel, who was killed in a bomb blast after being elected Lebanon's president in 1982, LF militiamen massacred members of the rival Tigers Christian militia of Dani Chamoun in 1980.
	www.mosquitonet.com /~prewett/christmilitia.html (461 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Guardian daily comment \| Battlefield in a larger conflict
		Syria, the main external "victor" of the war and virtual overlord of Lebanon ever since, is pitted against a disparate array of forces, ranging from the US, France and Israel to all those within Lebanon who line up more or less openly in the anti-Syrian camp.
		It is regularly charged, for example, with aiding and abetting the insurgency in Iraq, interfering with the Arab-Israel peace process and sponsoring the Hizbullah militia in Lebanon.
		Conversely, however, Lebanon, as a platform that Syria's adversaries exploit against it, is liable to turn into a source of great weakness, if not an existential threat.
	www.guardian.co.uk /comment/story/0,,1414875,00.html (800 words)

	Hezbollah Lebanon/ Hizbullah Lebanon/ Hizbollah Lebanon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Discusses the retreat of Israel from Lebanon and Hezbollah's reaction.
		"The South Lebanon Army (SLA), Israel's surrogate militia in Lebanon, is on the verge of collapse".
		Cases of Hizbollah and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.
	www.au.af.mil /au/aul/bibs/tergps/tghez.htm (1294 words)

	newnations.com - Produced by newnations (a not-for-profit company) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Scorpions, the Serbian militia unit in question like other similar units, tended to be weekend soldiers who drove out of Belgrade for a weekend's killing of Moslems after the regular soldiers had passed by.
		The infamous Tigers, another militia group licensed to kill, high on the blood they had spilled came back to celebrate after each weekend to their starting point, the swish Inter-Continental Hotel in Belgrade.
		Happily the Lebanon is showing its independence and it is as well that SYRIA withdrew as they did, as the US by now would have extended hostilities into SYRIA if they had not.
	www.newnations.com /archive/2005/July/index.html (3242 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Lebanon / Appendix B
		In December 1961, an SSNP armored battalion commander staged the Lebanese Army's only significant attempted coup d'état against the government, and managed to arrest a half-dozen high-ranking officers before he was stopped.
		Musa as Sadr disappeared and was presumed murdered while on an official visit to Libya in August 1978, and leadership of Amal was assumed by Nabih Berri, a secular-oriented Beirut lawyer.
		Both the Syrian and Iraqi governments were, and in 1987 continued to be, run by rival wings of the pan-Arab socialist Baath Party, and each government supported a Lebanese branch.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/lebanon/lb_appnb.html (1536 words)

	Politics in Lebanon: History of the Political Parties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In the mid1980s, the Amal militia laid siege to Palestinian refugee camps in Beirut, in retribution for years of abuses at the hands of Palestinian liberation groups that operated in southern Lebanon.
		At the height of the 1958 conflict, its militia, the Murabitun (Sentinels), clashed with the forces of pro-Western president Shamun.
		The stalwart PSP militia was involved against the government during the 1958 Civil War, took a modest part in the Lebanese National Movement throughout the 1975 Civil War, and fought against Phalangist troops and the Lebanese Army in the 1983 battles in the Shuf Mountains.
	www.rimbaud.freeserve.co.uk /lebanon_pol.htm (5612 words)

	Chronology of the Middle East, 1967 to 1990
		Christian militias also stormed and took control of the Beirut shanty-town of Karantina » sparked Sunni army lieutenant, Ahmed al-Khatib, to lead a break-away faction, alleging army support for Maronite militias » defectors established Lebanese Arab Army.
		After Syria furthered control and a Saudi peacemaking venture, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon and PLO agree ceasefire to be policed by the Arab Deterrent Force (18Oct; the Riyadh Agreement; endorsed by Arab summit conference in Cairo, 25-6Oct) which incorporated Syria troops already in Lebanon.
		PLO promises a cessation of attacks from Lebanon in the face of Lebanese disquiet; Amal leaders, by contrast, urge PLO to join the liberation of the S from Israel, but Iraqi-backed rejectionist groups violently opposed Shi‘a movements.
	middleeastreference.org.uk /Chronology2.html (9128 words)

	Tracy Chamoun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		She is one of two surviving children of Dany Chamoun (1934-1990), the former leader of the National Liberal Party and commander of the Tigers militia, which played a significant role in the Lebanese Civil War of 1975 to 1990, and the granddaughter of former President Camille Chamoun.
		Tracy Chamoun has sought to perpetuate the legacy of her father, who was assassinated together with his second wife and two young sons in 1990, through the Dany Chamoun Foundation.
		In controversial circumstances, Samir Geagea was convicted of ordering the murder in 1994 and served 11 years of a life sentence, prior to his pardon in July 2005.
	www.abitabouteverything.com /files/t/tr/tracy_chamoun.html (493 words)

	1982 Lebanon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Militia formed in 1978 by ex-Lebanese army officer Maj. Saad Haddad from men of the Phalange, NLP and Guardians of the Cedars.
		In all cases the and symbol means and/or; for example Phalange and/or Tigers fought PLO and/or LNM militias in 1975.
		On 13 Aug 1989 a Muslim force of 1,200 men - consisting of the Druze militia, the pro-Syrian Palestinian guerillas and the Syrian Special Forces commandoes - staged a dawn assault on the ridge.
	www.balagan.org.uk /war/arab-israeli/1982.htm (1659 words)

	ZenJustice.com
		The result is the occupation of a 10-15 km border strip, the formal establishment of the proxy Free Lebanon Army (FLA) as the Saad Haddad militia is known.
		South Lebanon: The PLO positions in the South launch artillery and Katyusha salvos at Israeli Settlements in the Galilee (Schiff +Ya’ari, 102).
		The IDF is estimated to have 120.000 troops in Lebanon.
	www.themaz.net /ss/ss_timeline.html (6438 words)

	The Nation, 06/19/1982 - A Portrait of "Free Lebanon" by Friedman, Robert (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		...One captured Tiger, a former Chamounist told me, was blown apart with a stick of dynamite shoved down his throat...
		...The action was directed mainly against former President Camille Chamoun's militia, the Tigers, an undisciplined band often blamed for arbitrarily initiating gun battles with Palestinians and Syrians...
		...Fearing a radical leftist Lebanon on their western flank as much as an Israeli-backed Christian state, the Syrians are satisfied with political paralysis in Lebanon for the moment...
	www.nationarchive.com /Summaries/v234i0024_08.htm (2703 words)

	Guardians of the Cedars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Guardians of the Cedars The Guardians of the Cedars are a right wing political movement and former militia in Lebanon.
		Let us continue the work of destruction of the last bastions of the Palestinians and smash whatever life is left in this poisonous snake." The Guardians of the Cedars started to form a militia in the years leading up to the Lebanese Civil War and commenced military operations in April 1975.
		We have the moral right, reinforced by well-organized public relations plans and political preparations." It was in Sidon, during the Israeli occupation, that The Guardians of the Cedars were widely accused of acting as a death squad and were believed by many to be responsible for the murders and disapppearances of hundreds of Palestinian civilians.
	www.talkaboutreligion.com /group/uk.religion.islam/messages/194252.html (643 words)

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