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Topic: Tigrayan Peoples Liberation Front

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	Tigrayan People's Liberation Front - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF) is a political party in Ethiopia.
		At the last legislative elections, 15 May 2005, the party was the main part of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, that won 327 out of 527 seats.
		TPLF was also the armed force that together with Eritrean People's Liberation Front fought against the authoritarian Marxist regime of Mengistu Haile Mariam.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tigrayan_Peoples'_Liberation_Front (144 words)

	History of Ethiopia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		His successor Alfonso Mendez was a man of much less conciliatory manners, and the feelings of the people became strongly excited against the intruders, till at length, on the death of Emperor Sissinios, and the accession of his son Fasilidos in 1633, the Jesuits were expelled.
		It was officially endorsed by 81% of voters, and in accordance with this new constitution, the country was renamed the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia on September 10, 1987, and Mengistu became president.
		In July 1991, the EPRDF, the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF), and others established the Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE) which was comprised of an 87-member Council of Representatives and guided by a national charter that functioned as a transitional constitution.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Ethiopia (4970 words)

	UNDP-ET: About Ethiopia
		The population of 1.4 million people in 1984 Census is thought to have risen to 2.4 million by 1992.
		The Gurage people (4.3 per cent), mainly living in a region south-west of Addis Ababa, and the Somalis (3.7 per cent), spread over a large area of eastern Ethiopia, are the next most numerous groups.
		The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE) was founded in 1987, with him as its first President, just as the balance in the two civil wars began to tip inexorably against the central Government.
	www.et.undp.org /ethiopia/intro.htm (3657 words)

	The Horn of Turbulence: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Oromo Liberation Front in Ethiopia, and sections of the Sudanese Peoples Liberation Army (SPLA) are fighting for self-determination in the form of independent statehood.
		The second is the national liberation of the oppressed that are fighting for full democratic liberty, self-determination and for new democratic transition in the country.
		TPLF expertise in manipulating relief goods has been put to good use once again and there is little doubt that it will use every available pretext and loophole to further enrich Tigray and its fast expanding business interests.
	www.ifaanet.org /ifaapr/horn_of_turbulence.htm (20890 words)

	► History of Ethiopia: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It is now known that in ancient times the name Ethiopia was used to refer to the nation based in the upper Nile valley south of Egypt, also called Cush (Cush: more facts about this subject), which in the 4th century CE was invaded by the Axum from the highlands close to the Red sea.
		It was officially endorsed by 81% of voters, and in accordance with this new constitution, the country was renamed the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: the peoples democratic republic of ethiopia (pdre) refers to the official name of ethiopia...
		The regime's collapse was hastened by droughts and famine (famine: A severe shortage of food (as through crop failure) resulting in violent hunger and starvation and death), as well as by insurrections, particularly in the northern regions of Tigray and Eritrea.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/history_of_ethiopia (4625 words)

	Brothers at War - Making Sense of the Eritrean-Ethiopian War
		Authors Tekeste Negash and Kjetil Tronvoll look at the historical relations between the countries since the late nineteenth century and the history of border issues from local perspectives.
		They also explore the complicated relations between the Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front and the Tigrayan Peoples Liberation Front, which formed the governments of these countries.
		The clash in May 1998 was followed by four weeks of intense fighting.
	www.ohiou.edu /oupress/brothersatwarrelease.htm (287 words)

	ipedia.com: History of Ethiopia Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In the early part of the 6th century the king of the Himyarites, on the opposite coast of the Red Sea, having persecuted the Christians, the emperor Justinian I requested the king of Auxum, Caleh or El-Esbaha, to avenge their cause.
		His successor Mendez was a man of much less conciliatory manners, and the feelings of the people became strongly excited against the intruders, till at length, on the death of the negus Sysenius, Socinius or Seged I, and the accession of his son Fasilidas in 1633, the Jesuits were expelled.
		Mengistu's years in office were marked by a totalitarian-style government and the country's massive militarization, financed by the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and assisted by Cuba.
	www.ipedia.com /history_of_ethiopia.html (2971 words)

