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	History of Timbuktu, Mali
		Timbuktu is located in the western African nation of Mali at the edge of the sahara.
		Timbuktu is also the cross-road where "the camel met the canoe." It is to this privilege position that the city owes much of its historical dynamism.
		Timbuktu remained under the protection of the descendants of Mansa Musa until 1434 when the Tuareg under the leadership of Akil Akamalwal invaded and captured the city.
	www.timbuktufoundation.org /history.html (1747 words)

	Digital History
		Timbuktu was founded in 1080 and within 300 years had become one of the era's most important trading points.
		Timbuktu was an influential Islamic intellectual centre, a cosmopolitan multicultural city of commerce and learning and the second-largest imperial court in the world.
		Timbuktu was once a center of religion, culture, and learning, as well as a commercial crossroads on the trans-Saharan caravan route.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /learning_history/1492/1492_timbuktu.cfm (533 words)

	Timbuktu
		Timbuktu was a centre for the expansion of Islam, an intellectual and spiritual capital at the end of the Mandingo Askia dynasty (1493-1591) and home to a prestigious Koranic university.
		In 1468 Timbuktu was conquered by Sonni 'Ali, the Songhai ruler.
		During the Askia period (1493-1591) Timbuktu was at the height of its commercial and intellectual development.
	www.thesalmons.org /lynn/wh-timbuktu.html (523 words)

	Timbuktu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Timbuktu, Timbuctu or Timbuctoo (Koyra Chiini: Tumbutu, French: Tombouctou) is a city populated by the Songhay, Tuareg, Fulani, and Moorish people in the West African country of Mali.
		Timbuktu was established by the nomadic Tuareg perhaps as early as the 10th century.
		Today, Timbuktu is an impoverished town, although its reputation makes it a tourist attraction to the point where it even has an international airport, in spite of the fact that a recent poll showed that 34% of young British did not believe the town existed, while the other 66% considered it "a mythical place".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Timbuktu (2040 words)

	History Channel - UNESCO
		Timbuktu was founded around 1100 C.E. as a camp for its proximity to the Niger River.
		By 1330, Timbuktu was part of the powerful Mali Empire, which controlled the lucrative gold-salt trade routes in the region.
		Timbuktu's golden age ended in the late sixteenth century, when a Moroccan army destroyed the Songhay Empire.
	www.history.com /classroom/unesco/timbuktu.html (487 words)

	Mr. Dowling's Timbuktu Page
		Timbuktu was at the end of the camel caravan route that linked sub-Saharan Africa to North Africa and Arabia.
		Timbuktu began as a trading city, but in time the developed into the intellectual and spiritual center of West Africa.
		Timbuktu began to decline in influence when the Portuguese showed that it was easier to sail around the coast of Africa than travel through the desert.
	www.mrdowling.com /609-timbuktu.html (203 words)

	Islamic Manuscripts from Mali - Traditional Landscape of Timbuktu - (Global Gateway from the Library of Congress)
		Timbuktu, an important center for culture and commerce, is a city whose monuments and architecture reflect its physical environment.
		Timbuktu is situated on the edge of the ever increasing Sahara Desert as well as on the Niger River, whose waters provide for the greenery that breaks up the uniform tan color of the buildings.
		These high walls are not load-bearing; their monumental nature is a clear indication of the wealth of Timbuktu during its heyday, as well as the size of its population at that time.
	international.loc.gov /intldl/malihtml/history.html (448 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Africa \| Timbuktu - city of legends
		The fabled city of Timbuktu is not a myth - it does indeed exist - in northern Mali, on the edge of the Sahara desert.
		But Timbuktu was also a great Islamic centre and non-Muslims - such as the explorers - were banned, adding greatly to the mystique which quickly grew up around the city - and which still exists to this day.
		Timbuktu philosopher and historian, Ismael Diadie Haidara, points out that Timbuktu, which was inhabited by Muslims, Christians and Jews for hundreds of years, has always been a centre of religious and racial tolerance.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/africa/1911321.stm (1070 words)

	Timbuktu
		Timbuktu is a city that is more often than not, so shrouded in mystery and fantasy that it seems just a passing creation of an overactive imagination.
		Timbuktu was originally established by Tuareg nomads as a seasonal camp 10 km north of the northernmost loop of the Niger River (c.1100 A.D.).
		At its height, Timbuktu laid on the crossroads of three major trade routes between West Africa and Tripoli, Alexandria, and Cairo to the northeast.
	www.angelfire.com /ga/timbuktu13 (494 words)

