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Topic: Tillage

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	Tillage
		Tillage is not an important management factor for increasing soybean yield and other management practices such as planting date, row spacing, and cultivar selection are more important.
		Tillage is expensive, time consuming, increases soil erosion, and in many cases is not necessary to maximize soybean yield.
		Tillage is a farming practice that has traditionally been conducted each year prior to soybean planting and is difficult to give up.
	extension.agron.iastate.edu /soybean/production_tillage.html (1276 words)

	Steep III - Pacific Northwest Conservation Tillage Systems Information Source
		Tillage and residue management practices that focus on improving water storage generally are also the most beneficial for minimizing soil erosion.
		Tillage and residue management decisions in the fall after harvest are also important for the next spring crop because they affect water storage and erosion potential overwinter and in the spring.
		Tillage and residue management practices in variable cropland should focus on the goal of maintaining adequate surface residue where needed, beginning after harvest at the start of the fallow year.
	pnwsteep.wsu.edu /tillagehandbook/chapter3/031892.htm (4910 words)

	Water Quality: The Tillage Component
		Tillage management is an important factor to be considered when attempting to reduce soil erosion and sedimentation.
		Tillage depth is usually one-quarter of the disk diameter (6), the larger the disk, the more residue that is buried.
		Conservation tillage is defined as any tillage and planting system that maintains at least 30 percent of the soil surface covered by residue after planting, or a system that maintains at least 1,000 pounds of small grain residue on the soil surface during the critical wind erosion period (6).
	www.ag.ndsu.edu /pubs/h2oqual/watnut/ae1072w.htm (3508 words)

	Cotton in Georgia -- Conservation Tillage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Conservation tillage practices are employed on 10 to 15 percent of the Georgia cotton acreage.
		Success in conservation tillage requires a commitment to "make it work." Not surprisingly, there are pockets in the state of devotion to this methodology and adoption of the technology seems to grow more rapidly in these areas.
		Reduced tillage generally improves soil moisture, although the presence of covers may deplete soil moisture in a dry spring or conversely, retain excessive surface moisture in a wet spring.
	www.griffin.peachnet.edu /caes/cotton/97/conservation_tillage.html (2206 words)

	Publication: Choosing the Right Tillage System for Row Crop Production
		Water infiltration is generally increased immediately after tillage, but tillage tends to break down soil structure by reducing soil aggregation and pore openings, eventually reducing the rate of water movement into the soil.
		Ridge tillage is compatible with furrow irrigation but may result in faster water infiltration, requiring more time for water to advance in the furrow as compared to conventional tillage.
		Winter survival of corn borers in crop residue is reduced by fall tillage, but because emerging moths often fly and lay their eggs in other fields, tillage of a single field is not a solution.
	www.ianrpubs.unl.edu /epublic/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=114 (1975 words)

	Tillage Best Management Practices for Water Quality Protection in Southeastern Minnesota (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Continuous corn yield as affected by tillage and injected manure vs. fertilizer N on a Timula silt loam in Goodhue County.
		Corn yield was affected significantly by tillage in only one year (1989) when yields for the chisel plow and spring disk tillage system were about 13 bu/A greater than for the ridge-till and no-till systems.
		Corn and soybean yields as influenced by tillage on a Port Byron silt loam in Goodhue County.
	www.extension.umn.edu /distribution/cropsystems/components/7694c05.html (2252 words)

	Agriculture, Fisheries and Aquaculture - Conservation Tillage
		Conventional tillage is a full tillage program combining primary and secondary tillage operations performed in preparing a seedbed for a given crop and area.
		Primary tillage is performed in the fall (or spring) with a mouldboard plow followed in the spring by secondary tillage (disking (twice) or disking and the use of a vibrashank or soil finisher or rotovator or spring tooth and spike tooth harrows).
		Conservation tillage is any tillage system that reduces the number of passes over the field for land preparation and increases the surface residues to protect soil and water loss.
	www.gnb.ca /0173/30/0173300002-e.asp (1206 words)

	Corn: Tillage Systems
		Conventional tillage for corn in Ontario consists of fall moldboard plowing followed in spring by secondary tillage, usually with the field cultivator or tandem disc.
		Tillage System Effects on Grain Corn Yield Following Soybeans, illustrates that even on finely textured soils, spring tillage alone (using a field cultivator for 2 passes) was generally sufficient when corn followed soybeans in the rotation.
		Strip Tillage for Corn After Winter Wheat, indicates that on fine textured soils, strip tillage in the fall generally produced yields that were better than no-till, but only at Wyoming did they equal yields obtained with the conventional moldboard system.
	www.omafra.gov.on.ca /english/crops/pub811/3till.htm (2186 words)

