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Topic: Timber and Stone Act

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	10.1 RESOURCE CONSERVATION
		Homestead Act, 1862: Any person who was single, or head of household (including single, divorced, widowed women) could claim title to 160 acres if they lived on it for five years and improved it.
		Timber Culture Act, 1873: 160 acres given to any settler who would plant trees on 40 acres (1/4 of the land); later 10 acres.
		Timber and Stone Act, 1878: 160 acres of land valuable for timber and stone could be purchased from the federal government.
	www.cnr.berkeley.edu /departments/espm/env-hist/espm160/outlines/10.1.htm (749 words)

	Challenge of the Big Trees (Chapter 3)
		The Timber and Stone Act of 1878 had been designed to encourage private ownership of timber lands, and together with the ongoing survey efforts of the government in the early 1880s, a timber land rush of sorts developed.
		Another act decreed that section 36 in each township should be transferred to the state to raise money for schools.
		Though the Timber and Stone Act was designed to give individuals ownership of 160-acre timber tracts, in reality it often served to put large blocks of forest land into corporate ownership.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/dilsaver-tweed/chap3i.htm (1220 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
		In 1892, however, that act was amended by striking out the designation of particular states, thus causing the act to apply to 'surveyed public lands of the United States within the public-land states.' 27 Stat.
		Coming to consider the construction given by the court to the timber and stone act as applied to the allegations of the indictment, as interpreted by the court, the correctness of the construction given by the court below to the statute is established beyond controversy by the decision in Williamson v.
		Church, and after reviewing the timber and stone act, and calling attention to the entire omission of all requirement that statement as to the purpose and intention of the entryman should be made at the date of the final step in the acquisition of the land, said (p.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=211&page=507 (1623 words)

	Chapter 4
		Of timbered homestead claims on this eliminated area, held by 100 settlers, the total area under actual cultivation is only 570 acres, an average of but 5.7 acres to each claim.
		This formidable process of concentration, in timber and in land, certainly involves grave future possibilities of impregnable monopolistic conditions, whose far-reaching consequences to society it is now difficult to anticipate fully, or to overestimate.
		On the other hand, the Weyerhaeuser Timber Company holding does not embrace the interest of the Weyerhaeuser family or their associates in other extensive timber holdings not known to be so controlled that they will be managed as a unit with the holding of the Weyerhaeuser Timber Company itself.
	www.workerseducation.org /crutch/pamphlets/lumber/ch004.html (3932 words)

	ARROW - Apalachicola Region Resources On the Web - History of the Region
		The Act granted adult heads of families 160 acres of surveyed public land if they improved and lived on the land for five continuous years.
		Despite the fact that loggers and sawmill workers in north Florida worked long hours with low pay, little opportunity for advancement and a high risk of serious injury, labor walkouts and strikes were not common and the ones that did occur were unorganized and uncoordinated.
		Timber speculators from the north came by the trainload to make their purchases.
	www.fnai.org /ARROW/almanac/history/history_forestry.cfm (1717 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page : T/TI/TIM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Timber circles in the British Isles Timber circles in the British Isles date to the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age.
		Timber framing is the modern term for the traditional half-timbered construction in which timber provides a visible skeletal frame that supports the whole building.
		The timber hitch is a knot used to attach a single length of rope to a piece of wood.
	www.wikien.info /browse.php?title=T/TI/TIM (9596 words)

	Free Homesteads
		In 1909, the Enlarged Homestead Act increased the acreage to 320 in the nine western states and specified that the land must be non-mineral and non- irrigable and contain no merchantable timber.
		In 1892 the Timber and Stone Act was extended to all public land states.
		The Timber and Stone Act of 1878 is significant in that it recognized another beneficial use of federal land in addition to military needs, cropland settlement, and mineral development.
	classweb.gmu.edu /erodger1/prls542/one/dispos7.htm (1064 words)