	Pan-African Thoracic Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The people outside the highlands are mainly Muslim.
		This was opposed by Eritrean liberation movements, the earliest of which was the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) formed in 1961, largely among Muslim areas of the country.
		In 1991 under pressure from the EPLF and from the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), a coalition group dominated by the Tigrayan Peoples’ Liberation Front (TPLF) operating elsewhere in Ethiopia, the military government in Ethiopia collapsed.
	www.africanthoracic.org /countries/eritrea.shtml (587 words)

	Tigrayan People's Liberation Front - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Tigrayan People's Liberation Front - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Tigrayan People's Liberation Front is a political party in Ethiopia.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Tigrayan People's Liberation Front contains research on
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Tigrayan_People%27s_Liberation_Front (98 words)

	Ethiopia and the United Nations Organization - Nergussay Ayele - February 2002
		However, whether the people of Ethiopia-Eritrea liked it or not, it was the compromise formula that got the necessary majority vote in Committees and on the floor of the General Assembly, out of dozens of propositions and options.
		Unknown to the people of Ethiopia who paid dearly in life, limbs and wherewithals, the two regimes were negotiating behind the scenes for a face-saving way out of their self-inflicted destructive war.
		The ultimate issue for the peoples of the region, is not slivers of territory like Badme, Zalambessa, and so on here and there along the Tigrayan border, but the future of millions of dismembered Ethiopians and 120,000 square kilometers of Ethiopian land with its coastlines that was expropriated by TPLF and EPLF in 1991.
	www.ethiopians.com /Views/ethiopia_and_the_united_nations.htm (5778 words)

	Marxism message, Teshale Tibebu on the national question in Ethiopia
		Addis Ababa might have ruffled Tigrayan feathers sometimes, but a systematic policy of dismantling the political and cultural foundations of Tigray was never a policy; nor could it have worked had it been attempted.
		The Tigrayans feel that they are the direct descendants of Aksumite civilization, as opposed to the Amhara who have been "bastardized.’ As Harold Levine put it, the Tigrayans are the cultural aristocrats of Ethiopia.
		Although the TPLF has presented its struggle in the new political language of fighting against national oppression, what has been unfolding before our eyes is the resurgence of the power of Tigray one hundred years after the death of Emperor Yohannes IV.
	archives.econ.utah.edu /archives/marxism/1999w52/msg00033.htm (1417 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
		The Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, or EPRDF, is the ruling political party of Ethiopia.
		It is an alliance of four other groups, including the Oromo Peoples' Democratic Organization, the Amhara National Democratic Movement, the South Ethiopian Peoples' Democratic Front and the Tigrayan Peoples' Liberation Front.
		As a result therefore real power and direction of EPRDF continues to be with members of the TPLF core leadership and more specifically with the Prime Minister.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Ethiopian_People's_Revolutionary_Democratic_Front (258 words)

	Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The ruling front claimed to have won 327 of the 527 seats and established a government.
		Before it became the government in 1991, it was a rebel group, battling the military junta known as the Derg.
		The original aim of Tigrean independence was abandoned by the TPLF when it formed the EPRDF in order to depose the Derg regime it had fought since 1974.
	www.tocatch.info /en/EPRDF.htm (346 words)

	a m u l e t s & d r e a m s (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The pragmatic alliance between the EPLF (renamed the People’s Front for Justice and Democracy in February, 1993) and the EPRDF enabled the two groups during the crucial early stage of their ascendancy to power to receive mutual support in establishing one party states.
		In Eritrea, the Christian-dominated EPLF was accused by the Muslim-dominated Eritrean Liberation Front of dominating the government and army structures, and of politically and institutionally marginalising the Muslim population in the country.
		The TPLF/EPRDF regime was forcefully deporting people of Eritrean descent from Ethiopia from the summer of 1998.
	www.sahistory.org.za /pages/saho%20books/amulets/amulets-eritreaTEXT.htm (992 words)