	Images and Sites of Mali: Timbuktu
		For many, Timbuktu is simply used as an expression when trying to describe the most remote, distant part of the world.
		Timbuktu’s wealth and importance declined nearly 400 years ago as alternate routes were found.
		Having lost its source of income and wealth, Timbuktu slowly eroded into the quiet, sandy city seen today, merely a lost city to the rest of the world.
	homepage.mac.com /melissaenderle/mali/pages/timbuktu.html (259 words)

	Timbuktu Pro Windows & Macintosh - SDS
		Timbuktu is available to Students, Faculty, Staff and Departments at UT Austin and UT System Schools.
		Timbuktu Pro requires the same minimum hardware that is required by your Mac OS.
		Timbuktu is a paid license; however, in order to access maintenance support and purchase upgrades, you must renew in the program each Fiscal Year (September 1 through August 31 of the following year).
	www.utexas.edu /its/sds/products/timbuktu.html (637 words)

	Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly . NEWS FEATURE . Timbuktu . October 3, 2003 \| PBS
		Long ago, it seems, Timbuktu was a place of high Islamic scholarship, and it still has a million manuscripts to prove it.
		ALI OULD SIDI: Timbuktu was really a melting pot where we had Jewish, we had people from North Africa, people from sub-Saharan Africa, and all of them were living in peace here in Timbuktu.
		Timbuktu's mayor says the best way to reduce poverty is to attract more tourists -- sightseers and scholars -- who could both highlight and preserve the historical treasure.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/religionandethics/week705/cover.html (944 words)

	History Channel
		Although the Tuaregs founded Timbuktu, it was merchants who set up markets and built fixed dwellings in the town to establish the site as a meeting place for people travelling by camel.
		As the town became increasingly important to the gold and salt trades, it was captured from the Tuaregs and brought under the reign of the Mali Empire, the second great West African kingdom, and the first great Muslim kingdom, in the Sudan.
		Timbuktu, which began as a modest Tuareg trading post, eventually developed into a major trading center that connected North Africa with West Africa.
	www.history.com /classroom/unesco/timbuktu/history.html (445 words)

	TIMBUKTU - Discover the Ancient Manuscripts of Timbuktu, Mali - Legacy of Scholars like Ahmed Baba, Muhammad Bagayogo ...
		Around the 12th century, the University of Timbuktu had an attendance of 25, 000 students in a city which had a population of 100, 000 people...
		In the early 1980's the University of Timbuktu buildings were classified by UNESCO as ancient and historical mud made architectural monuments...
		Timbuktu Educational Foundation, Inc. (TEF) is a non-profit, non-political, educational institution founded for the purpose of preserving, restoring and disseminating the important intellectual contributions of the early African scholars from the famous Timbuktu Universities of Mali, West Africa...
	www.timbuktufoundation.org (595 words)

	Timbuktu travel guide - Wikitravel
		Timbuktu (also Tombouctou or Timbuctu) is a Tuareg city on the Niger River in the West African country of Mali.
		Today, Timbuktu is an impoverished town, although its reputation makes it a tourist attraction, and it has an airport.
		Things to see in Timbuktu are certainly the Mosques (closed at hours of prayer, but otherwise open to Tourists) and the desert.
	wikitravel.org /en/Timbuktu (693 words)

	Amazon.com: Timbuktu: A Novel: Books: Paul Auster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the context of Auster's diverse, unique oeuvre, Timbuktu is yet another sharp turn to new and unusual materials, wrought with the author's characterisitic originality.
		Once you've read Timbuktu, you may wonder if author Paul Auster is the quintessential dog reincarnated--so sensitive, authentic, and convincing is his portrayal of the mutt Mr.
		Timbuktu is an enjoyable story told from the viewpoint of Mr.
	www.amazon.com /Timbuktu-Novel-Paul-Auster/dp/0312263996 (1832 words)

	Timbuktu
		Timbuktu is the centre of these nomadic, fair-skinned people, known as the `blue men of the desert' because of the swathes of indigo cloth they wrap around themselves.
		When the caravans return, the salt is unloaded in Timbuktu and sent upriver to Mopti or downriver to Gao from the river port of Kabara, 10 km from Timbuktu.
		A trip on the river is one of the highlights of a visit to the region; travellers can catch river boats or pinasse to Mopti or Gao from Kabara or even a steamer all the way to Bamako, the capital of Mali.
	www.tombouctou.org /Timbuktu.htm (1129 words)