	American Farm Policy: (a) Helps (b) Hurts The American Farm
		Under the act, the secretary of agriculture was instructed to maintain the "purchasing power" of farmers at the level that had existed between August 1910, and July 1914, that era of good times.
		Preemption laws still in force and future acts, like the Desert Land Act and the Timber and Stone Act were used by speculators and timber and mining interests to thwart the goals of the Homestead Act.
		The Carter administration, proud of the act, says the act is largely responsible for increased farm income, which is expected in 1978 to exceed $25 billion.
	www.aliciapatterson.org /APF0104/Serrin/Serrin.html (2403 words)

	tr97n2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The timber industry and its allies are fighting the measure, saying that construction of the roads has dropped significantly to 463 miles in 1996, at a cost of $74.3 million, from 1,311 miles in 1991, at a cost of $140.9 million.
		The act was born of a mood that began to develop in 1864, when George Perkins Marsh wrote in his book "Of Man and Nature" that too much logging in his native Vermont had damaged the landscape and hurt fish and wildlife.
		Another source of loss is the act of 1878 which vaguely allows certain persons to "fell and remove timber on the public domain for mining and domestic purposes," and which has been greatly abused.
	www.landscouncil.org /transitions/tr97n2 (11573 words)

	ENTERPRISE MILL HISTORIC SITE
		The lack of gold mining activity in central Tulare County may have delayed the utilization of the timber resource for a few years but demand for lumber was still high for housing and construction needs of the early settlers.
		The Timber and Stone Act provided that any citizen acting on their own behalf could obtain 160 acres of public domain at a price of $2.50 per acre if they would occupy and settle the land (Clar 1959:59).
		Norway indicated that "the land was mountainous, the soil second and third rate, timber of pine, fir, cedar, oak and redwood, dense undergrowth of same, chaparral and chinquapin." He also noted two redwood line trees between Section 25 and Section 36.
	www.indiana.edu /~e472/cdf/histarch/mill (4927 words)

	[No title]
		After the Civil War began, the Homestead Act of 1862 was passed, granted citizens the right to own up to 160 acres at $1.25 or $2.50, depending on its quality, on the condition of cultivating it.
		The timber land and water rights were also a vast store of value that became vulnerable to being transferred to a few hands under the General Mining Law of 1872 and the Timber and Stone Act of 1878.
		The Radio Act of 1927 established the Federal Radio Commission, followed by the Communications Act of 1934 and the establishment of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ("The FCC," 1997), which regulates the non-federal electro-magnetic spectrum.
	www.foldvary.net /works/seeking.html (7802 words)

	timber
		The restrictions on timber harvest contracts imposed by the 1889 Act were supplemented by general contracting restrictions passed in 1871 and 1872, which applied to many contracts with Indian tribes or Indians.
		The action of Congress in authorizing the sale of the timber, and the contracts prescribed under its authority by departmental regulations and approved by the Secretary, are to be viewed as the means chosen for the exercise of the power of the government to protect the rights and beneficial ownership of the Indians.
		Also, the 1910 Act applied to "any Indian reservation" and thus skipped over the thorny problem of distinguishing tribal rights to executive order reservations from those in reservations created by treaty or statute, while retaining the general requirement that the forest land at issue must be a "reservation" for the benefit of Indians.
	www.msaj.com /papers/timber.htm (10963 words)

	Crater Lake NP: Historic Resource Study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The problem was aggravated in 1892 when the Timber and Stone Act was extended to public land in all states, resulting in a loss from the public forest domain of more than 13,500,000 acres of the most valuable timber property in the United States.
		Congress then proceeded to repeal the Timber Culture Act of 1873, which had encouraged the staking out of larger holdings by prospective homesteaders, and to approve the Forest Reserve Act empowering the president of the United States, when he saw fit, to set apart as public reservations forested public lands in any state or territory.
		All our precious mountains, with their stores of timber and grass, silver and gold, fertile valleys and streams--all the natural resources of our great growing States are set aside from use, smothered up in mere pleasure-grounds for wild beasts and a set of sick, rich, dawdling sentimentalists.
	www.nps.gov /crla/hrs/hrs6c.htm (2028 words)

