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Topic: Time and date and astronomy on Mars

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	Mars (planet) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the solar system named after the Roman god of war (the counterpart of the Greek Ares) on account of its blood red color as viewed in the night Mars has two small moons Phobos and Deimos both small and oddly shaped possibly asteroids.
		Mars has a quarter the surface area of the Earth and only 1/10th the mass (though because it lacks oceans the of Mars' accessible dry land is approximately to that of the Earth's dry land).
		Mars has an important place in human due to the belief by some that existed on Mars due mainly to observations Percival Lowell of Martian canals apparently artificial linear features on the that he asserted were canals and due seasonal changes in the brightness of some that were thought to be caused by growth.
	www.freeglossary.com /Mars_(planet) (2123 words)

	astronomy - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		ASTRONOMY [astronomy] branch of science that studies the motions and natures of celestial bodies, such as planets, stars, and galaxies ; more generally, the study of matter and energy in the universe at large.
		The first practical function of astronomy was to provide a basis for the calendar, the units of month and year being determined by astronomical observations.
		Copernicus also determined the sidereal periods (time for one revolution around the sun) of the planets and their distance from the sun relative to the sun-earth distance (see astronomical unit).
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-astronomy.html (2194 words)

	ipedia.com: Mars (planet) Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the solar system, named after the Roman god of war (the counterpart of the Greek Ares), on account of its blood red color as viewed in the night sky.
		Mars has only a quarter the surface area of the Earth and only 1/10th the mass (though because it lacks oceans the area of Mars' accessible dry land is approximately equal to that of the Earth's dry land).
		In Jyotish, Mars is known in Sanskrit as Mangal (auspicious), Angaraka (burning coal), and Kuja (the fair one).
	www.ipedia.com /mars__planet_.html (1749 words)

	Mars -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Astronomy
		Mars is a desert planet swept by frequent dust storms.
		Because of the eccentricity of Mars's orbit, opposition (when Mars is opposite the Sun in the sky) and closest approach do not occur at the same time.
		Webb, H. Observations of the Mars and Its Canals.
	scienceworld.wolfram.com /astronomy/Mars.html (674 words)

	The Planet Mars
		Mars is the last planet of the inner four terrestrial planets in the solar system at an average distance of 141 million miles from our Sun.
		Although water in Mars' atmosphere is only about 1/1000th of the Earth's, enough water vapor exists that thin, wispy clouds are formed in the upper layers of the Martian atmosphere as well as around mountain peaks.
		Mars long ago was likely a warmer, wetter planet with a thicker atmosphere, able to sustain oceans or seas.
	www.crh.noaa.gov /fsd/astro/mars.php (826 words)

	Mars
		The southern hemisphere of Mars is predominantly ancient cratered highlands somewhat similar to the Moon.
		Mars' thin atmosphere produces a greenhouse effect but it is only enough to raise the surface temperature by 5 degrees (K); much less than what we see on Venus and Earth.
		Mars is a difficult but rewarding target for an amateur telescope though only for the three or four months each martian year when it is closest to Earth.
	www.seds.org /billa/tnp/mars.html (2231 words)

	Mars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Mars 2, the first spacecraft to land on Mars and the two Viking landers in 1976 (left).
		Mercury and the Moon, Mars appears to lack active plate tectonics at present; there is no evidence of recent horizontal motion of the surface such as the folded mountains so common on Earth.
		Mars Pathfinder, which includes a lander and mini-rover landed successfully on Mars on 4 July 1997.
	chandra.astro.indiana.edu /astronomy/nineplanets/mars.html (1953 words)

	History of astronomy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Astronomy is probably the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious practices of pre-history: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with astronomy, and not completely different from it until about 1750‑1800 in the Western World.
		An example of this early astronomy might involve a study of the changing position of the Sun along the horizon or the changing appearances of stars in the course of the year, which could be used to establish an agricultural or ritual calendar.
		The 20th century was an exciting time for astronomy, with each advance in instrumentation leading to a new breakthrough in the understanding of the universe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_astronomy (3916 words)

	SPACE.com -- Red Planet Viewer's Guide: Earth and Mars Converge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Earth and Mars are converging at 22,000 miles per hour (10 kilometers per second) as the pair head for a close encounter this month.
		Mars is already a brilliant morning "star." Early rising observers in the Northern Hemisphere can spot the rust-colored orb about 30 degrees above the southern horizon.
		If the orbits of Mars and Earth were perfectly circular, then the distance between two planets would be least at the moment of opposition.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/solarsystem/mars_view_010518.html (916 words)