	Conservation Tillage
		In conservation tillage, crops are grown with minimal cultivation of the soil.
		When the amount of tillage is reduced, the stubble or plant residues are not completely incorporated, and most or all remain on top of the soil rather than being plowed or disk ed into the soil.
		Where soils are compacted but subject to erosion, strip tillage is a good compromise because crops can be planted efficiently and grow well in the loosened soil of the tilled strips while the untilled portions of the field conserve soil and water and control weeds.
	www.ncsu.edu /sustainable/tillage/tillage.html (1250 words)

	Management Practices - Tillage
		Tillage affects sclerotia placement and density, apothecia development, and soybean stand.
		A possible explanation for the effects of tillage is the activity of parasitic fungi and bacteria.
		The concentration of viable sclerotia on the soil surface suggests that white mold incidence should be greatest in no-till fields.
	www.soybeans.umn.edu /crop/diseases/whitemold/wm_mgmnt_tillage.htm (612 words)

	Tillage practices that reduce soil erosion
		However, the amount of surface residues conserved varies greatly with the frequency of tillage, the type of equipment used, the way in which equipment is used and soil and climatic factor.
		After 4 tillage operations during the summerfallow period, 50 to 70% of the original residues can be conserved with the wide blade.
		Some of the residues buried by primary tillage may be brought to the surface by the rod weeder.
	www.agr.gc.ca /pfra/soil/tillage_e.htm (1248 words)

	Steep III - Pacific Northwest Conservation Tillage Systems Information Source
		This is why the researchers have focused their efforts on developing minimum tillage equipment for seeding winter wheat, primarily after low residue crops such as peas and lentils.
		Through comparative field studies, the researchers have found that by combining the tillage, fertilizer injection and seeding operations into a one-pass, minimum tillage implement, field time was reduced by 18 to 47 percent and diesel fuel consumption by 50 to 70 percent.
		The three conservation tillage systems reduced soil loss from about 26 to 56 percent of the loss under conventional tillage (Table 2), Soil losses from the different treatments were also quite variable between sites and years.
	pnwsteep.wsu.edu /tillagehandbook/chapter2/021188.htm (1711 words)

	Reduced Tillage LINKAGES - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Minimum till systems had one tillage pass and the remainder of the weed control was by herbicides.
		The tillage plots were split into two during the crop phase with half seeded to wheat and half seeded to barley.
		The substitution of herbicides for mechanical tillage provided some resource savings for the reduced tillage systems, but these savings were more that off-set by higher herbicide costs.
	www.reducedtillage.ca /tidbitseconomics1.html (645 words)

	LATIN AMERICAN NETWORK OF CONSERVATION TILLAGE (RELACO)
		Investigations on conservation tillage initiated in 1989, localized in different edapho-climatic zones of the department, have demonstrated that leaving adequate crop stubble on the soil surface is the foundation stone for the successful development of direct sowing.
		The project objectives were: promotion of conservation tillage with "no burning of residues" in the maize-sorghum system; increase and maintenance of grain and residue production in the maize-sorghum system; improvements in the living standards of small farmers in the project area, and a gradual diminishing of degradation of the natural resources (water, soil and forest).
		The application of conventional tillage systems, the absence of practices such as cover to protect the soil from erosive rain and concentrated overland flow, and the preponderance of monocropping systems (maize-maize), are some of the reasons for soil losses in hilly and steeply sloping areas.
	www.fao.org /ag/ags/agse/6to/relaco/relaco.htm (5352 words)

	Fall Strip Tillage Systems: An Introduction, AEX-507-00
		Strip tillage is usually performed in the fall following soybeans or wheat to prepare the ground for corn planting.
		The tillage shank, often with a mole knife, is narrow with a small wing near the bottom to enhance soil loosening and deep fertilizer placement with minimal topsoil disturbance.
		Strip tillage is not recommended for continuous corn because of the large volume of residue.
	ohioline.osu.edu /aex-fact/0507.html (751 words)

	Economics of zero tillage
		The major contributor to this trend in soil organic matter loss is the tilling of soil with disc, plow and cultivator in preparing the land for seeding.
		Zero tillage seeding is one method being adopted by producers to achieve this goal.
		By definition, zero tillage seeding is a one pass operation which places seed and fertilizer into an undisturbed seedbed, packs the furrow and retains adequate surface residues to prevent soil erosion.
	www.agr.gc.ca /pfra/soil/swork1.htm (1484 words)

	Tillage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tillage can also mean the land that is tilled.
		Primary tillage loosens the soil and mixes in fertilizer and/or plant material, resulting in soil with a rough texture.
		It can be done by a using various combinations of equipment: plough, disk plough, harrow, dibble, hoe, rotary tillers, subsoiler, ridge or bed forming tillers, roller.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tillage (336 words)