	Magazine Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The military and political core of the northern newcomers, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), was Tigrayan, a small ethnic group, just 7%, of the population, which could not hope to dominate the vast and heterogeneous country.
		People unwilling to join the EPRDF, let alone those known to favour secession, are described as "narrow nationalists".
		People are automatically arrested and detained on suspicion of being Oromo Liberation Front supporters.
	www.oromo.org /osg/magazine.htm (3065 words)

	biology - History of Ethiopia
		The ancient Greeks used the word (Αιθιοπία) to refer to the peoples living immediately to the south of ancient Egypt, specifically the area now known as Nubia; modern usage has transferred this name further south to the land and peoples of the nation with that name, but known until the early 20th century as Abyssinia.
		His successor Alfonso Mendez was a man of much less conciliatory manners, and the feelings of the people became strongly excited against the intruders, till at length, on the death of the negus Sissinios, and the accession of his son Fasilidos in 1633, the Jesuits were expelled.
		In July 1977, sensing the disarray in Ethiopia, Somalia attacked across the Ogaden Desert in pursuit of its irredentist claims to the ethnic Somali areas of Ethiopia.
	www.biologydaily.com /biology/History_of_Ethiopia (3753 words)

	US Behind Invasion of Eritrea
		By relying on classic "peoples war" tactics of strategic withdrawals followed by sudden, concentrated, overwhelming counterattacks when their enemy was overextended and vulnerable, the EPLF destroyed every Ethiopian offensive, culminating, by the end of the decade, in the battle of Afabet which remains one of the most crushing military victories in history.
		Originally, the TPLF had only called for independence for Tigray, but when it became apparent that the Dergue's days were numbered they changed their position, declaring that their goal was to oversee a united Ethiopia, of course under Tigrayan rule.
		In the mean time, the TPLF ethnic minority regime had become increasing isolated in Ethiopia, due mainly to their incompetence and corruption.
	www.antiwar.com /orig/mountain1.html (2376 words)

	news
		One of the ironies of the Ethiopian famine, perhaps other tragic situations of such magnitude, is whilst people perish away in their thousands, some beneficiaries have, wittingly or unwittingly, exploited the situation to amass power and personal fortunes.
		It is also in the public domain that massive aid had been pumped into the TPLF and other fronts' coffers to bolster their firepower.
		While many generous ordinary people keep donating, it has also led to individuals building personal fortunes; some have won accolades from their respective governments, perhaps it is not their fault.
	www.ethiopiafirst.com /news2002/Nov/Breaking_the_vicious_cycle.html (1678 words)

	Polity IV Country Report 2003: Ethiopia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Muslim Omoro, or Galla, peoples reside mainly in the east and south of the central plateau and comprise about 40% of the total population while the Christian Amhara and Tigrayan peoples, residents of the northern central plateau, constitute over 30% of Ethiopia's population (Amhara 25%; Tigrayan 8%).
		The Amhara have long been the dominant ethnic group in Ethiopia, their cultural hegemony was solidified during the Selassie and Mengistu regimes as non-Amharas were actively excluded from positions of political and economic power.
		As a response to the discriminatory policies of these regimes, widespread ethnic unrest by the Tigrayans, Eritreans, Oromos, Afars, and Somalis gradually eroded central authority in Ethiopia and, ultimately, culminated in the overthrow of the Mengistu regime and the subsequent secession of Eritrea from the Ethiopian state.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/polity/Eti1.htm (1273 words)

	British government refuses aid to Ethiopian famine victims (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Zenawi’s comments were echoed in numerous statements from aid agencies, but Short told reporters that UN representatives had been “very irresponsible” in their assessment of the famine crisis in Ethiopia and accused them, along with Zenawi, of exaggerating the scale of the problem in the country.
		She stated, with her characteristic mixture of cynicism, hypocrisy and myopia, that because four million people are dependent on food aid every year in Ethiopia the present figures of those needing assistance expressed nothing particularly unusual.
		The FEWSNET report placed the figure of people needing urgent food assistance through the end of 2002 at between 4.5 million and 6.3 million, rising to a peak of between 10.2 million and 14.3 million by early 2003, depending on rainfall and whether sufficient international aid was forthcoming.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2002/nov2002/ethi-n23.shtml (1233 words)

	COMMENTARY Ethiopia and The U (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In May 1991 the combined forces of guerrilla forces of the secessionist Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front (EPLF) and the Tigrayan Peoples Liberation Front (TPLF) defeated the military forces of the Derg and occupied Asmera and Addis Ababa.
		Unknown to the people of Ethiopia who paid dearly in life, limbs an wherewithal's, the two regimes were negotiating behind the scenes for a face-saving way out of their self-inflicted destructive war.
		And the point is to minimize and eliminate the suffering of the people in Ethiopia-Eritrea by generating an atmosphere that is conducive for enduring amicable relations in the region.
	www.tisjd.net /unmaking.htm (5641 words)