	Mars - Astronomy for Kids
		Throughout history, the appearance of Mars in the sky, with its somewhat ominous red color, has been interpreted as an omen that something important, and usually bad, was about to happen.
		Mars is one of the first things people look at when they get their first telescope, and it can remain a favorite observation target for as long as they own the telescope.
		When early astronomers started looking at Mars through their primitive telescopes, they could see that the planet seemed to change colors as time passed, with dark areas on the surface of the planet growing and then shrinking as time passed.
	www.dustbunny.com /afk/planets/mars (1183 words)

	A Date with Mars
		Oppositions when Mars is at Aphelion (farthest distance from the Sun) keep Earth and Mars much further apart than oppositions when Mars is at Perihelion (closest to the Sun).
		Usually Mars is a poor lookout for Telescope viewers as it presents such a small disk for view - but oppositions usually give a better look at Mars.
		Mars changes in apparent diameter dramatically - from Conjunction (when it appears close to the Sun in the sky) to Opposition.
	www.indiahams.com /astronomy/marsdate.htm (514 words)

	NASA - Spooky Astronomy
		Mars will soar almost overhead at midnight (as seen from North America) and stay "up" all night long.
		Because Mars is so close--only 69 million km away, which is close on the vast scale of the solar system--it looks great through a backyard telescope.
		Mars is not the scariest planet in the Halloween sky.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2005/27oct_halloween.htm (658 words)

	A Calendar for Mars
		Mars has a year consisting of 669 Martian days, or "sols", each of which consists of 24 hours and 39.6 minutes of terrestrial time.
		Place a penny, representing Mars, on the diamond on Mars' orbit (red) labeled "93", and a nickel, representing Earth, on the diamond on Earth's orbit (blue) at the beginning of January.
		Thus, during February 1993, Mars was in the Month of Cancer, but a line parallel to Earth-Mars drawn through the Sun at that time would go through Gemini, and this is the constellation Mars was seen in by observers on Earth at that time.
	users.ameritech.net /kroche/zubrin.html (2860 words)

	MARS Retrospective
		Mars is beckoning us at this moment, in a way it has not done in all of recorded history.
		At the same time, we do hear of panic that seems to have been created in a lay person's mind at its remarkable brightness during its last really close opposition - in 1719.
		By end of July this motion slows down, with Mars appearing to remain stationary as we catch up with it in our faster orbit around the Sun move in the opposite direction for a while and resume its Eastward motion by September - forming a loop in the sky.
	www.indiahams.com /astronomy/marsretro.htm (769 words)

	A Close Encounter with Mars
		Mars is simply dazzling when it's so close to Earth, and finding it is easy, says astronomy professor George Lebo, a NASA Summer Faculty Fellow at the Marshall Space Flight Center.
		Mars rises in the east around sunset and can be seen for most of the night.
		They were aligned most directly on June 13th --a date astronomers call opposition -- but the pair won't make their closest approach until 8 days later, on June 21st, because of the substantial eccentricity of Mars' orbit.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2001/ast21jun_1.htm (1229 words)

	JHU / APL ASTRONOMY CLUB
		Astronomy Club Meeting are scheduled for the third Wednesday of each month.
		The APL Astronomy Club seasonal Star Parties are held four times a year and an annual star party for Club members only.
		We also coordinate some of our activities with the national Astronomy Day and Space Week events by introducing star gazers of all ages to Astronomy.
	www.jhuapl.edu /APLastronomy (517 words)

	Mars's Orbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Beneath the "telescope view" is a readout of the distance between Earth and Mars.
		The orbit of Mars is not a circle; it is more of an oval in shape.
		Because an opposition can happen when Mars is at different points in its orbit, the distance at opposition changes, and so does the size of Mars as viewed from Earth.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/mars/mars_orbit.html (337 words)

	Chandra :: Photo Album :: Mars :: 07 Nov 02
		Chandra was scheduled to observe Mars when it was only 70 million kilometers from Earth, and also near the point in its orbit when it is closest to the Sun.
		At the time of the Chandra observation, a huge dust storm developed on Mars that covered about one hemisphere, later to cover the entire planet.
		Scientists believe the X-rays are produced by collisions of ions racing away from the Sun (the solar wind) with oxygen and hydrogen atoms in the tenuous exosphere of Mars.
	chandra.harvard.edu /photo/2002/mars/index.html (352 words)