	Twice-Stolen Land Land Reform
		Much of the land that was obtained under the Homestead Act was seized by speculators via fraud, such as with false statements or by putting cabins on wheels.
		War Veterans during the 1800s were paid in part with warrants for land, and most of these were sold to land speculators for 25 cents per acre, and the speculators then resold the land to pioneer settlers for $2 per acre.
		The Timber and Stone Act of 1878 and the General Mining Law of 1872 were more giveaways of valuable natural resources, which continue to this day.
	www.progress.org /fold12.htm (981 words)

	Regional Environmental Planning and the Land Exchange Process - 1999 APA Proceedings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Disposal methods included the 1863 Homestead Act, the 1878 Timber and Stone Act, railroad grants, such as the Northern Pacific Railroad Land Grants of 1864 and 1870, and statehood land grants.
		This was the case, for example, with the 1994 California Desert Protection Act, which directed the BLM to acquire 300,000 acres of "school" lands owned by the State Lands Commission of California.
		Recent increases in mergers and acquisitions, especially in the timber, railroad, utility, and real estate development industries, have left many companies with a widely dispersed land base that must be evaluated for maximum financial benefit within their new management direction.
	www.asu.edu /caed/proceedings99/DADSWELL/DADSWELL.HTM (5061 words)

	Committee on Resources-Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Act was written to enable the USFS to improve management and solve problems for small landowners within the National Forest System boundaries.
		Under the Act the term interchange means an exchange where lands or interests in lands are traded for an approximately equal value without a formal appraisal.
		However, they do not fit the specific criteria of the Act and they will not be processed by the forest under the General Exchange Act due to their small size and the complexity of the land exchange process.
	resourcescommittee.house.gov /archives/109/testimony/2005/kennethwerner.htm (961 words)

	Hit List 1
		Force Acts of 1870 and 1871 -- made acts by individuals against the civil and political rights of others a federal offense, and 2- election supervisors and martial law -- suspension of Habeous Corpus to combat KKK killings and activities.
		Timber and Stone Act -- 1878 allowed citizens to buy timber land inexpensively in which lumber companies took advantage ($2.50/acre).
		Dawes Act of 1887 -- dissolved tribal lands and grants land allotments to individual families and awarded citizenship (after a 25 yr.
	members.tripod.com /~bryantte/History/hit_list_1.html (1699 words)

	The independent bookstore on the web! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Timber Culture Act of 1873 granted 160 acres to any person who would cultivate timber on 40 acres of the land.
		The Timber and Stone Act of 1878 allowed land to be sold at discount to promote homesteading.
		As of 1901, approximately “one-half of the timber in the United States had been cut, an incalculable amount of precious topsoil had been washed into seas.”6 Thousands of animals were slaughtered for sport and business.
	www.buybooksontheweb.com /peek.asp?ISBN=0-7414-1611-5 (818 words)

	Mail Tribune - Editorials
		It is an argument as old as the Oregon Donation Land Claim Act, the Homestead Act, the Swamplands Act and the Timber and Stone Act.
		It is an argument as old as the building of the transcontinental railroad when private railroad companies were given public land to underwrite the cost of construction, along with alternate sections of public lands to sell to settlers who would use the railroads.
		It is an argument as old as the 1902 Reclamation Act or the 1927 revestiture of railroad land in Oregon, returning them to public ownership because the railroads were not disposing of it according to law.
	www.mailtribune.com /archive/2001/january/012801n8.htm (2033 words)

	The Big Lie: Federal ownership of public lands - From the Idaho Observer
		Timber and minerals were the main items of industrial interest.
		The Timber and Stone Act of 1878 permitted individuals to buy up to 160 acres of timber or stone at $2.50 an acre provided the land was solely for their own use and they had made no prior agreement to convey the title to another person.
		The timber resources of the country were being cut at a rate that alarmed many people.
	www.sierratimes.com /archive/files/aug/31/arid083101.htm (4549 words)