	Conservation Tillage Study
		Reduced tillage practices in soybeans saved 247 million tons of irreplaceable topsoil in 2000, and reduced the number of times a farmer had to run equipment over the field, saving 234 million gallons of fuel.
		For its Conservation Tillage Study, ASA hired Doane Marketing Research, Inc., a local firm that is nationally recognized for their expertise in conducting agricultural studies involving farmers.
		While the study shows that ASA members were earlier adopters of conservation tillage practices, by 2001, the tillage practices of non-members were similar to that of ASA members.
	www.soygrowers.com /ctstudy/Default.htm (743 words)

	Tillage Summary
		It is often a form of non-inversion tillage that retains significant amounts of plant residues on the surface.
		A number of implements for primary tillage are used to retain all or a part of the residues from the previous crop on the soil surface.
		Most tillage systems that employ the moldboard plow are not considered conservation tillage because the moldboard plow leaves only a small amount of residue on the soil surface (0–10%).
	www.bookrags.com /Tillage (776 words)

	Tillage
		Farmers pursuing sustainability in their operations have also shown interest in reduced tillage, but their priorities may be somewhat different than those of their “conventional” neighbors.
		Ridge tillage, properly oriented to slopes, achieves essentially the same erosion control as no-till, but, unlike no-till, ridge tillage requires row cultivation.
		Nevertheless, ridge tillage consistently ranks at or near the top of all tillage systems in Successful Farming Magazine’s annual MAX survey of profitability and conservation.
	www.pfi.iastate.edu /ofr/RT_tillage.htm (311 words)

	Tillage in 2001: Consider the options \| Integrated Crop Management
		How you manage residue and tillage during and immediately after this year's harvest can influence the effectiveness of next year's tillage operations a great deal, especially if you plan to move to a conservation tillage system such as ridge-till, strip-till, or no-till.
		Each tillage practice has distinct advantages and disadvantages, requires specific equipment investments, and requires that you learn how to successfully implement the practice in your operation.
		In this article, we discuss the merits of one of these tillage practices that has been widely used--ridge-tillage--and present some of the facts you need to consider as a producer to implement this tillage practice.
	www.ipm.iastate.edu /ipm/icm/2000/8-7-2000/tillage2001.html (1037 words)

	G355 No-Tillage and Conservation Tillage: Economic Considerations, MU Extension
		Conservation tillage eliminates moldboard plowing and uses less erosive methods, including chisel plowing or disking, to prepare the soil for planting.
		No-tillage, the strictest form of conservation tillage, uses no tillage of the soil except for minimal disturbance of the soil surface in the row during planting and, in some cases, during injection of fertilizers.
		Often the resale value of used tillage implements is sufficiently small that farmers prefer to keep the implement on the farm for emergency use and odd jobs.
	muextension.missouri.edu /xplor/agguides/agecon/g00355.htm (2901 words)

	Tillage - Effects of Tillage on Plants and Soils
		Tillage systems affect soil properties such as temperature, moisture, bulk density, aggregation, organic matter content, and plant properties such as root density.
		The differences in bulk density between conservation tillage systems and other tillage systems usually disappears at the end of the growing season, because tilled soils become more dense throughout the season from compaction by rainfall.
		Roots of plants growing in conservation tillage systems are more concentrated at shallower depths than plant roots grown in other tillage systems.
	www.agcentral.com /imcdemo/16Tillage/16-02.htm (704 words)

	ATTRA Organic Matters Series - Pursuing Conservation Tillage
		Bare soil, whether left exposed by tillage or by herbicide, means potential for wind and water erosion, nutrient leaching, reduced biological diversity, loss of organic matter, and further challenges to the sustainability of farming.
		Chisel plowing is a form of mulch tillage, in which residues are mixed in the upper layers of the soil; a significant percentage remains on the soil surface to reduce erosion.
		Mulch tillage has already been described as a tillage system in which a significant portion of crop residue is left on the soil surface to reduce erosion.
	attra.ncat.org /attra-pub/organicmatters/conservationtillage.html (10445 words)

	Reasons for tillage
		This cycle makes the soil "addicted to tillage," and is probably a major reason why a temporary yield depression is sometimes observed in the first years after switching from a conventional tillage system to a no-till system.
		Any tillage practice that leaves substantial amounts of residue at the surface and disturbs the soil minimally can be expected to result in infiltration rates intermediate to those of a permanent notill soil and an intensively tilled soil without crop residue cover.
		Table 1.1-4 is a guide to using tillage tools for a desired amount of residue, as detailed in Box 1.1-5.
	agguide.agronomy.psu.edu /cm/sec1/sec11f.cfm (1726 words)

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