	Shallow Sky -- Mars
		Note that the month or so after the opposition is also a good time to observe; although the planet will be starting to recede, it will be rising earlier in the evening than at opposition, which makes it easier for most people to observe it when it's high in the sky.
		I've also gotten excellent views of Mars through big dobsonian reflectors: although a clock drive is convenient for high magnification observations, don't let that stop you if you happen to have a dob.
		That's one of the tricky parts of observing Mars, especially during this opposition when the polar cap is expected to be inconspicuous.
	www.shallowsky.com /mars.html (1915 words)

	Timekeeping on Mars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It would thus be quite practical to use a 24-hour clock with normal minutes and seconds: such a method would extend each hour by 1 minute, 39 seconds.
		However, this is an issue for future Mars colonists.
		One proposal put forth for such a thing is the Darian calendar.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Time_and_date_on_Mars (1945 words)

	Martian Time
		It documents more than 80 Martian calendars for defining the date on Mars and more than 40 Martian clock systems for keeping time on Mars.
		The first operational Martian timepiece was designed in 1954 by I. Levitt of the Fels Observatory in Philadelphia; it displayed the time and date on Earth, as well as the time on Mars and the date on Mars as defined by a Martian calendar of his own invention.
		A Martian calendar becomes more necessary as more robotic probes are sent to Mars and the human telepresence on Mars becomes more extended and sustained.
	pweb.jps.net /~tgangale/mars/index.htm (275 words)

	Alachua Astronomy Club: Mars Opposition 2005
		During these opportune times, Mars is about twice as close to Earth compared with an unfavorable opposition.
		Consequently, the higher elevation of Mars in 2005 may give USA observers the best views of this planet in the last fifty years and perhaps for the rest of this century.
		In 2005 Mars is closest to Earth at 11:00 p.m.
	www.floridastars.org /marsopp.2005.html (1006 words)

	Mars Viewer 2003 Opposition
		The 2003 Mars Viewer will enable you to see what features on Mars are visible for a selected date and time.
		If an opposition occurs when Mars is near aphelion (farthest from Sun) the distance between Earth and Mars can be 62 million miles.
		I'll do all my observing after midnight when Mars is highest in the sky and I'll wait for a hazy or humid night when the "thick" air will help squelch the turbulence.
	users.bestweb.net /~davidson/mars2003 (638 words)

	Alachua Astronomy Club: Mars Opposition 2003
		Earth is gradually pulling away from Mars but through September 2003 Mars will still shine brilliantly in the night sky and loom large in good telescopes.
		This small handy program, given the observer's date, time and time zone, calculates physical data for Mars and draws an image of the globe.
		Mars Previewer will draw circles on the globe to allow for the representation of equator, terminator, rotation axis and dark limb.
	www.floridastars.org /marsopp.2003.html (1645 words)

	Internet Resources for use in Astronomy classes
		While you are there, go to Astro for Kids even if you are not a kid, and look at their imaginative "family portrait" of the solar system.
		Daily Martian Weather Report - The Mars Global Surveyor Radio Science Team conducted a detailed study of the Martian atmosphere, and results from their study were presented on this site in the form of a daily weather report for the planet Mars.
		You can also reset the date for times in the past or future to see where the plants were, or will be.
	www.internet4classrooms.com /astronomy.htm (2220 words)

	APOD: 2003 August 26 - Earth Webcam Catches Mars Rotation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Please, though, don't expect to see this much structure, or expect to see Mars rotate so much in so brief a period.
		Pictured, Mars appears to rotate in a time-lapse sequence, with each frame separated by 30 minutes of real time.
		For those with access to a small telescope, here is how mars will really look.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap030826.html (162 words)

	Mars: Solar System at Canadian Content (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Additional Information: Mars is the 4th planet out from the sun.
		Mars exploration and discovery from earliest times to the present.
		The user can set the time and date and observe the position of the sun and the earth from the landing site, along with other information.
	www.canadiancontent.net /dir/Top/Science/Astronomy/Solar_System/Mars (1046 words)

	Astronomy
		State Assessment criteria changes from time to time.
		During this time they have been used by thousands of students at Georgia State University.
		It may be used in a one-semester Astronomy lab course, or in a two-semester course as it is used at Georgia State.
	www.contemporarypublishing.com /College/Astronomy.htm (277 words)

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