	[No title]
		In Eritrea, an Italian colony from 1889 to 1941, the Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front (EPLF) had fought to secede from Ethiopia since 1962, when Ethiopia forcibly annexed Eritrea.
		Tigray had an increasingly effective insurrection since 1974, led by the Tigrayan Peoples Liberation Front (TPLF), which sought to overthrow the central government.
		Other anti-government groups were active in areas inhabited by Somali and Oromo peoples; an invasion from Somalia in 1977-78 in support of indigenous SOMALI rebels in the Ogaden brought arms and military aid from the Soviet Union and Cuba and strained relations with the United States.
	www.gateway-africa.com /countries/ethiopia.html (598 words)

	Ethiopia
		Military forces conducted an increased number of low-level operations against the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF), the Somalia-based Al'Ittihad terrorist organization, and elements of the Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) both in the country and in southern Somalia and northern Kenya.
		In August in the Somali region, nine people, including five election observers, one opposition candidate, and three other passengers, were killed when the cars they in which they were riding were struck by either rockets or landmines.
		In August in the Somali region, nine people, including five election observers, one opposition candidate, and three other passengers, were killed when the cars they were riding in were struck by either rockets or landmines (see Section 1.a.).
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/af/789.htm (18374 words)

	The Status of Human Rights Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Ethiopia
		A-Bu-Gi-Da, a local word meaning the second stage of alphabet-counting or a beginning in the democracy struggle, was established in June 1991 by Abraham Abebe, a management expert and consultant who was dismissed from a government-owned management centre for his views.
		The Anti-Red Terror Committee was established in 1991 as a non-governmental organisation to represent victims and families of victims of torture and human rights abuse perpetrated by the Red Terror under the rule of ousted dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam.
		The Committee estimates that nearly 54,000 people were killed in Addis Ababa during the period of the Red Terror campaign, and is working to erect a monument or museum to commemorate the victims of the Terror.
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/africa/ethiopia.htm (1973 words)

	MIDDLE EASTERN INTERNATIONAL
		In front of the stone and dirt bunkers, the decomposing bodies of scores of slain Ethiopian solders littered the steep hillside that rose from the river dividing the two countries.
		It was only after Tigrayan authorities moved into previously undisputed villages in the mid-1990s and then issued a map in late 1997 showing them in Tigrayan territory that Eritreans realized they had a serious problem on their hands.
		Should Eritrea succeed in hurting or further humiliating the Tigrayans, which is likely despite the apparent odds, the possibility of desperate measures on their part also begins to loom among them the bombing of cities in EritreaAsmara, the ports of Massawa and Assab and other populated centers.
	www.denden.com /Conflict/newscom/danconnel.html (1968 words)

	International Market Research - ETHIOPIA: 2005 COUNTRY COMMERCIAL GUIDE
		Despite the government’s stated intention to pursue a program of economic reform and liberalization, it is still heavily involved in Ethiopia’s commercial and economic sectors.
		The U.S. has had long and cordial relations with the Ethiopian people, even during periods when official relations between the governments were minimal.
		The Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), a coalition of four parties, dominated by the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF — the guerilla movement that led the fight against the Derg), won decisively and has an overwhelming majority in Parliament.
	strategis.ic.gc.ca /epic/internet/inimr-ri.nsf/en/gr127402e.html (6048 words)

	Fighting intensifies in the Ethiopia-Eritrea conflict
		UN Secretary General Kofi Annan reported that 350,000 people in Eritrea needed "immediate humanitarian assistance." These figures are in addition to the number of people affected by famine in the south of Ethiopia.
		It was involved in a series of civil wars against separatist movements of Eritreans and Tigrayans, as well as the Oromos and Somalis.
		The TPLF, based in the northern part of Ethiopia next to Eritrea, eventually brought together other movements opposing Mengistu and established the present Ethiopian government under Meles Zenawi.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2000/may2000/eth-m25.shtml (1417 words)

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