	Wilderness.net- Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Act
		Nothing in this Act shall prohibit the use of aircraft, motorboats, snowmobiles, or other mechanized uses in emergencies, or for the administration of the wilderness area by Federal, State, and local governmental officials or their deputies, only where the Secretary finds that such use is essential.
		Nothing in this Act of the Wilderness Act shall be construed to prohibit the maintenance of the Prairie Portage Dam (on the international boundary chain between Birch and Basswood Lakes), and the Secretary is authorized to perform such maintenance work as may be required to keep that dam functional at its present height and width.
		Nothing in this Act shall be construed as affecting the jurisdiction or responsibilities of the State with respect to fish and wildlife in the wilderness and the mining protection area.
	www.wilderness.net /nwps/legis/bwcaw_legis.cfm (3721 words)

	SYRCL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Politicians who wrote the Homestead Act, the Swamplands Act, the Timber and Stone Act, and the Transcontinental Railroad Act imagined the West to be much like the East or the South.
		The Old West is rugged individuals manfully scratching a living from the dry, hostile land, the fertile forests, and the fruited plains.
		The New West is a legacy of conquest that began in Europe, sailed to America's East Coast and, propelled by Manifest Destiny, slashed like a scythe across the continent.
	www.syrcl.org /sierra-citizen/sc-view_article.asp?id=60 (682 words)

	The BLM: The Agency and its History
		With the exception of the Mining Law of 1872 and the Desert Land Act (which was amended), all have since been repealed or superseded by other statutes.
		The Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 allowed leasing, exploration, and production of selected commodities such as coal, oil, gas and sodium to take place on public lands.
		In 1946, the Grazing Service was merged with the General Land Office to form the Bureau of Land Management within the Department of the Interior.
	www.access.gpo.gov /blm/pls96/history.html (706 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		It was busy enacting - in addition to the Swamp Lands Act and Desert Land Act - such giveaways as the General Mining Law of 1872 and the Timber and Stone Act of 1878.
		Congress was not entirely blind to what was happening, and it did strike some blows for agrarian democracy, but these were to a considerable extent diluted or subverted by subsequent legislation and administrative betrayals.
		Under pressure from landless frontiersmen, Congress passed the Preemption Act of 1841, allowing families to settle on 160 acres of unsurveyed public land, with first right to purchase when the land was ultimately placed on sale.
	www.progress.org /barnes5.htm (632 words)

	California's Redwood Coast
		Falk left Ohio and arrived in San Francisco in 1854, but unlike the gold miners, he was lured to the “redwood gold” of the North Coast, where he worked 30 years in the lumber mills.
		Some of the timber used to build the mill was salvaged.
		The train was used not only to haul lumber for the mill, but it was the primary means of transportation for families to take shopping excursions, to send children to school, and for the residents to go into town to socialize.
	www.redwoodvisitor.org /showrecord.asp?id=1719 (1066 words)

	A Brief History of the American Forest Congresses
		Fernow was disappointed that few if any timber owners were in attendance, but he thought it very valuable to have met the responsible leaders who had succeeded in providing a promising and healthy start for this new "seedling"....
		Among them was a plea to all state authorities for the enactment and enforcement of laws for the protection of forests from fire and for reducing the burden of taxation on lands held for forest reproduction.
		The Lieu Land laws and Timber and Stone Act were repealed and many western states were passing fire laws.
	www.cis.yale.edu /forest_congress/history.html (4136 words)

	Idaho, Timeline of State History - SHG Resources
		President Lincoln signed the act establishing the territory on March 4.
		National Desert Land Act passed by Congress for reclaiming land by irrigation.
		Timber and Stone Act passes Congress, paving way for commercial timber industry in Idaho.
	www.shgresources.com /id/timeline (5001 words)

	BLM Info: Stategic Plan
		The BLM is responsible for the management and use of a wide variety of resources on these lands, including energy and minerals, timber, forage, wild horse and burro populations, fish and wildlife habitat, recreation sites, wilderness areas, and archaeological and historical sites.
		These laws included military bounties; grants for the construction of wagon roads, canals, and railroads; the Homesteading laws; the Mining Law of 1872; the Desert Lands Act of 1877; and the Timber and Stone Act of 1878.
		The Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 provided for retention of mineral-bearing lands as well as the leasing, exploration, and production of selected commodities such as coal, oil, gas, and sodium.
	www.blm.gov /nhp/info/stratplan/03blm.html (663 words)

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