	Club timbuktu Milwaukee USA (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The tropical martini is a blend of amaretto, almond liqueur and Malibu coconut rum, garnished with a cherry and pineapple.
		And you need to be sitting down for the house special, Timbuktu Coconut Banana martini, whose ingredients we can't reveal but together they really pack a punch.
		In the 1400s, in the real Timbuktu in Africa (also spelled Tombouctou), Rumi and Hafiz were two scholars, philosophers and poets, who drew students from all corners of the then-known world.
	www.clubtimbuktu.com.cob-web.org:8888 (417 words)

	Cultural tours of Timbuktu, Dogon country and Djenne in Mali, West Africa
		Timbuktu was once a world-renowned center of Islamic culture, as well as an important terminus of the trans-Saharan caravan trade—salt from the north, arriving on the azalaïs, exchanged for gold and slaves from the south; now the city is virtually a time-forgotten relic of its ancient glory.
		Also, Timbuktu is the departure point for camel treks or 4-wheel drive excursions into the desert, to visit Tuareg villages.
		Djenne was the sister-city of Timbuktu during its glory days, and it remains largely unchanged—a city of mud-brick houses lining narrow, winding streets.
	www.sagatours.com /about-mali.html (1289 words)

	Welcome to Richmond Public Library, Mali
		You may have heard of Timbuktu without realizing it is a real city in Mali.
		For hundreds of years, peaking during the 16th century, Timbuktu (Tombouctou) was a principal hub of Trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt as well as a center of Islamic scholarship.
		Timbuktu began to decline when European shops started sailing along the coast of West Africa, and the Trans-Saharan trade routes declined in importance.
	www.richmondpubliclibrary.org /events/artists/102005/Timbuktu.htm (156 words)

	NPR : On the Edge of Timbuktu
		The expedition starts in Timbuktu, travels up through the old desert community of Araouane and on to the salt mines of Taoudenni in the middle of the Sahara.
		Situated at the southern edge of the Sahara in Mali is the legendary city of Timbuktu.
		A millennium ago, caravans with gold, slaves and spices left Timbuktu to cross the desert to reach the Mediterranean.
	www.npr.org /programs/re/archivesdate/2003/may/mali/index.html (1164 words)

	World Heritage Review #13 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		"Nowadays", stresses the head of the Timbuktu Cultural Mission, "sources of finance for the mosques have dwindled due to the weak purchasing power of the middle classes and of the ulema" (doctors of the faith).
		The head of the Timbuktu Cultural Mission acknowledges that the pilot works scheme for mosque restoration, organised in 1996 by the Timbuktu Cultural Mission in conjunction with the UNESCO World Heritage Centre, was a crucial measure in this situation of self-managed restoration.
		What is more, after seven centuries of existence, the survival of Timbuktu's wonderful architecture appears to be guaranteed in so far as the knowledge of the masons, who are the building's true architects, is supported by the material and financial means that cultural tourism can guarantee.
	whc.unesco.org /whreview/article7.html (1579 words)

	EDSITEment - Lesson Plan
		For many people, Timbuktu is a metaphor for the mysterious, the remote, or the unobtainable.
		But the Malian city of Timbuktu was, in fact, once a thriving center of commerce and intellectual activity.
		Today, Timbuktu is but a shadow of its former glory, its ancient mosques and precious manuscripts threatened by desert sands and other factors, environmental and manmade.
	edsitement.neh.gov /view_lesson_plan.asp?id=499 (706 words)

	Timbuktu: Mali'sCity of Mystery
		The city was fiercely Islamic and the fact that non-Moslems were totally banned from entering the city only added to its mystique.
		Timbuktu was formerly a great commercial trading city and an international center of islamic learning.
		Timbuktu was a leading terminus of trans-Saharan caravans and a distribution point for trade along the upper Niger.
	www.africa-ata.org /mali_background.htm (353 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Africa \| Saving Mali's written treasures
		Although Timbuktu reached its peak as a centre of scholarship in the 16th Century, the earliest manuscript ever found there dates from 1201.
		The legacy of this period comprises thousands of manuscripts, on subjects ranging from music to optics, which are still to be found in Mali today, their paper preserved - for now - by the dry air of the Sahel region.
		A selection of the Timbuktu manuscripts has gone on display at Johannesburg's Standard Bank Gallery, to give South Africans a glimpse of the material that the South Africa-Mali project is working with.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/africa/4304922.stm (685 words)

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